1) abc company just paid a dividend (d0) of $1.25 per share. it is expected to increase its dividend by 6% per year. if the market requires a return of 12% on the stock, how much is the fair value of the stock according to dgm?

The correct answer is least-squares regression. The other three methods are used to estimate the fixed and variable portions of mixed costs. The high-low method involves analyzing the high and low points of cost data over a period of time. The scattergraph plot and relevant range analysis both involve plotting cost data to look for patterns and establish a relationship between activity and cost.

The fixed portion of a mixed cost remains unchanged regardless of the amount of activity. The variable portion of a mixed cost changes with the amount of activity.

Least-squares regression: Least-squares regression is a statistical method for determining the relationship between two variables. A straight line is drawn that best matches the data points in a scatter graph. A regression equation is then used to estimate the fixed and variable components of a mixed cost.

Therefore, the correct answer is least-squares regression.

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A high degree of match between the capacity to provide the program or service and the demand for the program or service minimizes "overbooking" and the need for a wait list.

What is the importance of capacity in service operations? In service operations, capacity is one of the most critical elements. An organization's capacity represents its ability to create output, such as goods or services, within a specified time frame. Service capacity is the number of customers that can be served at a time by a service system. If the organization has too much or too little capacity, the outcomes may be devastating to the organization's operations. Therefore, it is essential to provide a program or service with a high degree of match between the capacity to provide it and the demand for it, as this will minimize overbooking and the need for a waitlist. Overbooking occurs when an organization exceeds its capacity and accepts more customers than it can accommodate, resulting in dissatisfied customers who must wait to be served or who are not served at all. Conversely, if an organization has too little capacity, it may not be able to satisfy customer demand, resulting in lost sales or business opportunities. Therefore, appropriate service capacity management is critical for an organization's success.

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If the government wants to reduce electricity consumption by 10%, the government must set the price of electricity at 2% raise. (option A)

Given that the price elasticity of demand for electricity is -5, we can use the formula:

% change in quantity demanded = % change in price x price elasticity of demand

Since the government wants to reduce electricity consumption by 10%, we know that the % change in quantity demanded is -10%. We can plug in this value, along with the price elasticity of demand (-5), and solve for the % change in price:

-10% = % change in price x (-5)

% change in price = -10% / (-5)

% change in price = 2%

Since the government wants to reduce electricity consumption, they need to raise the price, which means that the % change in price is positive. Therefore, the government must set the price of electricity at a 2% increase.

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The main approach you are applying in this training session is Transactional Analysis (TA).

TA is a psychological theory that examines how individuals interact with each other in their daily lives. The main components of TA are transactional patterns, life positions, ego states, and stroke economy. Transactional patterns refer to the interactions between two or more people in which messages and reactions are exchanged.

Life positions refer to the stance that individuals take in their relationships, such as being dependent or independent. Ego states refer to the individual’s mental and emotional states, such as Parent, Adult, or Child.

Lastly, stroke economy refers to the exchange of positive or negative attention between individuals. Through this training session, staff will gain the skills and knowledge to effectively integrate both task and relationship behaviors in the workplace.

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Managers increase the likelihood of selecting the best candidates when they increase the indicators of validity.

Validity is the degree to which a selection method (e.g., interview, test, assessment center) accurately measures the knowledge, skills, abilities, and other characteristics (KSAOs) required for job success.

When the selection method has high validity, it is more likely that the candidates who score high on the selection method possess the KSAOs required for the job.

Therefore, increasing the indicators of validity, such as conducting job analysis, using multiple selection methods, or using predictive measures, can help managers increase the likelihood of selecting the best candidates.

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From the above list, the costs that should bed capitalize are sales tax on new equipment purchased, freight costs necessary to ship the equipment from the manufacturer to the warehouse, fees to perform necessary tests of new equipment, repair costs to fix new equipment damaged by the crew that unpacked it, and janitorial costs incurred to clean equipment.

Category: 1. Equipment:

Category: 2. Building:

The costs should be recorded in the category of Equipment. Also, the costs that should be capitalized are costs to lay foundation for a new building, construction costs for a new building to be used in operations, and insurance on a new building during its construction. These costs should be recorded in the category of Building. All these costs should be capitalized and not expensed because of their nature.

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Hunter-gatherer lifestyles are well-suited to both foraging societies and industrial economies due to their mobility, flexibility, and sustainability. This allows them to take advantage of changing economic or subsistence opportunities quickly, making them a valuable asset to both types of economies.

The hunter-gatherer lifestyle is particularly well-suited to both foraging societies and industrial economies because it allows for greater mobility and flexibility in order to adapt to changing economic or subsistence opportunities. Hunter-gatherer societies have the ability to move from place to place, gathering resources from the environment as they need them, and the lifestyle is relatively low-cost and sustainable. This makes them particularly well-suited to foraging societies, who rely heavily on their ability to gather resources from the environment in order to survive.

Industrial economies also benefit from hunter-gatherer lifestyles due to the same mobility and flexibility. Hunter-gatherers can easily switch from one type of economic activity to another, allowing them to adapt to changing economic or subsistence opportunities quickly. This is especially useful for industrial economies, where businesses need to be agile and adapt to changing market demands in order to remain competitive.
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If the demand for dollars is greater than the supply of them and the supply of Indian rupee is greater than the demand for them, then the dollar will appreciate against the rupee.

An exchange rate is a price at which one currency can be exchanged for another currency. A country's currency value is measured against the value of another country's currency.

When a currency's demand is greater than its supply, its value appreciates, while when its supply is greater than its demand, its value depreciates.

The law of supply and demand governs currency rates on a global level.

In such situations, demand is high and supply is low, resulting in an increase in the price of the currency. Supply and demand play a crucial role in determining a currency's exchange rate.

When there is more supply than demand, the price of the currency falls, whereas when there is more demand than supply, the price of the currency rises.

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A car wash services 200 customers in a 4 hour span on a lovely Saturday afternoon. The car wash employs 5 washers at $6 per hour.  The appropriate measure of productivity in the given scenario is a. 200 cars/hour.

Let's see how to obtain this answer:

Given that a car wash services 200 customers in a 4-hour span on a lovely Saturday afternoon. The car wash employs 5 washers at $6 per hour.To find the appropriate measure of productivity, we need to determine the number of cars washed per hour by a washer.So, the number of cars washed by a single washer in 1 hour is given by \[\frac{200}{4\times5}=10.\]Therefore, the number of cars washed by a single washer in 1 hour is 10. That is, each washer washes 10 cars per hour. Hence, the appropriate measure of productivity is a. 200 cars/hour.

Productivity is commonly defined as a ratio between the output volume and the volume of inputs. In other words, it measures how efficiently production inputs, such as labour and capital, are being used in an economy to produce a given level of output.

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The statement regarding Gretchen's statement is that she is incorrect because there is a binding unilateral contract that Haley accepted by performing. Therefore, the correct option is C.

A contract is a lawfully binding agreement between two or more parties who agree to exchange something of value. A contract is a legally enforceable promise, a guarantee that an obligation will be fulfilled. A unilateral contract is a legal agreement in which one party promises to perform without requesting anything in return, and the other party may only accept by performance.

The given scenario is that Gretchen offers $250 to anyone who returns her lost cell phone. Haley returns the cell phone and requests the money. Gretchen says that there is no binding contract. Gretchen is not correct when she says that there is no binding contract since Haley has already completed the agreement in a unilateral agreement.

Gretchen, on the other hand, made an offer and Haley fulfilled it. Haley is the only person who has been given a proposal by Gretchen, and she is the only person who can agree by performing. Gretchen can not revoke the proposal once Haley has begun performing, and Haley is entitled to a reward for her services.

Hence, the correct answer is option C.

Note: The question is incomplete. The complete question probably is: Gretchen offers $250 to anyone who returns her lost cell phone. Haley returns the cell phone and requests the money. Gretchen says that there is no binding contract. Which of the following is true regarding Gretchen's statement? Multiple Choice A) Gretchen is correct because there is no binding bilateral contract. B) Gretchen is correct because there is no binding unilateral contract. C) Gretchen is incorrect because there is a binding unilateral contract that Haley accepted by performing. D) Gretchen is incorrect because there is a binding bilateral contract. E) Gretchen is correct because Haley acted improperly in her manner of attempted acceptance.

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In the following question,  option 3). "Corporate officers are technically employees of a corporation, so their rights are defined by "corporate bylaws" drawn up by the board of directors or the incorporators."

What are corporate bylaws? Corporate bylaws are a legal document that outlines how an organization is governed, including rules and regulations regarding day-to-day operations and corporate management. The bylaws define the structure of the organization's board of directors, board meetings, voting procedures, and the roles and responsibilities of officers.

A corporation's officers are technically employees of the organization, and as such, their rights are specified in the corporation's bylaws created by the board of directors or incorporators. These bylaws detail the positions and responsibilities of officers, as well as how they are selected, their terms of service, and their rights and obligations.

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The rights of corporate officers are typically defined by corporate bylaws, which are documents that outline the rules and regulations of a corporation. These bylaws typically define the powers and responsibilities of officers, as well as the duties that they must fulfill in order to remain in their positions.

These bylaws also outline any additional rights that corporate officers may have, such as the right to vote on certain matters or the right to receive certain benefits.

By understanding their rights and responsibilities, corporate officers can ensure that they are fulfilling their duties to the best of their ability and are protecting their own interests

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In the case of external bleeding from an extremity, most cases can be controlled by packing the wound with gauze.

The second option, elevating the injured extremity, can help control bleeding in certain situations but may not always be effective, especially in cases of severe bleeding or trauma.

What is external bleeding? External bleeding refers to bleeding that occurs outside of the body. This type of bleeding can be caused by injuries such as cuts, puncture wounds, or lacerations. When blood vessels are injured, blood begins to leak out and can cause significant loss of blood if not controlled quickly.

How can external bleeding be controlled? To control external bleeding, the following steps can be taken: Apply direct pressure: Use a sterile or clean cloth or gauze to apply firm pressure to the wound. This pressure will help to slow or stop the bleeding. Pack the wound: If the bleeding is severe, pack the wound with sterile gauze or a clean cloth. This pressure will help to slow or stop the bleeding even further.

Elevate the injured extremity: Elevating the injured extremity can help reduce blood flow to the area and slow the bleeding. Apply a tourniquet: If the bleeding cannot be controlled by other methods, a tourniquet may be applied. A tourniquet should be applied as a last resort and only when there is no other way to control the bleeding. A tourniquet is a tight band that is placed around the limb to reduce blood flow. In conclusion, most cases of external bleeding from an extremity can be controlled by packing the wound with gauze.

Elevation can help control bleeding in certain situations but may not always be effective, especially in cases of severe bleeding or trauma. Therefore,  case of external bleeding from an extremity, most cases can be controlled by packing the wound with gauze.

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To calculate the total amount that the Guptas can transfer to their younger-generation family members without making a taxable gift for the year, the Guptas can transfer up to $165,000 to their younger-generation family members.

For 2021, the annual gift exclusion is $15,000 per recipient, which means that the Guptas can give up to $15,000 to each of their children, children's spouses, and grandchildren without having to pay a gift tax. In any economy amount which exceeds pre determined amount in the gift tax would  have to pay taxes.

Therefore, the total amount that the Guptas can transfer to their younger-generation family members without making a taxable gift for the year is:

4 children x $15,000 = $60,000

4children's spouses x $15,000 = $60,000

3 grandchildren x $15,000 = $45,000

Total = $165,000

Therefore, the Guptas can transfer up to $165,000 to their younger-generation family members without making a taxable gift for the year.

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The process of designing work so it can be performed by machines is called automation.

Automation is the technology through which a process or procedure is carried out with minimal human assistance. Automation includes the use of robotics, artificial intelligence, and software to automate processes or machines.

Operations management is concerned with the process of producing goods and services. Operations management is the management of the activities, procedures, and resources involved in the manufacturing of goods and services. It entails the use of a range of strategies, methods, and techniques to guarantee that an organization's operations run smoothly.

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T-accounts are a visual representation of an accounting system that allows for the tracking and analysis of financial transactions. They represent the account name and debit and credit columns.

To prepare T-accounts, we need to start by recording the transactions and their effects. For example:

May 1: The business received cash of $80,000 and gave capital to the owner.

Effect on T-accounts: Increase Cash and increase Capital.

May 2: Purchased supplies of $790 on the account.

Effect on T-accounts: Increase Supplies and increase Accounts Payable.

May 4: Paid $50,000 cash for a building.

Effect on T-accounts: Decrease Cash and increase Building.

May 6: Performed service for customers and received cash, $3,200.

Effect on T-accounts: Increase Cash and increase Accounts Receivable.

May 9: Paid $540 on accounts payable.

Effect on T-accounts: Decrease Cash and decrease Accounts Payable.

May 17: Performed service for customers on account, $2,900.

Effect on T-accounts: Increase Accounts Receivable and increase Service Revenue.

May 23: Received $2,300 cash on account from a customer.

Effect on T-accounts: Increase Cash and decrease Accounts Receivable.

May 31: Paid the following expenses: salary, $1,800; rent, $900.

Effect on T-accounts: Decrease Cash and increase Salary expenses and Rent Expenses.

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With the advent of accounting software mobile applications and business cost tracker apps that you can combine with your accounting software, keeping track of company spending has gotten simpler.

Small businesses can keep track of income and expenses using various methods. Here are some common ways:

Manual Records: One of the simplest methods is to keep manual records using a notebook or spreadsheet. Income and expenses can be recorded by hand or using a computer, and then organized into categories such as rent, utilities, inventory, and so on.

Accounting Software: Small businesses can use accounting software such as QuickBooks, Xero, or Wave to track their income and expenses. These software solutions offer features such as automatic bank feeds, invoicing, and financial reporting.

Receipt Tracking Apps: Mobile apps such as Expensify or Shoeboxed allow small business owners to take pictures of receipts and categorize them for easy expense tracking.

Hire an Accountant: Small businesses can hire an accountant to keep track of their income and expenses. An accountant can help create financial reports, analyze financial statements, and provide tax advice.

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As the cost of an item or service changes, the amount given adjusts while other parameters stay the same. As seen by the upward-sloping supply curve, the law of supply says that there is a positive connection between price and the amount provided.

When keeping all other parameters constant, a change in the price of the item or service being given causes a change in the amount supplied (i.e., ceteris paribus). The law of supply holds that, with all other things being equal, as the cost of a commodity or service rises, so will the amount produced by producers. On the other hand, if other conditions stay constant, the amount given will drop if the price of an item or service decreases. The upward-sloping supply curve, which illustrates the favorable relationship between price and amount provided, demonstrates this relationship between price and quantity supplied graphically.

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If firms in a monopolistically competitive industry are experiencing economic losses in the short run, some firms will exit the industry, reducing the supply and therefore increasing the demand to each firm in the market until each firm earns a normal profit.  Option D is the correct answer.

This process of exit and reduction in supply will cause prices to rise until they reach the point where all firms in the industry are earning only normal profits. This is an example of the market self-correcting and reaching a long-run equilibrium. In the long run, firms will only enter the industry if they expect to earn a normal profit, so excess profits cannot be sustained.

Therefore, option D is the correct answer.

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Remove the personal dialogue and formalize the statement.

Three stages can be identified in the writing process: there are three stages to writing: planning, drafting, and editing and proofreading at the end.

Avoiding terms or phrases that unfairly and even unethically label or stigmatize people based on their gender, race, ethnicity, age, handicap, or other personal traits is a key component of bias-free language.

An outline helps writers keep track of the organization of their thoughts and subject.

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Option A is correct. In order for family-managed businesses to survive and prosper, management guru Peter Drucker advises them to fill at least one key position with a nonfamily member.

First off, bringing in a non-family member can give the company new perspectives and fresh ideas. Family members are frequently firmly rooted in conventional practices and may be resistant to change. A non-family member can challenge the status quo and offer fresh perspectives, which will spur innovation and expansion.

Second, a non-family member can offer a level of objectivity that a family-run business might be missing. Family members may be biased or emotionally invested in a particular outcome, which can impair their judgment. A non-family member can provide an objective viewpoint and make decisions that are best for the company rather than their own interests.

Thirdly, putting a non-family member in a crucial position can help the company become more professional. Sometimes, family-run businesses don't have the systems and procedures of a professional company. In areas like finance, marketing, or operations, a non-family member can bring professionalism and expertise, enhancing the effectiveness and efficiency of the company.

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The complete question is:

Suppose that after you review the history of many successful entrepreneurial ventures, a few of them stand out in your mind as interesting:

- Fit after Fifty exercise studios that support the health of older Americans.

- Visionics biometric software that can assist in identifying runaways, shoplifters, or terrorists.

- Nanostring's molecular bar coding enterprise.

- The tourism industry at Mount St. Helens, a volcano in the United States that erupted in 1980.

Ques- In order for family-managed businesses to survive and prosper, management guru Peter Drucker advises them to

A. Grow as aggressively as possible.

B. Discontinue hiring family members.

C. Fill at least one key position with a non-family member.

D. Sell the business as soon as possible.

E. Allow for some diminished performance by family members

if you are referring to a job application or admission process, it is important to be transparent with the hiring team or admissions committee about any other offers or deadlines you may have.

This shows that you are organized and proactive in managing your options.In such cases, it's important to be honest and professional in communication with the concerned authority.

You can mention any other processes or deadlines that you may have in the form of a polite email or a phone call. This will help to ensure that the hiring team or admissions committee can factor in your circumstances and make an informed decision accordingly.

Also, keep in mind that keeping your options open for too long might make you lose both.

So, try to plan and manage your deadlines in advance, and communicate your situation promptly and honestly to those involved. This will give you the best chance of making the most of all the opportunities available to you.

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In incontinentia pigmenti, melanin seeps down into the dermis, which is the layer of skin beneath the epidermis. This causes deep dark splotches to appear on the skin. The answer is Epidermis.

In a condition called incontinentia pigmenti, the skin has deep dark splotches, due to melanin that seeps down into the dermis. Normally, melanin is confined to the epidermis. Incontinentia pigmenti (IP) is a rare genetic disorder that affects the skin, hair, nails, teeth, and eyes.

It is caused by a mutation in the IKBKG gene that affects how the body produces a protein called NEMO. The disorder mainly affects females, as it is X-linked recessive, but it can also occur in males. There are several types of melanin, including eumelanin, pheomelanin, and neuromelanin.

Eumelanin is responsible for black and brown pigments, while pheomelanin is responsible for red and yellow pigments. Neuromelanin is found in the brain and is involved in regulating dopamine levels. Normally, melanin is confined to the epidermis, which is the outer layer of the skin.

However, in incontinentia pigmenti, melanin seeps down into the dermis, which is the layer of skin beneath the epidermis. This causes deep dark splotches to appear on the skin.

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The university should charge for tickets to basketball games in order to help offset the expenses of the new arena. The cost to build the arena including labor, materials, etc. was $92 million. Additionally, the maintenance cost of the first year is $150,000, with the average annual utilities cost at $200,000 and labor costs at $300,000.

The average attendance at basketball games over the year is expected to be 100,000 people (or 100,000 tickets sold to events), and is expected to grow 1% over the life of the arena.

Assuming the arena has no other source of income besides regular ticket sales for basketballs games, the university must charge a price that allows it to recover its investment and 6% cost of borrowing over the expected life of the arena, which is 40 years. The price of the tickets must be such that the revenue from the sale of tickets is able to cover the costs of building, maintaining, and operating the arena, plus the cost of borrowing for the total length of the arena’s lifetime.

To calculate the exact amount that should be charged for each ticket, the total amount of revenue needed should be calculated first. This amount can be determined by multiplying the total cost to build the arena plus the total costs of maintenance, utilities, and labor over the lifetime of the arena (40 years) by the rate of interest (6%). This amount can then be divided by the total number of tickets sold over the lifetime of the arena to arrive at the cost per ticket.

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First In, First Out, sometimes known as FIFO, is a strategy of managing assets and valuing them that prioritizes the sale, use, or disposal of assets that were produced or acquired first.

Calculation: ATW Corporation currently uses the FIFO method of accounting for its inventory,

Cost of goods sold using FIFO = Beginning Inventory + Purchases – Ending Inventory

Purchases = $42,000,000 + $7,000,000 – $8,000,000

Purchases = $41,000,000

Using the LIFO method of accounting,

Cost of goods sold using LIFO = Beginning Inventory + Purchases – Ending Inventory

Purchases = $42,000,000 + $5,500,000 – $7,000,000

Purchases = $40,500,000

Difference in Purchases = $41,000,000 – $40,500,000 = $500,000

Therefore, the more taxes that ATW Corporation paid for the current year  = 0.21 * $500,000 = $105,000.

ATW Corporation would use the FIFO method of accounting for its inventory for book and tax purposes due to the following reasons: Under the FIFO method, the value of ending inventory is likely to be closer to its current replacement value. This may indicate a more accurate picture of a company’s current financial situation. The FIFO method can result in higher net income, which can be useful for a company seeking financing.

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The fist question correct option is $45000. The second question given is Proceeds from the sale of equipment 141,000. The third question is 17%.

The first question asks about the amount that should be reported as a source of cash under cash flows from investing activities. In this case, the amount that should be reported is $45,000, which is the difference between the cost and accumulated depreciation. The cost of the machine was $134,000, the accumulated depreciation was $89,000, and it was sold for $52,000, resulting in a difference of $45,000.

The second question asks about the net cash flows from investing activities for the year, given a variety of cash inflows and outflows. In this case, the net cash flows from investing activities for the year were $149,000 of net cash provided. This figure was calculated by subtracting the loss on the sale of equipment ($15,500), the purchase of equipment ($160,000), the repayment of outstanding bonds ($94,500), the purchase of treasury stock ($69,500), and the purchase of land ($130,000) from the proceeds from the sale of equipment ($141,000).

Finally, the third question asks about the cash flow on total assets ratio. This figure can be calculated by dividing the total cash flows for the year ($533,000) by the average total assets for the year ($3,160,000). This results in a cash flow on total assets ratio of 17.0%.

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The interest on the note is calculated for the whole year but the interest expense is calculated only for the period from January 1st to June 30th, which is half of the year, i.e. six months is $15.

On the first day of January, Builders Company borrowed $1,000 on a one-year note payable bearing interest at 3% per year. To calculate the interest payable on June 30, follow these steps:

1. Determine the annual interest: $1,000 (principal) × 0.03 (interest rate) = $30.

2. Calculate the interest for six months (January to June): $30 (annual interest) × (6 months / 12 months) = $15.

The adjusted trial balance will show an interest payable of $15 on June 30.

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For the given bond, the yield-to-maturity on an annualized basis (APR) is 7.21%. Hence, the correct option is 3.

A bond is selling for 95% of par and has an annual coupon rate of 6% and will mature in five years. There are semi-annual coupon payments. The yield-to-maturity on an annualized basis (APR) is calculated below as follows.

Formula for calculating yield to maturity on an annualized basis (APR):

Yield to maturity on an annualized basis = {[C + (F - P)/n] / [(F + P)/2]} / 100

Where: C = Annual coupon payment, F = Face value of the bond, P = Purchase price of the bond, and n = Number of periods (semi-annual period for this problem)
It is given that:

Annual coupon rate (C) = 6%

Number of periods (n) = 5 years x 2 periods per year = 10 periods

Semi-annual coupon payment (C/2) = 6%/2 = 3%

Face value (F) = $100

Purchase price (P) = 95% of $100 = $95

Substituting the values in the formula, we get:

Yield to maturity on an annualized basis = {[3 + (100 - 95)/10] / [(100 + 95)/2]} / 100

Yield to maturity on an annualized basis = 7.21%

Therefore, the yield-to-maturity on an annualized basis (APR) is 7.21%. The third option is correct.

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eBay has been fined $63.2 million in damages for allowing fake and unauthorized goods to be sold through the online retailer. A Paris commercial judge ruled that eBay had not done enough to ensure goods sold on its web site around the world were not counterfeits.

This is the sum that LVMH, which owns well-known brands such as Louis Vuitton and Dior, has been awarded by the court. The decision was based on eBay's alleged failure to take adequate steps to prevent counterfeit and unauthorized items from being sold through its website.

eBay has not done enough to ensure goods sold on its web site around the world were not counterfeits. A commercial court in Paris has ruled that eBay was to blame for the sale of fake LVMH goods on its website in the French market, and therefore liable for the company's losses.

The court found that eBay had not taken sufficient steps to prevent the sale of counterfeit items, and that it had also harmed LVMH by promoting the sale of fake goods. eBay has stated that it intends to appeal the decision, which it believes is "wrong on the facts and the law".

Therefore, eBay has been fined $63.2 million in damages for allowing fake and unauthorized goods to be sold through the online retailer.

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A valid statement regarding distributing responsibilities in companies is that a supervisor who does so has enough of time for supervisory tasks like planning and advising.

The division of work and assignment of decision-making authority to a person who answers to a leader or manager is referred to as delegation of authority. It is an organisational technique in which a management assigns each employee a portion of their own workload.

Power is transferred from the top levels of an organisation to lower levels through decentralisation. Decentralized units are organised and given authority to make decisions in their area.

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