To find the shadow prices using the simplex method, set up the problem in standard form, apply the simplex method to obtain the optimal solution, and calculate the shadow prices using the formula. Shadow prices can be used to make decisions about the problem.
To find the shadow prices of the two constraints using the simplex method, we first need to set up the problem in standard form.
Let's say we have a linear programming problem with two constraints and two decision variables. The problem can be written in the following form:
Maximize Z = c1 x 1 + c2 x 2
Subject to:
a11 x 1 + a12 x 2 ≤ b1
a21 x 1 + a22 x 2 ≤ b2
x1, x2 ≥ 0
where c1, c2, a11, a12, a21, a22, b1, and b2 are constants.
Next, we need to apply the simplex method to solve the problem. This involves identifying the basic variables, non-basic variables, and the pivot element. We then perform the pivot operation to obtain the optimal solution.
Once we have the optimal solution, we can calculate the shadow prices of the constraints. The shadow price of a constraint represents the increase in the objective function value for a unit increase in the right-hand side value of the constraint.
To calculate the shadow price of constraint i, we can use the formula:
Shadow pricei = [tex]$c_i - \sum\limits_{j=1}^n \lambda_j a_{ij}$[/tex]
where n is the number of decision variables, ci is the coefficient of the ith decision variable in the objective function, and aij is the coefficient of the jth decision variable in the ith constraint.
The λj values are the dual variables or the Lagrange multipliers associated with the constraints. These can be obtained from the final simplex tableau.
Once we have the shadow prices for both constraints, we can use them to make decisions about the problem. If the shadow price of a constraint is positive, it means that the constraint is binding and we should consider increasing its right-hand side value to improve the objective function. If the shadow price is zero, the constraint is non-binding and we can ignore it. If the shadow price is negative, it means that we can decrease the constraint's right-hand side value without affecting the objective function value.
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harvest catering is a local catering service. conceptually, when should harvest recognize revenue from its catering service
Harvest Catering should recognize revenue from its catering service in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles (GAAP) and the specific guidelines provided by the applicable accounting standards (such as the Financial Accounting Standards Board's Revenue Recognition Standard, ASC 606, for US-based companies).
Under ASC 606, revenue should generally be recognized when the following criteria are met:
1. Identification of the contract: Harvest Catering should have a contract or agreement in place with the customer for catering services. The contract should outline the rights and obligations of both parties.
2. Performance obligations: Harvest Catering should identify the specific performance obligations within the contract, which typically include providing the catering services as agreed upon, delivering the food, and potentially additional services such as setup or waitstaff.
3. Determination of transaction price: Harvest Catering needs to determine the transaction price for its catering services, which is usually the agreed-upon amount specified in the contract. If there are variable considerations or discounts, they should be taken into account when determining the transaction price.
4. Allocation of the transaction price: If the contract includes multiple performance obligations (e.g., catering services and additional services), Harvest Catering needs to allocate the transaction price to each obligation based on their relative standalone selling prices.
5. Satisfaction of performance obligations: Revenue should be recognized as the performance obligations are satisfied. In the case of catering services, this would generally be when the food is delivered or the event is completed as specified in the contract.
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in which of the following circumstances is a strategy to be the industry's overall low-cost provider not particularly well-matched to the market situation? when the offerings of rival firms are essentially identical and readily available from many eager sellers when there are few ways to achieve differentiation that have value to buyers when price competition among rival sellers is especially vigorous when buyers have widely varying needs and special requirements, and the prices of substitute products are relatively high when the majority of industry sales are made to a few, large-volume buyers
A strategy to be the industry's overall low-cost provider may not be particularly well-matched to the market situation when buyers have widely varying needs and special requirements, and the prices of substitute products are relatively high.
This is because, in such a situation, buyers are willing to pay a premium for products that meet their specific needs and requirements. Therefore, a low-cost provider may not be able to differentiate its offerings from its rivals and may not be able to capture a significant share of the market. In addition, if there are only a few, large-volume buyers in the industry, they may have significant bargaining power and may demand customized solutions that a low-cost provider may not be able to provide. In such a scenario, it may be more effective for a company to focus on product differentiation and offering unique value propositions that appeal to specific segments of the market.
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When decision-makers face incentives that make it difficult to achieve mutually beneficial outcomes, we say they are in a(n):
oligopoly dilemma.
prisoner’s dilemma.
prison-guard’s dilemma.
monopoly dilemma.
competitive dilemma.
When decision-makers face incentives that make it difficult to achieve mutually beneficial outcomes, we say they are in a prisoner's dilemma.
A detailed answer to this question would explain that the prisoner's dilemma is a game theory concept that illustrates a situation where two individuals, or groups, must make a decision that affects both parties. In this scenario, each decision-maker has the choice to cooperate with the other or act in their own self-interest.
The dilemma arises when the outcome that benefits both parties is dependent on both decision-makers choosing to cooperate, but the incentive to act in self-interest often outweighs the incentive to cooperate. As a result, the outcome often ends up being one where both parties lose or do not achieve the best possible outcome.
The term "prisoner's dilemma" comes from the hypothetical scenario where two prisoners are given the option to confess to a crime or stay silent, with the outcome of their decision affecting the other's sentence. A long answer to this question could provide additional examples of prisoner's dilemmas in different contexts and industries, as well as strategies for overcoming the dilemma and achieving mutually beneficial outcomes.
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The expected return on HiLo stock is 14.50 percent while the expected return on the market is 13.2 percent. The beta of HiLo is 1.15. What is the risk-free rate of return?
2.25 percent 1.30 percent 5.68 percent 4.53 percent 2.27 percent
The risk-free rate of return for expected return on HiLo stock is 2.27%.
To find the risk-free rate of return, we can use the Capital Asset Pricing Model (CAPM) formula:
Expected Return on Stock = Risk-Free Rate + Beta * (Expected Return on Market - Risk-Free Rate)
We have the following information:
Expected Return on HiLo Stock = 14.50%
Expected Return on Market = 13.2%
Beta of HiLo = 1.15
Let's plug these values into the CAPM formula and solve for the risk-free rate:
14.50% = Risk-Free Rate + 1.15 * (13.2% - Risk-Free Rate)
Now, let's solve for the risk-free rate step-by-step:
1. Expand the formula:
14.50% = Risk-Free Rate + 1.15 * 13.2% - 1.15 * Risk-Free Rate
2. Rearrange the formula to isolate the risk-free rate:
14.50% + 1.15 * Risk-Free Rate = Risk-Free Rate + 1.15 * 13.2%
3. Simplify the equation:
1.15 * Risk-Free Rate - Risk-Free Rate = 1.15 * 13.2% - 14.50%
4. Combine like terms:
0.15 * Risk-Free Rate = 1.15 * 13.2% - 14.50%
5. Solve for the risk-free rate:
Risk-Free Rate = (1.15 * 13.2% - 14.50%) / 0.15
Risk-Free Rate ≈ 2.27%
So, the risk-free rate of return is approximately 2.27%.
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how can dissaving in the current period be funded? (i) borrowing from friends (ii) bank loans (iii) previous savings (iv) current income earned(ii), (iii), and (iv) (i), (ii), and (iii) (ii) and (iii) (i), (ii), (iii), and (iv)
Dissaving in the current period refers to the situation where individuals are spending more money than they are earning. This can occur due to various reasons such as unforeseen expenses, a decrease in income, or poor financial planning. In order to fund dissaving, individuals have a few options to consider.
Firstly, borrowing from friends can be an option to fund dissaving. However, this option should be exercised with caution as it can potentially damage relationships and may not be a reliable source of funding in the long term.
Secondly, bank loans can be considered to fund dissaving. This option provides a reliable source of funding, but it comes with interest rates and repayment terms that need to be considered carefully before committing to borrowing.
Thirdly, previous savings can be used to fund dissaving. This option is the most financially responsible as it does not involve taking on additional debt. However, this is only possible if individuals have saved up money in the past and have not used up all their savings.
Lastly, current income earned can also be used to fund dissaving. Individuals can adjust their spending habits and cut back on discretionary expenses to free up more money for essential expenses.
In conclusion, the options to fund dissaving are (i), (ii), and (iii), and (iv), but the best course of action depends on each individual's financial situation and goals. It is important to carefully consider the implications of each option before making a decision.
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You are given the following information:
Q = 240 - P
C(qi ) = 50qi
2)Find the quantity and price in a perfectly competitive setting. (Set P=AC=MC)
Solve for the Perfectly competitive Price and Supply
Calculate the producer, consumer and total surpluses.
The producer surplus is zero, the consumer surplus is $22,800. In a perfectly competitive market, the price is set at the point where supply equals demand, or where MC=AC=P. Using the given information, we can set MC=AC=50, and solve for the quantity:
MC = AC = P
50 = 240 - Q
Q = 190
Therefore, the quantity in a perfectly competitive market is 190. To find the price, we can plug Q back into the demand equation:
Q = 240 - P
190 = 240 - P
P = 50
Therefore, the price in a perfectly competitive market is $50.
To calculate the producer surplus, we need to find the area above the supply curve (which is just the cost function, C(qi)) and below the market price:
Producer Surplus = (Price - MC) x Quantity
= (50 - 50) x 190
= $0
Since the cost of producing each unit is exactly equal to the market price, the producer surplus is zero.
To calculate the consumer surplus, we need to find the area below the demand curve and above the market price:
Consumer Surplus = (Pmax - Price) x Quantity / 2
= (240 - 50) x 190 / 2
= $22,800
Finally, to calculate the total surplus, we add the producer and consumer surpluses:
Total Surplus = Producer Surplus + Consumer Surplus
= $0 + $22,800
= $22,800
Therefore, the producer surplus is zero, the consumer surplus is $22,800, and the total surplus is $22,800 in a perfectly competitive market with the given information.
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Atlanta Company has established a target rate of return of 16% for all divisions. For the most recent year, San Marcos Division generated sales of $10,000,000 and expenses of $7,500,000. Total assets at the beginning of the year were $5,000,000 and total assets at the end of the year were $7,000,000.Refer to Atlanta Company. In the most recent year, what was San Marcos Division's residual income?
San Marcos Division's residual income for the most recent year was $2,180,000.
To calculate the San Marcos Division's residual income, we first need to calculate its operating income. Operating income is calculated by subtracting expenses from sales, which gives us $2,500,000 ($10,000,000 - $7,500,000).
Next, we need to calculate the division's invested capital. Invested capital is calculated by subtracting total assets at the beginning of the year from total assets at the end of the year, which gives us $2,000,000 ($7,000,000 - $5,000,000). Now, we can calculate the San Marcos Division's residual income. Residual income is calculated by subtracting the division's required rate of return from its operating income, and then multiplying that difference by its invested capital. The required rate of return for all divisions is 16%, which is the same as the target rate of return. So, we can calculate the residual income as follows:
Residual income = ($2,500,000 - (0.16 x $2,000,000))
Residual income = $2,500,000 - $320,000
Residual income = $2,180,000
Residual income is a financial performance metric that measures the profitability of an organization's assets. It is a measure of how much money an organization has earned above and beyond its minimum required rate of return. This is important because it helps an organization understand whether its divisions are performing at a level that justifies their investment. In this case, the Atlanta Company has set a target rate of return of 16% for all divisions. The San Marcos Division generated sales of $10,000,000 and expenses of $7,500,000 in the most recent year. The division had total assets of $5,000,000 at the beginning of the year and $7,000,000 at the end of the year.
Using the formula for residual income, we calculated the San Marcos Division's residual income to be $2,180,000. This means that the division generated $2,180,000 in income above and beyond the 16% target rate of return.
This information is important for the Atlanta Company because it helps them determine whether they are investing in the right areas. If a division's residual income is consistently below the target rate of return, it may be an indication that the division is not performing as well as it should be. In contrast, if a division's residual income consistently exceeds the target rate of return, it may be an indication that the division is performing very well and may be a good area for the company to invest in further.
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The 2013 income statements of Leggett & Platt, Inc. reports net sales of $3,746.0 million. The balance sheet reports accounts receivable, gross of $482.6 million at December 31, 2013, and $465.4 million at December 31, 2012. The average collection period in 2013 was:
A) 46 days.
B) 10 days.
C) 47 days.
D) 8 days.
E) None of the above.
The average collection period in 2013 was 46 days. Option A) is correct .
To calculate the average collection period in 2013 for Leggett & Platt, Inc., you need to follow these steps:
1. Calculate the average accounts receivable by adding the accounts receivable at the beginning and end of the year, then dividing by 2. In this case, it would be ($482.6 million + $465.4 million) / 2 = $474 million.
2. Calculate the daily net sales by dividing the net sales by the number of days in a year (assume 365 days). For this example, it would be $3,746 million / 365 days = $10.26 million per day.
3. Calculate the average collection period by dividing the average accounts receivable by the daily net sales. In this case, it would be $474 million / $10.26 million per day = 46.2 days.
However, Based on these calculations, the average collection period in 2013 for Leggett & Platt, Inc. was approximately 46 days. Therefore, the correct answer is A) 46 days.
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a firm is hiring 10 workers at $15.00 per hour. in order to hire an additional (11th) worker it must raise the wage it pays (to all workers) to $16.00 per hour. the marginal factor cost to the firm of hiring the 11th worker is
The marginal factor cost to the firm of hiring the 11th worker is the additional cost incurred by the firm when it hires that additional worker.
In this case, to hire the 11th worker, the firm needs to raise the wage for all workers from $15.00 to $16.00 per hour. Therefore, the marginal factor cost of hiring the 11th worker is the increase in wage cost for all 10 workers.
To calculate the marginal factor cost, we can subtract the total cost before hiring the 11th worker from the total cost after hiring the 11th worker.
Let's assume that each worker works for 40 hours per week and the firm operates for 52 weeks in a year.
Before hiring the 11th worker:
Total cost = 10 workers * $15.00 per hour * 40 hours per week * 52 weeks per year
After hiring the 11th worker:
Total cost = 11 workers * $16.00 per hour * 40 hours per week * 52 weeks per year
Marginal factor cost = Total cost after hiring the 11th worker - Total cost before hiring the 11th worker
Please note that this calculation assumes no other changes in factors of production or productivity.
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Under current U.S. GAAP, which of the following activities by Banff Inc. is a cash flow associated with INVESTING?
a. Repurchase of Banff stock, previously in the hands of Banff's shareholders
b. Acquisition of bonds of Hinkley Inc.
c. Repayment of a loan from a local bank
d. Payment of semiannual interest on bonds issued by Banff
Under current U.S. GAAP, the cash flow activity associated with INVESTING by Banff Inc. is: b. Acquisition of bonds of Hinkley Inc.
Investing activities include transactions related to acquiring and disposing of long-term assets, such as stocks, bonds, and property, plant, and equipment. In this case, the acquisition of bonds of Hinkley Inc. falls under investing activities.
U.S. GAAP stands for United States Generally Accepted Accounting Principles. It is a set of accounting standards, principles, and procedures that are widely used in the United States for the preparation and presentation of financial statements.
U.S. GAAP provides a standardized framework for recording, reporting, and disclosing financial information, ensuring consistency and comparability across different companies and industries.
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Question 1: There is a project with the following cash flows: Year 0 -$24,450 Year 1 $7,100 Year 2 $8,200 Year 3 $7,150 Year 4 $7,750 Year 5 $6,700 What is the payback period? Question 2: Blinding Light Co. has a project available with the following cash flows: Year 0 -$34,110 Year 1 $8,150 Year 2 $9,810 Year 3 $13,980 Year 4 $15,850 Year 5 $10,700 What is the project's IRR? Question 3: A company has a project available with the following cash flows: Year 0 -$34,070 Year 1 $12,810 Year 2 $14,740 Year 3 $20,220 Year 4 $11,480 If the required return for the project is 8.7 percent, what is the project's NPV?
Question 1: The cumulative cash flow becomes positive in year 4. Therefore, the payback period of the project is 4 years.
Question 2: We input the cash flows and solve for IRR, which is 22.3%. Therefore, the IRR of this project is 22.3%.
Question 3: The NPV is positive, this project is profitable and should be accepted.
Question 1: The payback period is the length of time it takes to recover the initial investment of a project. To find the payback period of this project, we need to calculate the cumulative cash flows and see in which year they become positive.
Starting from year 0 with an initial investment of -$24,450, we add the cash inflows of each year to the previous year's cumulative cash flow.
Year 0: -$24,450
Year 1: -$24,450 + $7,100 = -$17,350
Year 2: -$17,350 + $8,200 = -$9,150
Year 3: -$9,150 + $7,150 = -$2,000
Year 4: -$2,000 + $7,750 = $5,750
Year 5: $5,750 + $6,700 = $12,450
Question 2: The internal rate of return (IRR) is the discount rate that makes the net present value (NPV) of a project equal to zero. In other words, it is the rate at which the project's cash inflows equal its cash outflows. To find the IRR of this project, we can use trial and error or a financial calculator or software.
Question 3: The net present value (NPV) of a project is the sum of the present values of its cash inflows and outflows, discounted at the project's required rate of return. A positive NPV indicates that the project is profitable, while a negative NPV indicates that it is not. To find the NPV of this project, we can use the following formula:
Plugging in the numbers, we get:
NPV = -$34,070 + ($12,810 / (1 + 0.087)^1) + ($14,740 / (1 + 0.087)^2) + ($20,220 / (1 + 0.087)^3) + ($11,480 / (1 + 0.087)^4)
NPV = $2,174.69
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identify the account types that carry a normal credit balance. (check all that apply)
The account types that carry a normal credit balance are revenue accounts, liability accounts, owner's equity accounts, income accounts, and gains accounts.
How do account types carry credit?The account types that carry a normal credit balance are:
1. Revenue Accounts: Revenue accounts include all sources of income for a business, such as sales revenue, service revenue, and interest revenue.
2. Liability Accounts: Liability accounts represent obligations or debts owed by a business, such as accounts payable, loans payable, and accrued expenses.
3. Owner's Equity Accounts: Owner's equity accounts represent the owner's share of the business's assets after deducting liabilities. This includes accounts such as owner's capital, retained earnings, and drawings.
4. Income Accounts: Income accounts track non-operating income, such as interest income, rental income, or gains from the sale of assets.
5. Gains Accounts: Gains accounts are used to record gains resulting from non-operating activities, such as the sale of assets at a higher price than their book value.
Please note that the classification of account types and their normal balances may vary depending on the accounting framework or standards followed by an organization.
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[Brainliest for whichever provides thorough answers and comprehensive responses. Thank you. ]
Jessica Creditsmart is a college senior. Her parents gave her a credit card when she turned 17 by making her an authorized user on their credit card. As an authorized user on their account, she benefited from her parent’s diligent credit card habits. She also has a few student loans in college that she will start repaying after she graduates. Here are some details about her for the profile:
For each of Jessica’s actions, mark whether you think that factor improves (+) or decreases (--) her credit score.
1) She currently has 1 credit card
1 (cont) She got this first credit card more than 15 years ago. This is a great credit score hack; she benefits from the fact that her parents had this credit card for 15 years.
2) She got her first student loan 3 years ago
3) She has received one student loan in the last year
4) She got that student loan over six months ago
5) Only her three student loans carry a balance, since she and her parents always pay the credit card bill off in full every month
6) She has $15,000 currently outstanding on her student loans
7) She (and her parents) have never missed a payment
8) None of her loans or credit cards are past due (and her parents are always on time with their credit card)
9) Since she and her parents pay off the bill every month, she has $0 balance
10) She has never gone through a bankruptcy or other negative proceeding
Questions:
1. What do you think Jessica’s credit score is (from a range of 300-850)?
2 Now, go to the myFICO Credit Score Estimator and use Jessica’s information to complete it. What is Jessica’s estimated credit score?
3. What does Jessica’s score say about her creditworthiness?
4. As her credit counselor, what recommendations would you make to Jessica to improve her credit score?
Jessica's credit score is likely to be high due to her long credit history, responsible credit card habits, and timely payments, but may be affected by student loans and outstanding balance.
Considering the factors mentioned, Jessica's credit score is expected to be relatively high, as she benefits from being an authorized user on her parents' credit card, which has a long credit history of over 15 years. This long-standing credit card helps establish a positive credit history for Jessica. Additionally, her responsible credit card habits, such as paying off the balance in full every month, contribute to a good credit score.
The student loans Jessica has taken out over the past few years, including the outstanding balance of $15,000, may have a minor impact on her credit score. However, since she and her parents have never missed a payment and none of her loans or credit cards are past due, the impact is likely minimal.
To improve her credit score further, Jessica can focus on consistently making on-time payments for all her loans and credit cards. This will continue to demonstrate her creditworthiness and responsibility. Additionally, gradually reducing the outstanding balance on her student loans will help lower her credit utilization ratio, which can positively impact her credit score. Overall, Jessica's credit score reflects her good creditworthiness and responsible financial habits.
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According to the textbook, which type of third party conflict resolution gives the third party high levels of process control but low levels of decision control? Multiple Choice a. Mediation b. Inquisition c. Arbitration d. Negotiation
The Mediation is often used in situations where the parties want to preserve their relationship or maintain control over the outcome of the conflict resolution process.
The type of third party conflict resolution that gives the third party high levels of process control but low levels of decision control is mediation. Mediation is a process where a neutral third party facilitates communication and negotiation between two or more conflicting parties. The mediator helps the parties to identify the issues, explore options for resolving the conflict, and reach a mutually acceptable agreement. The mediator does not make decisions for the parties but instead guides them towards finding their own solutions. Thus, the mediator has a high level of process control because they control the structure and direction of the mediation process, but they have low levels of decision control because the parties make the final decisions about the outcome of the mediation.
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A. Mediation. According to the textbook, mediation gives the third party high levels of process control but low levels of decision control.
Mediation involves a third party who helps the disputants to negotiate a mutually acceptable solution to their conflict. The mediator controls the process by setting the agenda, managing the communication, and helping the parties to generate options for resolution. However, the mediator does not make the decision for the parties; instead, the parties retain control over the outcome of the mediation. Thus, mediation is a type of third-party conflict resolution that provides the third party with high levels of process control but low levels of decision control.
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Bramble Corp. purchased machinery for $920000 on January 1, 2017. Straight-line depreciation has been recorded based on a $59500 salvage value and a 5-year useful life. The machinery was sold on May 1, 2021 at a gain of $13000. How much cash did Bramble receive from the sale of the machinery?
$127733
$246733
$161233
$187233
Bramble Corp. received $228400 from the sale of the machinery.
Depreciation is the process of allocating the cost of an asset over its useful life. It is an important accounting concept that allows companies to expense the cost of an asset over time and match it with the revenue generated by the asset. In this context,
Bramble Corp. purchased machinery for $920000 on January 1, 2017, with a useful life of 5 years and a salvage value of $59500. Straight-line depreciation has been recorded, meaning that the same amount of depreciation expense is recorded each year. Therefore, the annual depreciation expense is calculated as follows:
Depreciation Expense = (Cost - Salvage Value) / Useful Life
Depreciation Expense = ($920000 - $59500) / 5
Depreciation Expense = $172900 per year
Now, we need to determine the accumulated depreciation as of May 1, 2021, the date of sale. Since the machinery was purchased on January 1, 2017, the company recorded 4 years of depreciation expense by May 1, 2021.
Accumulated Depreciation = Depreciation Expense x Number of Years
Accumulated Depreciation = $172900 x 4
Accumulated Depreciation = $691600
Therefore, the carrying value of the machinery as of May 1, 2021 is calculated as follows:
Carrying Value = Cost - Accumulated Depreciation - Gain or Loss on Sale
Carrying Value = $920000 - $691600 - $13000
Carrying Value = $215400
The gain on sale is calculated as follows:
Gain on Sale = Selling Price - Carrying Value
Gain on Sale = Selling Price - ($920000 - $691600)
Gain on Sale = Selling Price - $228400
We know that the gain on sale is $13000, so we can solve for the selling price:
Selling Price = Gain on Sale + Carrying Value
Selling Price = $13000 + $215400
Selling Price = $228400
Therefore, Bramble Corp. received $228400 from the sale of the machinery.
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16) how do mortgage reits provide investors with extraordinary dividend yields and what is the risk involved with these policies?
The mortgage REITs provide investors with extraordinary dividend yields and borrowed funds to invest in higher-yielding mortgage assets.
These policies come with inherent risks and the interest rate fluctuations can impact profitability, credit and prepayment risks expose mortgage REITs to potential defaults and disruptions in cash flows.
On the other hand, the liquidity and market risks can affect their ability to meet obligations and navigate changing market conditions.
Therefore, the investors should carefully evaluate the risk factors and consider their investment objectives before venturing into Mortgage REITs.
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Suppose the equilibrium price in a perfectly competitive industry is $100 and a firm in the industry charges $112. Which of the following will happen?
The firm charging $112 in a perfectly competitive industry will not be able to sell its products because the equilibrium price is $100. In the long run, the firm will be forced to lower its price to $100 or exit the industry due to competition.
In a perfectly competitive industry, all firms are price takers, meaning they cannot influence the market price. The equilibrium price is determined by the intersection of the industry's supply and demand curves. If a firm charges a higher price than the equilibrium price, consumers will opt to purchase from other firms offering the same product at a lower price. As a result, the firm charging $112 will have no customers and will experience a decrease in demand.
In the long run, firms in a perfectly competitive industry can freely enter or exit the market. If the firm persists in charging $112, it will continue to face a lack of demand, leading to losses. In response, the firm will have two options: adjust its price to the equilibrium price of $100 or exit the industry altogether.
Lowering the price to $100 would allow the firm to compete on an equal footing with other firms in the industry. However, if the firm decides not to lower its price, it will likely suffer sustained losses, which are unsustainable in the long run. In this case, the firm may choose to exit the industry to avoid further financial difficulties.
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Because a producer does not have time to respond to a change in demand during the immediate market period ____
During the immediate market period, a producer may not have sufficient time to respond to a change in demand.
In the immediate market period, producers face a short-term constraint where they are unable to adjust their production levels quickly enough to accommodate sudden changes in demand. This is mainly due to the fixed nature of their production factors, such as machinery, labor, and raw materials.
Since production cannot be easily scaled up or down in this short time frame, producers may not be able to respond effectively to shifts in demand. As a result, they might experience temporary imbalances between supply and demand, leading to potential shortages or surpluses in the market.
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Cornerstone Exercise 9-24 (Algorithmic) Issuance of Long-Term Debt EWO Enterprises issues $189,000 of bonds payable. Required Provide the necessary journal entry to record the issuance of the bonds assuming: a. The bonds were issued at par. (Record issuance of bond at par) b. The bonds were issued at 104.5 (Record issuance of bond at premium) c. The bonds were issued at 99 (Record issuance of bond at discount)
a. If the bonds were issued at par, their issue price would have been the same as their face value. b. To record the bond issuance in this instance, EWO Enterprises will debit cash for $189,000 and credit bonds payable for $189,000 in the ledger.
c. Record in journal:
Debit: $189,000. Cash
Credit: $189,000 Bonds Payable
b. If the bonds were issued at 104.5, this indicates that their issue price was greater than their face value. It is referred to as a bond premium. The premium lowers the effective interest rate and is amortised over the bonds' lifespan. EWO Enterprises will debit cash in the amount of $197,805 (i.e., $189,000 multiplied by 104.5%) and credit bonds payable in the amount of $189,000. The $8,805 discrepancy will be noted as a premium on the bonds payable account.
Record in journal:
Debit: $197,805 in cash
Credit: $189,000 Bonds Payable
Credit: $8,805 in Bond Premiums Due
c. If the bonds were issued at a price of 99, their issue price was less than their face value. Bond discounts are what this is. The discount raises the effective interest rate and is amortised over the bonds' lifespan. EWO Enterprises will debit cash in this instance for $187,110 ($189,000 multiplied by 99%) and credit bonds payable in this instance for $189,000. The $1,890 discrepancy will be noted as a markdown on the bonds payable account.
Record in journal:
Credit: Bonds Payable $189,000 Debit: Cash $187,110
Discount on Bonds Payable, $1,890, debit
In conclusion, whether or not the bonds were issued at par determines the journal entry to be made to document the issuance of long-term debt.
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a. When the bonds are issued at par, the journal entry to record the issuance is as follows:
Cash (or Bonds Payable) $189,000
Bonds Payable (or Cash) $189,000
b. When the bonds are issued at a premium, the journal entry to record the issuance is as follows:
Cash $197,805
Bonds Payable $189,000
Premium on Bonds Payable $8,805
c. When the bonds are issued at a discount, the journal entry to record the issuance is as follows:
Cash (or Bonds Payable) $186,090
Discount on Bonds Payable $2,910
Bonds Payable $189,000
Note: The Discount on Bonds Payable account is a contra-liability account, and it is presented as a deduction from the face value of the Bonds Payable in the balance sheet.
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many services provide intangible outputs, and aggregate planning for these services deals mainly with
Aggregate planning is the process of determining the optimal production levels, workforce, inventory, and other resources required to meet demand for a specific period.
It is an essential aspect of operations management that enables service providers to balance capacity and demand while optimizing costs and customer satisfaction.
Many services provide intangible outputs, which are non-physical and cannot be stored, inventoried, or transported. Examples of intangible services include healthcare, education, financial services, and hospitality. These services are unique in that they are consumed simultaneously with production, making it challenging to manage capacity and demand.
Aggregate planning for services focuses on managing the availability and utilization of the resources required to deliver the service. Service providers need to balance capacity and demand while ensuring that they can deliver quality services that meet customer expectations. They need to consider various factors such as staffing levels, scheduling, inventory, and capacity utilization.
For example, in healthcare, aggregate planning involves determining the appropriate number of doctors, nurses, and support staff required to meet patient demand while maintaining quality care. In education, it involves managing class sizes, teacher availability, and facility capacity to ensure that students receive a quality education. In financial services, it involves managing staff levels and queue times to ensure that customers receive timely and efficient service.
Overall, aggregate planning for services is critical for managing capacity and demand in service industries. Service providers must use appropriate forecasting and planning techniques to ensure that they can deliver high-quality services efficiently and effectively, while optimizing costs and customer satisfaction.
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the bond is administered by an independent trustee and includes information on pledged and methods of repayment.
The fact that the bond is administered by an independent trustee is a significant aspect of its structure. An independent trustee is a third party that is responsible for overseeing and managing the bond, ensuring that the issuer complies with the terms of the bond agreement.
As for the information included in the bond, it is likely that the trustee will be responsible for ensuring that all relevant details are provided. This could include information on the amount of the bond, the interest rate, the maturity date, and the terms of repayment. Additionally, the trustee will likely ensure that the bond is properly pledged, meaning that there is adequate collateral backing the bond.
Overall, the use of an independent trustee is a common practice in the world of finance, and it provides an additional layer of protection for investors. By ensuring that the bond is properly administered and all relevant details are provided, the trustee helps to mitigate the risks associated with investing in bonds.
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2) if the demand for two products has the same standard deviation, does it necessarily mean they show the same uncertainty in demand
No, if the demand for two products has the same standard deviation, it does not necessarily mean they show the same uncertainty in demand.
While standard deviation is a measure of variability or dispersion in a dataset, it doesn't provide the complete picture of uncertainty. Uncertainty in demand can also be influenced by other factors such as market conditions, consumer preferences, and industry trends. To assess the overall uncertainty in demand, it's important to consider these additional factors and any underlying patterns that may affect the products differently. In summary, although the same standard deviation suggests that both products have a similar level of variability in demand, it is not sufficient to conclude that they have the same level of uncertainty in demand. It's crucial to examine other influencing factors to get a more accurate understanding of the uncertainty associated with each product.
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A company purchased a delivery van for $17,000 with a salvage value of $2,600 on September 1, Year 1. It has an estimated useful life of 4 years. Using the straight-line method, how much depreciation expense should the company recognize on December 31, Year 1? Multiple Choice Ο $4,250. Ο $900. Ο Ο $1,200. $1,200. Ο Ο $1,417. Ο $3,600.
The depreciation expense the company should recognize on December 32, Year 1 is option C 1200.
To determine the depreciation expense for the delivery van on December 31, Year 1, using the straight-line method, please follow these steps:
1. Calculate the total depreciable amount by subtracting the salvage value from the purchase price: $17,000 - $2,600 = $14,400.
2. Divide the total depreciable amount by the estimated useful life of the van to find the annual depreciation expense: $14,400 / 4 years = $3,600 per year.
3. Since the van was purchased on September 1, Year 1, and we need the depreciation expense until December 31, Year 1, calculate the proportion of the year that has passed:
4 months (September to December) / 12 months in a year = 1/3.
4. Multiply the annual depreciation expense by the proportion of the year that has passed: $3,600 * 1/3 = $1,200.
The company should recognize a depreciation expense of $1,200 on December 31, Year 1 using the straight-line method.
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Loan in which the exporter is covered, but the value of the cover will be less than the value of the contract. 2 Multiple Choice 3:56:37 Buyer's Credit Supplier's Credit Exporter's Credit Importer's Credit
The type of loan you are referring to is called Exporter's Credit. It is a type of loan in which the exporter is covered, but the value of the cover will be less than the value of the contract.
An export credit agency (known in trade finance as an ECA) or investment insurance agency is a private or quasi-governmental institution that acts as an intermediary between national governments and exporters to issue export insurance solutions and guarantees for financing.
Supplier's Credit is a type of financing where an exporter extends credit to the importer for the purchase of goods and services. In this case, the exporter is covered, but the value of the cover may be less than the value of the contract. This arrangement allows the importer to pay for the goods or services over a period of time, rather than upfront.
Therefore, the correct answer is option B. Exporter's Credit.
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what famous economist said, there are no solutions, only trade-offs?
The famous economist who said, "there are no solutions, only trade-offs" is named Thomas Sowell. He is a renowned economist, social theorist, and senior fellow at Stanford University's Hoover Institution.
Sowell's quote emphasizes the fact that in economics, there are always trade-offs between different options. Whenever we make a decision, we are essentially choosing one set of benefits and costs over another. For example, a government may choose to increase spending on education, but this may come at the expense of reducing spending on healthcare.
Similarly, businesses may choose to invest in research and development, but this may come at the expense of reducing profits in the short term.
Sowell's quote reminds us that there are no easy answers in economics and that every decision involves weighing up different trade-offs to determine the best course of action.
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Milton Friedman, a famous economist, is known for saying that there are no solutions, only trade-offs.
Explanation:The famous economist who said, 'there are no solutions, only trade-offs' was Milton Friedman. He was a prominent figure in the field of economics and is known for his contributions to classical liberal economics. Friedman believed that in many economic situations, individuals and societies have to make choices that involve trade-offs.
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________ is the alteration of economic or financial fundamentals that are thought to be drivers of capital to flow in and out of specific currencies. A) Indirect Intervention B) Direct Intervention C) Foreign Direct Investment D) Capital Controls
The alteration of economic or financial fundamentals that are thought to be drivers of capital to flow in and out of specific currencies D) Capital Controls
Capital controls refer to the alteration of economic or financial fundamentals that are believed to influence the flow of capital into and out of specific currencies.
Capital controls are measures implemented by governments or central banks to regulate the movement of capital in and out of a country. These measures can include restrictions on currency conversion, limits on foreign investment, taxes or tariffs on capital flows, and other regulatory policies.
The controls can discourage or encourage capital inflows and outflows based on the desired economic objectives.
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an example of common (random) variation in a production system may be that workers are not identically trained. TRUE/FALSE
The given statement "an example of common (random) variation in a production system may be that workers are not identically trained" is TRUE because this variation can affect the output of the production system, but it is expected and can be managed through statistical process control techniques.
Common (random) variation in a production system refers to the normal, inherent fluctuations in a process that occur over time.
One example of common variation is the difference in worker training levels. Since it is difficult to achieve identical training for every worker, variations in skill levels and expertise can lead to differences in production output and quality.
These fluctuations are considered random because they cannot be traced back to a specific cause, but are instead an inherent part of the production system. Properly managing these variations is crucial for maintaining a stable and efficient production process.
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What is the expected standard deviation of stock A’s returns based on the information presented in the table? Answer as a rate in decimal format so that 12.34% would be entered as .1234 and 0.98% would be entered as .0098. Note that figures in the table are presented in decimal format, not as percentages.
Outcome Probability of outcome Stock A return in outcome
Good 0.2 0.7
Medium 0.5 0.1
Bad ? -0.2
The expected standard deviation of stock A's returns, based on the information presented in the table, is approximately 0.2780. To calculate the expected standard deviation of stock A's returns, we need the missing probability for the "Bad" outcome.
Since the sum of probabilities should equal 1, we can calculate the missing probability by subtracting the sum of the probabilities of the other outcomes from 1. The probability for the "Bad" outcome can be calculated as follows:
Probability of Bad outcome = 1 - (Probability of Good outcome + Probability of Medium outcome)
Probability of Bad outcome = 1 - (0.2 + 0.5) = 1 - 0.7 = 0.3
Now that we have all the probabilities and corresponding stock returns, we can calculate the expected return and the standard deviation.
The expected return is calculated as follows:
Expected Return = (Probability of Good outcome * Stock A return in Good outcome) + (Probability of Medium outcome * Stock A return in Medium outcome) + (Probability of Bad outcome * Stock A return in Bad outcome)
Expected Return = (0.2 * 0.7) + (0.5 * 0.1) + (0.3 * -0.2) = 0.14 + 0.05 - 0.06 = 0.13
The expected standard deviation is calculated as follows:
Expected Standard Deviation = √((Probability of Good outcome * (Stock A return in Good outcome - Expected Return)^2) + (Probability of Medium outcome * (Stock A return in Medium outcome - Expected Return)^2) + (Probability of Bad outcome * (Stock A return in Bad outcome - Expected Return)^2))
Expected Standard Deviation = √((0.2 * (0.7 - 0.13)^2) + (0.5 * (0.1 - 0.13)^2) + (0.3 * (-0.2 - 0.13)^2))
Expected Standard Deviation = √((0.2 * 0.47^2) + (0.5 * -0.03^2) + (0.3 * -0.33^2))
Expected Standard Deviation = √(0.04418 + 0.00045 + 0.03267)
Expected Standard Deviation = √0.0773
Expected Standard Deviation ≈ 0.2780
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Steiner entered into negotiations with Mobil Oil Company for a contract to buy gasoline from Mobil for a ten-year period. Mobil agreed to give Steiner a competitive allowance of $0.14 per gallon. When Steiner received the offer from Mobil with the competitive allowance provision, Mobil had sent its standard contract offer that included a clause permitting Mobil to revoke the competitive allowance at any time during the contract. Stiner objected and insisted on the competitive allowance for the life of the contract. Mobil agreed to this in a letter, but when assembling the numerous agreements that made up the contract, the letter guaranteeing the competitive allowance was left out. Mobil then revoked the competitive allowance as per its standard form that Steiner had signed. Steiner objects and sues to maintain the discount.
Who wins(why)?
What are the main issues in this case and what rules would apply here?
Likely, Steiner wins. The main issue is whether Mobil's letter guaranteeing the discount is legally binding. The rule is promissory estoppel.
In this case, the main issue is whether Mobil is allowed to revoke the competitive allowance during the contract, despite having initially guaranteed it for the duration of the ten-year period. Steiner objected to Mobil's standard contract offer, which included a clause allowing for the allowance to be revoked at any time. Mobil then sent a letter to Steiner guaranteeing the allowance for the life of the contract, but this letter was later left out of the final contract. Mobil then revoked the allowance, which led to Steiner suing to maintain the discount.
The rule that would apply here is the doctrine of promissory estoppel. This legal principle prevents a party from reneging on a promise if the other party relied on it to their detriment. In this case, Steiner relied on Mobil's guarantee of the competitive allowance in their decision to enter into the contract. Removing the allowance would cause Steiner financial harm, which is why they are objecting to its revocation. While Mobil may argue that the letter guaranteeing the allowance was not included in the final contract, this may not be enough to void the guarantee. Therefore, it is likely that Steiner would win this case.
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Grocery shoppers make more unplanned purchases when they shop hungry then when they are full. This phenomenon shows that
Consumers often make predictions based on their reaction to focal event, without regard to other things.
Consumers often mistakenly predict how they will feel in the future based on how they will feel now.
Grocery shoppers are too emotional
Rational decisions are very rare.
The phenomenon of grocery shoppers making more unplanned purchases when they are hungry than when they are full can be attributed to a few factors. Firstly, hunger can increase impulsivity and decrease self-control, which can lead to consumers making more impulsive and unplanned purchases.
This is supported by research that shows that hunger can increase activity in the brain's reward center, making food and other potential purchases more appealing.
Another explanation for this phenomenon is that consumers often make predictions based on their current emotional state, without taking into account other factors.
This can lead to overestimating the enjoyment or satisfaction of a purchase and underestimating the potential consequences, such as the impact on their budget or their health.
This is known as affective forecasting and can be influenced by hunger, as well as other emotional states such as stress or excitement.
However, it is important to note that this does not mean that all grocery shoppers are too emotional or incapable of making rational decisions.
Rather, it highlights the complex interplay between emotions, cognitive processes, and external factors such as hunger and the shopping environment.
Rational decisions are still possible but may require more effort and awareness of these influences.
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