Answer- Incomplete combustions of alkanes are dangerous as it leads to toxic gases such as carbon monoxide man odorless,colorless and highly poisonous gas to be released in the air
Environmental impacts of burning fossil fuels such as alkanes can have a massive impact of global warming in which heat is prevented from the leaving the atmosphere due to a build-up of carbon dioxide ad other compounds, collectively known as greenhouse gases. In order to make these impacts less severe scientists have found alternative fuels, such as biofuels and biodiesels, this can reduce the risk of harm to the world as alternative fuels produce less CO2 and air pollutants then others that run on petrol and diesel
provide the reagents needed to carry out the following synthesis hint: halogenation of a ring can be done with the halogen and uv light
The reagents needed to carry out the halogenation of a ring are a halogen (e.g. bromine or chlorine) and ultraviolet (UV) light. The halogen is added to the ring in a reaction flask, and then the flask is exposed to UV light to activate the reaction.
The reagents required to carry out the given synthesis, which involves the halogenation of a ring with a halogen and UV light, are described below. The following are the reagents needed for the synthesis is Halogen and UV Light
The halogenation of a ring can be done with the halogen and UV light. The halogen and UV light are the two reagents needed to carry out this reaction. Halogens like fluorine, chlorine, bromine, and iodine can be used in halogenation. Halogenation of organic compounds is a common technique used in organic synthesis. Halogens' electronegativity makes them highly reactive, and their addition to a molecule usually results in the formation of new carbon-halogen bonds.
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Polymers plays an important role in the molecular economy of the cell
Polymers are large molecules made up of repeating subunits called monomers, and they are essential building blocks for many cellular structures and processes.
What are molecules ?A molecule is a group of two or more atoms that are chemically bonded together. Molecules are the fundamental units of compounds, which are substances made up of two or more different types of atoms.
Molecules can have a variety of sizes and shapes, depending on the number and arrangement of atoms. Some molecules are simple, consisting of just a few atoms, while others are much larger and more complex, such as proteins or DNA. The properties and behavior of a substance depend largely on the types of molecules it contains and how those molecules interact with each other.
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based on the information in the table, which of the following arranges the bonds in order of decreasing polarity
The bonds would be arranged in order of decreasing polarity as follows: H-F Bond (most polar) > O-H Bond and C-H Bond (tied) > C-C Bond (least polar).
In order to arrange the bonds in order of decreasing polarity, we can look at the electronegativity difference between the two atoms of each bond. Electronegativity differences will determine whether the bond is polar, nonpolar, or ionic.
In general, the polarity of a bond is determined by the electronegativity difference between the atoms in the bond. The greater the difference in electronegativity, the more polar the bond is likely to be.
The following is a list of the bonds in order of decreasing polarity, based on the information provided in the table:
The table shows the following:
H-F Bond: Electronegativity difference = 1.9
C-H Bond: Electronegativity difference = 0.4
C-C Bond: Electronegativity difference = 0
HF is the least polar bond since the difference in electronegativity between hydrogen and fluorine is smaller than the differences between the other atoms in the list.
Therefore, the bonds would be arranged in order of decreasing polarity as follows: H-F Bond (most polar) > and C-H Bond (tied) > C-C Bond (least polar).
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The complete questions is:
Based on the information in the table, which of the following arranges the bonds in order of decreasing polarity
The table shows the following:
H-F Bond: Electronegativity difference = 1.9
C-H Bond: Electronegativity difference = 0.4
C-C Bond: Electronegativity difference = 0
3. Draw a Lewis dot structure for the fictitious molecular ion [ZO2]-1. Assume that the central Z atom is bonded to each of the outer O atoms by a single bond. What is the formal charge on the Z atom?
The formal charge on the Z atom in the [ZO2]-1 ion is +1.
The Lewis dot structure for the [ZO2]-1 molecular ion is:
O
|
Z === O
|
O-
1. Determine the total number of valence electrons in the ion by adding the valence electrons of each atom and the charge of the ion.
Z has 4 valence electrons, while each O atom has 6 valence electrons.The ion has an overall negative charge of 1, so there is one extra electron.Total number of valence electrons = 4 + 6 + 6 + 1 = 172. Connect the Z atom to each O atom with a single bond, which uses up 2 electrons.
We now have 15 electrons left to distribute.3. Add the remaining electrons in pairs as lone pairs to each atom until all valence electrons are used up.
Each O atom needs 2 lone pairs (4 electrons).Z needs 2 lone pairs (4 electrons).4. Draw the Lewis dot structure.
The Lewis dot structure for [ZO2]-1 is:O
|
Z === O
|
O-
5. Calculate the formal charge on the Z atom using the formula:
Z has 4 valence electrons.Z has 2 lone pairs (4 electrons) and 2 bonding electrons (1 bond to each O).Formal charge = valence electrons - (number of lone pair electrons + 1/2 x number of bonding electrons)
Formal charge = 4 - (2 + 1/2 x 2) = 4 - 3 = +1
Therefore, the formal charge on the Z atom in the [ZO2]-1 ion is +1.
What is valence electron?
A valence electron is an electron in the outer shell associated with an atom, and that can participate in the formation of a chemical bond if the outer shell is not closed.
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a solutionwith a ph of 11 is first tested with phenolphthaelin and then with litmus what is the color of each indicator in this solution
In a solution with a pH of 11, phenolphthalein will turn pink, and litmus will turn purple.
The solution with a pH of 11 is first tested with phenolphthalein and then with litmus. When a solution with a pH of 11 is tested with phenolphthalein, the color is pink. When the same solution is tested with litmus, the color is blue.
Phenolphthalein and litmus are commonly used as indicators in acid-base titration, where a pH change can be detected by a change in color. These indicators have different pH ranges where their colors change, making them useful in identifying the pH of a solution.
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Write the electronic configuration and draw the orbital diagram for the element: lead (Z=82) State if it is diamagnetic/paramagnetic. Please decide the diamagnetic/paramagnetic property based on the orbital diagram only! (It is okay to use the noble gas in square brackets here)
Answer:
See below.
Explanation:
The atomic number of lead (Pb) is 82, which means it has 82 electrons. The electronic configuration of lead is
1s² 2s² 2p⁶ 3s² 3p⁶ 3d¹⁰ 4s² 4p⁶ 4d¹⁰ 5s² 5p⁶ 4f¹⁴ 5d¹⁰ 6s² 6p²
The orbital diagram for the valence electrons of lead (Pb) is
↑↓ ↑↓ ↑↓ ↑↓ ↑↓ ↑↓ ↑↓ ↑↓
s s p p p p d d
2 1 6 2 6 2 10 10
|||||||||
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
The notation ↑↓ represents a pair of electrons with opposite spins.
To determine if lead (Pb) is diamagnetic or paramagnetic, we need to look at whether there are any unpaired electrons. Based on the orbital diagram, we can see that all the electrons in the valence shell are paired, meaning that lead (Pb) is diamagnetic.
A mixture of 0.327 M Cl 2 , 0.579 M F 2 , and 0.839 M ClF is enclosed in a vessel and heated to 2500 K . Cl 2 ( g ) + F 2 ( g ) − ⇀ ↽ − 2 ClF ( g ) K c = 20.0 at 2500 K Calculate the equilibrium concentration of each gas at 2500 K .
Cl2 (g) + F2 (g) ⇌ 2ClF (g)
Kc = [ClF]^2 / [Cl2][F2]
Let x be the change in concentration of ClF, Cl2, and F2 at equilibrium. Then the equilibrium concentrations can be expressed as:
[ClF] = 0.839 M + x
[Cl2] = 0.327 M - x
[F2] = 0.579 M - x
Substituting these expressions into the equilibrium constant expression and solving for x gives:
20.0 = ([0.839 + x]^2) / ([0.327 - x][0.579 - x])
Expanding the numerator and denominator and simplifying, we get:
20.0 = (0.704x^2 + 3.321x + 0.702) / (-0.189x^2 + 0.463x - 0.190)
Multiplying both sides by the denominator and rearranging, we get a quadratic equation:
0.189x^2 - 3.880x + 3.032 = 0
Using the quadratic formula, we find that:
x = 7.68 × 10^-2 M
Substituting this value back into the expressions for the equilibrium concentrations gives:
[ClF] = 0.839 M + 7.68 × 10^-2 M = 0.917 M
[Cl2] = 0.327 M - 7.68 × 10^-2 M = 0.250 M
[F2] = 0.579 M - 7.68 × 10^-2 M = 0.501 M
Therefore, the equilibrium concentrations of ClF, Cl2, and F2 at 2500 K are 0.917 M, 0.250 M, and 0.501 M, respectively.
Ethanol (C2H5OH) boils at a temperature of 78.3 degrees C. What amount of energy, in joules, is necessary to heat to boiling and then completely vaporize a 13.1 g sample of ethanol initially at a temperature of 11.1 degrees C? The specific heat of ethanol is approximately constant at 2.44 JK−1g−1. The heat of vaporization of ethanol is 38.56 kJ mol−1.
The total amount of energy necessary to heat and vaporize a 13.1 g sample of ethanol initially at a temperature of 11.1 degrees C is 7.15 kJ.
To calculate the amount of energy, in joules, necessary to heat and vaporize a 13.1 g sample of ethanol initially at a temperature of 11.1 degrees C, we must first calculate the heat necessary to heat the sample to the boiling point of ethanol, 78.3 degrees C. The formula to calculate the amount of energy is: Q = mcΔT, where m is the mass of the sample, c is the specific heat of ethanol, and ΔT is the temperature change from 11.1 degrees C to 78.3 degrees C. Thus, the amount of energy necessary to heat the sample is: Q = 13.1 g * 2.44 JK−1g−1 * (78.3-11.1) = 1,623.08 J.
Next, we must calculate the amount of energy necessary to completely vaporize the sample. To do so, we must use the heat of vaporization of ethanol, which is 38.56 kJ mol−1. To convert from moles to grams, we must use the molar mass of ethanol, which is 46 g/mol. Thus, the amount of energy necessary to vaporize the sample is: Q = (13.1 g/46 g/mol) * 38.56 kJ/mol = 7.15 kJ.
Finally, to calculate the total amount of energy necessary to heat and vaporize the sample, we must add the two values together: Q = 1,623.08 J + 7.15 kJ = 7.15 kJ. the total amount of energy necessary to heat and vaporize a 13.1 g sample of ethanol initially at a temperature of 11.1 degrees C is 7.15 kJ.
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Which equation is a correctly written thermochemical equation?
OC3H8 (g) +502 (g) → 3CO2 (g) + 4H₂O (1), AH= -2,220 kJ/mol
OFe (s) + O2 (g) → Fe₂O3 (s), AH= -3,926 kJ
ONH₂Cl → NH₂ + + Cl
O2C8H18 + 250216CO2 + 18H₂O, AH=-5,471 kJ/mol
Answer:
The correctly written thermochemical equation is:
C3H8 (g) + 5O2 (g) → 3CO2 (g) + 4H2O (l), ΔH = -2,220 kJ/mol
This equation represents the combustion of propane (C3H8) in the presence of oxygen (O2) to produce carbon dioxide (CO2) and water (H2O), with a heat release of -2,220 kJ/mol. The state symbols (g) for gases and (l) for liquids indicate the physical state of each substance at standard conditions.
Explanation:
ABOVE
PLSSSSS HELPPPPPPPPPPPP
A Model Atom
In this lab, you will examine the relationship between an element’s
location on the periodic table and its number of valence electrons.
You will use this information to draw models of three elements and
their valence shells
Let's choose sodium (Na) as an example, which is in period 3.
Sodium has 1 valence electron.
The element next to sodium on the periodic table is magnesium (Mg), also in period 3.
Magnesium has 2 valence electrons, which is one more than sodium.
Venoconstriction ________ the amount of blood within the venous system, which ________ the volume in the arterial and capillary systems.A) doubles; decreasesB) reduces; increasesC) decreases; doublesD) increases; reducesE) reduces; reduces
Venconstriction B) reduces the amount of blood within the venous system, which increases the volume in the arterial and capillary systems.
Venoconstriction is the process of narrowing a vein by reducing its diameter. It could happen if the smooth muscles in the vein walls contract. This increases resistance to blood flow, which aids in the maintenance of blood pressure. Venoconstriction happens when the sympathetic nervous system activates to regulate blood flow. This response is triggered by many factors, including exercise, standing up, and emotional stress.
Venoconstriction is a normal bodily response that maintains blood flow and pressure. Blood pressure within the arterial system will rise when venous return decreases. The veins provide an essential volume reserve for the cardiovascular system. They serve as a storage tank for blood, and this is where the venous return is established.
The regulation of venous return is critical to the maintenance of cardiac output and arterial blood pressure. A decrease in venous return will result in a decrease in end-diastolic volume and, thus, a decrease in stroke volume. This is often followed by a drop in cardiac output, which causes arterial blood pressure to fall. Venous return can be affected by various factors, including venoconstriction or venodilation. Therefore option B is correct.
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If only 1600 grams of CO2 are produced, what is the percent error of this reaction?
Answer:
Take 1600grams divide by 2
which will not have an abbreviated electron configuration beginning with the argon core? select the correct answer below: sc mn cl k
The element potassium (K) has an atomic number of 19 and its electron configuration does not begin with the argon core, instead beginning with 4s1. the correct answer is potassium (K).
The electron configuration of an element specifies the number of electrons in each of its atomic orbitals. The elements on the periodic table are arranged in order of increasing atomic number, which corresponds to the number of protons and electrons in the nucleus of an atom. Elements with an atomic number higher than 18, such as scandium (Sc), manganese (Mn), and chlorine (Cl), have electron configurations that begin with the noble gas argon (Ar) core of [Ar]3d10 4s2. However, the element potassium (K) has an atomic number of 19 and its electron configuration does not begin with the argon core, instead beginning with 4s1.
Therefore, the correct answer is potassium (K).
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Please help me. Thank you
The standard change in Gibbs energy at 25 degree Celsius is 490.6 °C. for given equilibrium partial pressure .
What is Gibbs energy ?The Gibbs energy is the thermodynamic potential that is minimized when a system reaches chemical equilibrium at constant pressure and temperature when not driven by an applied electrolytic voltage. Its derivative with respect to the reaction coordinate of the system then vanishes at the equilibrium point.
Using the formula
ΔG° = - R × T ln K
WHERE R= 8.3144598 J⋅mol⁻¹⋅K⁻¹.
T = 298 K
K = 0.82
SOLVING ,
The standard change in Gibbs energy at 25 degree Celsius is 490.6 °C.
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Find the pH of a solution that is 9.0x10-2 M H₂CO3.
Express your answer using two decimal places
The pH of a solution that is 9.0 x 10-² M hydrogen carbonate is 1.05.
How to calculate pH?pH is a figure expressing the acidity or alkalinity of a solution on a logarithmic scale.
On the logarithmic scale, 7 is neutral, lower values are more acidic and higher values more alkaline. The pH of a solution can be calculated using the following expression;
pH = −log10 c
where;
c is the hydrogen ion concentration in mol/LAccording to this question, the concentration of a hydrogen carbonate solution is 9.0 × 10-²M. The pH can be calculated as follows:
pH = - log {9 × 10-²}
pH = 1.05
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structural change from a myoglobin tertiary structure to the inclusion of quaternary structure for hemoglobin
The quaternary structure of hemoglobin is responsible for the increased oxygen-carrying capacity and stability of the molecule. This structure allows hemoglobin to better transport oxygen throughout the body and is essential to life.
The structural change from myoglobin to hemoglobin includes an additional quaternary structure, which is the arrangement of two or more myoglobin subunits into a single, functional entity. This structural change allows for the cooperative binding of oxygen, meaning that the hemoglobin molecule can carry more oxygen than a single myoglobin molecule can. This is due to the increased surface area of the hemoglobin molecule, which provides more oxygen-binding sites. Additionally, the quaternary structure of hemoglobin increases the stability of the molecule, meaning it can better resist changes in pH or temperature. This is important because it allows hemoglobin to function in the wide range of temperatures and environments that are found within the human body.
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why can't the enthalpy of formation of calcium carbonate be determined directly?
The enthalpy change can not be measured directly because you have to take into account how much energy was put into the reaction in the first place.
Hope this helps!!! :)
The standard enthalpy of formation of all elements in their standard states are assumed to be zero. It is not possible to determine the enthalpy of formation of calcium carbonate as it is formed from other compounds.
What is enthalpy of formation?The standard enthalpy of formation of a compound can be defined as the enthalpy change accompanying the formation of one mole of the compound from its constituent elements, all the substances being in their standard states.
The standard enthalpy of formation is usually denoted as ΔfH⁰. For example the enthalpy of formation of CO₂ and CH₄ are -393.5 kJ mol⁻¹ and -74.8 kJ mol⁻¹ respectively.
Here CaCO₃ is formed by the reaction:
CaO + CO₂ → CaCO₃
The enthalpy change for the given reaction is not an enthalpy of formation of CaCO₃. Since CaCO₃ is not formed from its constituent elements.
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what is the ph of 0.352 m triethylammonium iodide, (c2h5)3nhi. the kb of triethylamine, (c2h5)3n, is 5.2 x 10-4.
The pH of 0.352 M triethylammonium iodide, (C2H5)3NI, is 8.11.
This is calculated using the following equation:
pH = -log(Kb x [I-])
Where Kb is the base dissociation constant for triethylamine, (C2H5)3N, which is 5.2 x 10-4, and [I-] is the concentration of iodide ions, which is 0.352 M.
First, calculate the concentration of triethylamine, (C2H5)3N:
[(C2H5)3N] = (0.352 M) / (1 + Kb x (0.352 M))
[(C2H5)3N] = 0.351 M
Then, calculate the concentration of iodide ions, [I-], in the solution:
[I-] = 0.352 M - 0.351 M
[I-] = 0.001 M
Finally, calculate the pH of the solution:
pH = -log(Kb x [I-])
pH = -log(5.2 x 10-4 x 0.001)
pH = 8.11
Therefore, the pH of 0.352 M triethylammonium iodide, (C2H5)3NI, is 8.11.
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A sample of cobalt (II) chloride is hydrated with an unknown number of waters, CoCl₂ XH₂O. The initial mass of the CoCl₂-XH₂O was 1.0000 g and after heating and dehydrating the sample the residual CoCl₂ weighed 0.5460 g.
how many grams were released from the sample after heating?
how many moles of water were released from the sample after heating?
how many moles of CoCl2 remained after heating?
what is the value of X in CoCl2•XH2O rounded to the nearest integer?
The mass of water released is 0.454 g
Moles of water released is 0.025 moles
Moles of CoCl2 remaining is 0.0042 moles
Value of x is 6
What is a hydrated compound?Mass of water released = 1. 0 g - 0.5460 g = 0.454 g
Moles of water released = 0.454 g/18 g/mol = 0.025 moles
Moles of CoCl2 remaining = 0.5460 g/130 g/mol = 0.0042 moles
We have;
Number of moles of anhydrous compound = Number of moles of hydrated compound
1/130 + 18 x = 0.0042
0.0042 (130 + 18x) = 1
0.546 + 0.0756x = 1
x = 1 - 0.546 /0.0756
x = 6
The value of x is 6
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add curved arrows to show the mechanism of the propagation steps to form each monochlorination product shown.
To form each of the monochlorination products shown, you will need to draw curved arrows that demonstrate the propagation steps. The first step is when a chlorine radical combines with the double bond to form a chlorine radical cation, which then donates an electron to the double bond.
This results in the formation of two radical chlorides, one on each carbon atom. These radicals then combine with two hydrogen atoms to form the monochlorination product, completing the reaction.The curved arrows for this process should be drawn as follows:
An arrow pointing from the chlorine radical to the double bond, representing the attack of the radical all arrows have been drawn, the monochlorination product has been formed. The mechanism of propagation steps to form each monochlorination product is shown in the following reaction:To represent this reaction, you can draw a curved arrow to show the movement of electrons from the bond to the chlorine. The arrow should start from the carbon-carbon double bond and point towards the chlorine.
Then, another curved arrow can be drawn to represent the formation of the C-Cl bond. The arrow should start from the chlorine and point towards the carbon with the unpaired electron.This process can be repeated to form the second monochlorination product. The following diagram shows the mechanism of the propagation steps:Here, you can see that the curved arrows are used to represent the movement of electrons during the reaction. The arrows point towards the atom that is gaining the electrons.
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If you have the following data about a container of rice, about how many grains of rice are estimated to be in the container? Mass of Rice + Container = 786 grams Mass of 1000 Grains of Rice = 28 grams Mass of Container ONLY = 332 grams Approximately, how many grains of rice are in the container?
The number of the grains of rice that we have from the question here is 16214 grains
What is the mass of rice?In this case, we know that we have to rely on the information that we have in the question so as to be able to obtain the mass of the rice that we need in this case and that is what we are going to set out to do in this question.
We know that;
Mass of the Rice = 786 grams - 332 grams
= 454 g
If 1000 grains of rice have a mass of 28 g
x grains of rice have a mass of 454 g
x = 1000 * 454/28
x = 16214 grains
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What is the theoretical oxygen for 100 moles of propane undergoing the following combustion reaction? CsHs+502->3CO2+4 H20 O 350 moles O 21 moles O 500 moles O 400 moles
When 100 moles of propane undergo the given combustion reaction, 500 moles of oxygen will be required.
The combustion reaction of propane is given by:C₃H₈ + 5O₂ → 3CO₂ + 4H₂OFor every mole of propane, five moles of oxygen are required to complete the combustion reaction. Therefore, for 100 moles of propane, 500 moles of oxygen will be required.Theoretical oxygen for 100 moles of propane undergoing the combustion reaction is 500 moles of oxygen. Thus, the correct option is (C) 500 moles. The theoretical oxygen required is different from the actual oxygen required, which may vary due to incomplete combustion or other factors that affect the reaction.
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identify the reactant that you would use to make the following compound via an aldol addition reaction.
In general, an aldol addition reaction involves the addition of an enolate ion or enol to an aldehyde or ketone.
What is an enolate ion?
The enolate or enol acts as a nucleophile, attacking the carbonyl carbon of the aldehyde or ketone, resulting in the formation of a beta-hydroxy carbonyl compound called an aldol.
To carry out an aldol addition reaction, you would typically need an appropriate carbonyl compound, which can act as an electrophile, and a base, such as sodium hydroxide or lithium diisopropylamide (LDA), which can generate the enolate or enol. The choice of reactants would depend on the specific aldol addition reaction being carried out and the desired product to be formed.
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By studying fossils, scientists have learned that
A.
both animals and plants have changed over time.
B.
animals have changed over time, but plants have not.
C.
plants have changed over time, but animals have not.
D.
neither animals nor plants have changed over time.
true or false the water cycle affects weather
Answer:
true
The water cycle affects the weather and climate of a particular region in multiple ways
What is the percentage yield when 20g of aluminium are produced from 50g of aluminium oxide
Answer:
,
Explanation:
Refer to pics.............
26.4g is the percentage yield when 20g of aluminium are produced from 50g of aluminium oxide.
What is percentage yield?The % ratio of the theoretical yield to the actual yield is known as the percent yield. It is calculated as the theoretical yield increased by 100% divided by the experimental yield. The percentage return is 100% if the theoretical and actual yields are equal. Because the real yield is frequently lower than the theoretical value, percent yield is typically lower than 100%.
This may be due to incomplete or conflicting reactions or sample loss during recovery. If the percent yield is more than 100%, more sample than expected was retrieved from the reaction. This may have happened when other reactions took place and the product was also created.
2Al[tex]_2[/tex]O[tex]_3[/tex] → 4 Al + 3O[tex]_2[/tex]
2 mole of Al[tex]_2[/tex]O[tex]_3[/tex] =4 mol of Al
2(2×27+48) =4×27
204g of Al[tex]_2[/tex]O[tex]_3[/tex] = 108g of Al
50g of Al[tex]_2[/tex]O[tex]_3[/tex] =x
26.4g =x
Therefore, 26.4g is the percentage yield when 20g of aluminium are produced from 50g of aluminium oxide.
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An emission spectrum has a line in the blue region. How does this occur in the atom?
A. An electron ABSORBS a photon as it goes from a HIGHER TO LOWER energy level.
B. An electron EMITS a photon as it goes from a HIGHER TO LOWER energy level.
C. An electron EMITS a photon as it goes from a LOWER TO HIGHER energy level.
D. An electron ABSORBS a photon as it goes from a LOWER TO HIGHER energy level.
The correct response is B. An electron EMITS a photon as it goes from a HIGHER TO LOWER energy level.
What is electron?A subatomic particle with a negative electric charge is called an electron. Together with protons and neutrons, it is one of the fundamental particles that make up an atom.
When an atom is excited, its electrons have the ability to transition from one energy level to another. These stimulated electrons will eventually revert to their initial lower energy levels since they are unstable. They do this by releasing energy in the form of particular wavelength photons. Each element has a distinct set of energy levels, which leads to the emission of photons at a certain wavelength and the formation of a distinct emission spectrum.
In this instance, the existence of a line in the emission spectrum's blue section shows that an electron has released a photon with a certain wavelength that corresponds to the region's blue color. A photon with an energy equal to the difference between the two levels is released when an excited electron returns from a higher energy level to a lower energy level.
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If He(g) has an average kinetic energy of 7450 J/mol
under certain conditions, what is the root mean square speed of F2(g) molecules under the same conditions?
The root mean square speed of F2(g) molecules under the same conditions is approximately 431.3 m/s.
How to solve for the rms speed of F2(g) molecules ?The root mean square (rms) speed of a gas molecule is related to its average kinetic energy (KE) by the following equation:
rms speed = √(3RT/M)
Where
R is the gas constantT is the temperature in KelvinM is the molar mass of the gasTo solve for the rms speed of F2(g) molecules, we need to know the temperature and molar mass of F2(g). Let's assume that the temperature is the same as the conditions in which He(g) has an average kinetic energy of 7450 J/mol. The molar mass of F2 is 2 x the molar mass of one fluorine atom, which is approximately 19 amu.
Substituting these values into the equation, we get:
rms speed = √(3RT/M)rms speed = √(3 x R x T / M)rms speed = √(3 x 8.314 J/mol·K x T / 38.00 g/mol)rms speed = √(24.942 J/K·mol x T / 38.00 g/mol)rms speed = √(0.6564 J/K x mol x T)Now we can solve for the rms speed by plugging in the given value of average kinetic energy for He(g) and solving for T:
7450 J/mol = (1/2) x (3/2) x R x T
T = 7450 J/mol / (1.5 x 8.314 J/mol·K)
T = 597 K
Substituting this value of T into the equation for rms speed, we get:
rms speed = √(0.6564 J/K x mol x 597 K / 1 mol)
rms speed = 431.3 m/s
Therefore, the root mean square speed of F2(g) molecules under the same conditions is approximately 431.3 m/s.
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What volume of 0.100 M NaOH is required to precipitate all of the nickel (II) ions from 150.0 mL of a 0.321 M solution of Ni(NO3)2?
The volume of 0.100 M NaOH is required to precipitate all of the nickel (II) ions from 150.0 mL of a 0.321 M solution of Ni(NO₃)₂ is 483 mL.
What is the volume of the base required?To solve this problem, we need to first write the balanced chemical equation for the reaction between NaOH and Ni(NO₃)₂:
Ni(NO₃)₂ + 2NaOH → Ni(OH)₂ + 2NaNO₃
From this equation, we can see that 2 moles of NaOH are required to precipitate 1 mole of Ni(NO₃)₂.
Therefore, we need to calculate the number of moles of Ni(NO₃)₂ in 150.0 mL of a 0.321 M solution:
moles of Ni(NO₃)₂ = volume (L) x concentration (mol/L)
moles of Ni(NO₃)₂ = 0.150 L x 0.321 mol/L
moles of Ni(NO₃)₂ = 0.0483 mol
To precipitate all of the nickel (II) ions, we need to add an equal number of moles of NaOH.
Since the concentration of NaOH is 0.100 M, we can calculate the volume of NaOH required:
moles of NaOH = 0.0483 mol (from above)
volume of NaOH = moles of NaOH / concentration of NaOH
volume of NaOH = 0.0483 mol / 0.100 mol/L
volume of NaOH = 0.483 L or 483 mL
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The equilibrium constant, K, relates quantity of products to reactants at a point when the reaction is ____.
The equilibrium constant, K is related to the amount of products and reactants at which the reaction reaches at equilibrium (a point where reaction rate is zero). So, the correct choice to fill up the blank is at equilibrium.
Equilibrium define when the rate of the forward reaction is equal to the rate of the backward reaction. The mathematical ratio showing the concentration of the product divided by the concentration of the reactant is called the equilibrium constant K. See the image above for an expression representing it. It expresses the relationship between the products and reactants of a reaction in equilibrium with a particular unit.
Equilibrium constants depend only on temperature and are independent of concentrations, pressures, and volumes of reactants and products. It is also independent of the presence of catalysts and the presence of inert materials. Thus, the right choice for filling the blank is at equilibrium.
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