7. A movable piston is allowed to cool from 392°F to 104°F. If the initial volume is 105 mL,
what will be the new volume?

The Born -Haber cycle is  used to find out the lattice energy and formation enthalpy of a reaction from its individual steps. The total energy of the cycle is zero.

According to Hess law, we can split a reaction into several steps. each steps involves the phase transitions, ionization of constituent elements.

The energy required form a solid compound from its constituent elements in gaseous state is called the lattice energy of the compound. Here the formation of KBr from gaseous K and Br is given. Thus the enthalpy change is called lattice energy.

The lattice energy plus the formation energy is called the total energy in the reaction. Where, the enthalpy change of the cycle is zero. The Born -Haber cycle of the given reaction include first reaction with the phase transition of each elements and their ionization.

The ionized atoms combine together to form the product, which is written as the overall reaction in the top.

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Answer: 2.5 moles of Argon, Ar contains 15.055 x 10^23 particles. ✅

Explanation:

To find the number of particles in 2.5 moles of Argon, we can use the Avogadro's number. Avogadro's number is the number of atoms, ions or molecules in one mole of a substance. It is defined as 6.022 x 10^23 particles per mole.

To convert moles to particles, we can multiply the number of moles by Avogadro's number.

2.5 moles x 6.022 x 10^23 particles/mole = 15.055 x 10^23 particles

So, 2.5 moles of Argon, Ar contains 15.055 x 10^23 particles.

Ionic compound Cation Anion

NaCl Na^+ Cl^-

CrCl4 Cr^3+ Cl^-

NH4Br NH4^+ Br^-

Cu(OH)2 Cu^2+ OH^-

CoS Co^2+ S^2-

Please note that in CrCl4 the cation is Cr^3+ not Cr^4+

In the table above, the first compound is NaCl. The sodium cation has a positive charge of +1 and the chloride anion has a negative charge of -1, which gives the compound a neutral charge.

The second compound is CrCl4. The Chromium cation has a positive charge of +3 and the chloride anion has a negative charge of -1, which gives the compound a neutral charge as well.

The third compound is NH4Br. The ammonium cation has a positive charge of +1 and the bromide anion has a negative charge of -1, which gives the compound a neutral charge.

The fourth compound is Cu(OH)2. The Copper cation has a positive charge of +2 and the hydroxide anion has a negative charge of -1, which gives the compound a neutral charge.

Finally, the fifth compound is CoS. The Cobalt cation has a positive charge of +2 and the sulfide anion has a negative charge of -2, which gives the compound a neutral charge.

It's important to note that the charge of the cations and anions must match for the compound to be neutral, if not the compound will have a net charge.

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A chemical reaction has reached the equilibrium when b.  the rate of the forward reaction equals the rate of the reverse reaction.

The chemical reaction is said to be in the equilibrium when the rate of the forward reaction is equals to the rate of the backward reaction. . The equilibrium is the state of the balance. The chemical equilibrium is the state of the reaction when the the rates of the forward and the rates of the backward reaction s are equal.  

             forward

A   +   B      ⇄       C

             backward

The chemical equilibrium are of the two types :

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Considering the definition of percent yield, the percent yield for the reaction is 91.84%.

The percent yield is the ratio between the actual yield and the theoretical yield expressed as a percentage.

The percent yield is calculated as:

percent yield= (actual yield÷ percent yield)×100%

where:

In this case, you know:

Replacing in the definition of percent yield:

percent yield= (25.9 g÷ 28.2 g)×100%

Solving:

percent yield= 91.84%

Finally, the percent yield is 91.84%.

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Since 342 kJ of energy are evolved for each mole of NH₃(g), and there are 2 moles of NH₃(g) in the balanced equation, the heat evolved will be2 × 342 kJ = 684 kJ. By convention, when heat is evolved, it takes a negative sign. The balanced thermochemical equation is:

2 NH₃(g) + 2 O₂(g) ⇒ N₂O(g) + 3 H₂O(l)   ΔH° = -684 kJ

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It is a useful ability to be able to rapidly assess whether the atom is the hybridization again for O in OF 2, as the hybridization hypothesis is sometimes perceived as a convoluted and lengthy notion. sp^2

The process chemical hybridization known as sp3 hybridization involves the mixing and recasting of the 1s and 3p electron shells of the same element to create new hybrid orbitals with the same energy, symmetric, and fixed orientation in space. The molecule of methane is one example.

Atomic orbitals are thought to combine to generate freshly hybridized orbitals through the process of hybridization, which then affects the geometry of molecules and their bonding characteristics. Additionally, hybridization expands the valence

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1. 1st reaction:reactant, 2nd reaction:product.

2. 2 in cl2 means that chlorine is diatonic

3. 2 in front of NaBr shows that there are 2 moles of NaBr

The proportion of exams scores between 68 and 73 points is 38.09%.

First, we need to calculate the z-score of both points.

Formula for z-score is:

z-score = (x – mean) / SD

In this case, given that:

Mean = 70

SD = 5

So, for exam score 68 points:

z-score = (68 – 70) / 5

= –2 / 5

= –0.4

And, for exam score 73 points:

z-score = (73 – 70) / 5

= 3 / 5

= 0.6

Thus, the probability:

P (68 < x < 73) = P (–0.4 < z < 0.6)

By using the z-table:

P (–0.4 < z < 0.6)

= (0.5 – 0.3446) + (0.7258 – 0.5)

= 0.3809

= 38.09%

Hence, the proportion of exams scores between 68 and 73 points is 38.09%.

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The electrophilic addition reaction is the reaction in which electrophile attack the substrate. The compound containing double or the triple bond broken into the sigma bond.

The electrophilic addition reaction in which the compound that contains the double or the triple bond , broken in to the sigma bond. The some of the example of the electrophilic reaction of the alkene is given below :

CH₂ = CH₂  +   HX  ---->   CH₃ - CH₂X

CH₂ = CH - CH₃  +   HX  ---->  CH₃ - CHX - CH₃

The proton H⁺ will make a bond with carbon atom of the carbon = carbon double bond. The halogen ion forms the bond with the intermediate carbocation produces the final product.

The question is incomplete, i gave general answer according to my knowledge.

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• Radio waves

• Microwaves

• Infrared radiation

• Visible light

• Ultraviolet light

• X-rays

• Gamma rays

Electromagnetic radiation can be categorized into seven different groups. It consists of radio waves, microwaves, infrared, visible light, ultraviolet light, X-rays, and gamma rays.

The wavelengths of each of them are as follows:

Gamma rays: < 10⁻¹² m. It is usually used in the medical field

X-rays: 1 nm- 1 pm. It is used in a number of fields like medicine and airport security.

Ultraviolet: 400 nm- 1 nm. Sun is the main source of UV rays

Visible light: 750 nm- 400 nm. This is visible to our eyes.

Infrared light: 25 μm – 2.5 μm. It is mainly used in night vision goggles.

Microwaves: 1 mm – 25 μm. It is used in microwave ovens and other cooking utensils.

Radio waves: > 1 mm. It captures the waves transmitted by radio stations

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Yes it is True.

Because Zinc(Zn) is Highly reactive than Hydrogen(H) that is why Zn can easily replace Hydrogen in HCl and form ZnCl2.

There is only a single carbon atom and four hydrogen atoms in the model.

In science, when we talk about a model, we know that what we mean is a representation. It is actually something that stands in for another. We can be able to use a model as a guide that enables us to be able to visualize what the actual molecule would look like.

We can see that in the compound that has been laid out here, we would have about four atoms that are from hydrogen while we would only have one atom from carbon in the compound.

Thus, the blue ball stands for carbon while each of the red balls stand for hydrogen atoms in the model shown.

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To make the buffer solution, 0.198 moles of sodium acetate are required (from which the conjugate base will be formed). The correct response is (C) 0.198 moles.

A highly important unit of measurement used by chemists is the mole. A mole of anything means you have 602,214,076,000,000,000,000,000 of that thing, just like a dozen eggs equals twelve eggs. Chemists use moles to measure incredibly small substances like atoms, molecules, and other particles.

How many moles of a chemical are there? The substance's weight should be determined. See a periodic table to find its atomic or molecular mass. Subtract the weight from the mass of the atoms or molecules.

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Answer:

Covalent bonds are much more common in organic chemistry than ionic bonds. A covalent bond consists of the simultaneous attraction of two nuclei for one or more pairs of electrons. The electrons located between the two nuclei are bonding electrons.

Explanation:

Atom Valence

Oxygen 2

Sulfur 2

Nitrogen 3

Carbon 4

To make 250.0 mL of something like a 0.500 mol/L sulfuric acid solution, 0.125 L of a 1.00 mol/L sulfuric acid solution is needed.

can cause blindness and irritate & irritate the skin and the eyes. Exposures may result in pulmonary edema, a genuine condition when fluid builds up in the lungs. Headache, nauseousness, and vomiting can all result after exposure.

Another important ingredient in the chemical process industries is sulfuric acid. It is most frequently employed in the production of fertilizer, but it is also crucial for the processing of minerals, oil, wastewater, and chemicals. H2S04, often known as sulfuric acid, is a corrosive chemical that harms your skin, eyes, teeth, & lungs. Extreme exposure can be fatal.

n1 = n2

CM = n / V

n = CM x V

CM1 x V1 = CM2 x V2

1.00 x V1 = 0.500 x 0.2500

V1 = (0.500 x 0.2500) / 1.00

V1 = 0.125 L

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TRUE , Auxiliary containers must be labeled, excluding a few circumstances. LABEL IT IF If a secondary container was transportable, for instance, you are frequently exempt from label requirements.

Chemicals are typically transferred from primary container to secondary containers while within the workplace. These smaller containers can be spray bottles, containers, aliquots, or jars. OSHA states that secondary containers must adhere to the labeling specifications.

The identification of the product's hazardous substances and any physical, health-related, nor environmental risks that may be posed by its constituent parts are the two pieces of information that must be provided on the secondary labels.

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12 atoms of carbon is equal to 12 x 12.011 grams, or 144.132 grams.

The atomic mass of carbon is 12.011 g/mol, which means that one mole of carbon contains 12.011 grams. Therefore, to find the mass of 12 atoms of carbon, we need to multiply 12.011 by 12, which equals to 144.132 grams.

This is because 1 mole of any element is equal to 6.022 x 1023 atoms. To calculate the mass of 12 atoms, we need to divide 12 by 6.022 x 1023, which is equal to 1.99 x 10-23 moles.

Once we have this number, we can multiply it by 12.011 to get the mass of 12 atoms of carbon. This gives us the final answer of 144.132 grams for 12 atoms of carbon.

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Answer: c (specific heat capacity) = 0.4369243949 J/g *C

Or with Significant digits: 0.44 ( 2 sig digs because of temperature)

Explanation: So this is a simple calorimetry question, so you have to consider this formula, ΔH = -Q  and since Q = mcΔt || Therefore you get this equation ΔH = - (mcΔt). So you want to solve for c, now rearrange. Once you do that, you will end up with c = - (ΔH/ -m · -Δt)

Now Plug in the numbers

Then you will get 0.44!

Hope that helped and remember significant digits! Good luck!

The carbon engineering technologies forward the carbon dioxide capturing methods. The first step involved in the air contactor is given below:

[tex]\rm CO_{2} + 2 KOH \rightarrow H_{2}O + K_{2}CO_{3}[/tex]

Nowadays evolution of greenhouse gases such as carbon dioxide is causing serious issues such as global warming. Industries and factories are uncontrollably release these gases to the atmosphere.

Carbon engineering designs the techniques for direct capture of carbon dioxide. The methods include an air contactor with the reaction given above and a pelletizer where, the KOH and calcium carbonate produces calcium hydroxide.

A calcinator decomposes the calcium carbonate forming the carbon dioxide  which is  captures.

[tex]\rm CaCO_{3} \rightarrow CO_{2} + CaO[/tex]

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Specific heat capacity of a substance is the amount of heat required to raise the temperature by one degree Celsius of one gram of a substance. Therefore, 485.9 kJ is the overall enthalpy of the reaction.

Enthalpy term is basically used in thermodynamics to show the overall energy that a matter have. Mathematically, Enthalpy is directly proportional to specific heat capacity of a substances.

Reverse the first equation: upper C solid plus upper o subscript 2 gas right arrow upper C upper O subscript 2 gas        ΔH1=-393.5 kJ

Reverse the second equation:2 upper C upper O gas plus upper O subscript 2 gas right arrow 2 upper C upper O subscript 2 gas ΔH2=-566.0KJ

Reverse the third equation: 2 upper H subscript 2 upper o gas right arrow 2 upper H subscript 2 gas plus upper O subscript 2 gas ΔH2=-483.6 kJ

ΔHrxn = 393.5 kJ + 566.0 kJ + (-483.6 kJ)

           = 485.9 kJ

Therefore, 485.9 kJ is the overall enthalpy of the reaction.

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Pre-industrial villages were more likely to be found close to surface water sources than industrial ones were. is Valid

The growing population is the main cause of the growth in groundwater use. The increased usage of groundwater is a result of both urbanization and pollution. Groundwater cannot be successfully sourced from contaminated rivers, lakes, or springs. Between pre- and post-industrial eras, groundwater use reduced.

Similar issues arise when water is extracted from the ground quicker than it can be replaced. As a result of pumping, groundwater storage volume is falling in several parts of the United States. The main cause of ongoing groundwater pumping is groundwater depletion. The Ogallala Aquifer is the country's biggest aquifer. The High Plains aquifer system, which extends from Texas to South Dakota, supports a portion of eight different states.

Therefore the correct answer is option b ) true .

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Answer:

Ainsi pour transformer, sous la pression atmosphérique, une masse de 1 kg d'eau pris à 20 °C en vapeur, l'énergie à fournir est égale à l'énergie fournie pour passer de 20 °C à 100 °C à l'état liquide soit 334 kJ puis à celle requise lors de la vaporisation à 100 °C soit 2256 kJ donc au total 2590 kJ.

Explanation:

Answer:

Percentage Composition from Formulas. A more complex example is sucrose (table sugar), which is 42.11% carbon, 6.48% hydrogen, and 51.41% oxygen by mass.

Explanation:

The pressure of a gas is directly proportional to its temperature. Hence, as temperature decreases  pressure decreases. Therefore, option D is correct.

What is Gay- Lussacs law?

According to Gay- Lussacs law at constant volume, the pressure of a gas is directly proportional to the temperature.

Hence, P/T = constant.

Let P1 and T1 be the initial pressure and temperature and P2, T2 be the final quantities, then

P1/T1 = P2/T2

Given P1 = 1 atm

T1 = x ° C

T2 = x/2° C

Then P2 = P1 T2/T1

P2 = 1 × x/2° C / x° C

     = 1/2 atm

That is one half of the initial pressure.

Therefore, the pressure of the gas reduces to half when temperature is reduced to half. Thus, option D is correct.

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The triiodide ion, with its I3- Lewis structure, is a linear anion ion with sp3d hybridization, trigonal bipyramidal geometry, and the acquisition of a linear form.

An ion is an atom or group of atoms with just an electric charge. The word for positive-charged ions is cations. Ions which have a negative surface charge are referred to as anion. The body includes ions of several common substances.

A charged molecule or atom is known as an ion. Because there are more electrons than protons in an atom or molecule, it is charged. Depending upon whether the amount of an atom's electrons is more or less than the number or protons in the atom, an atom can develop a positive charged or a negative charge.

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Nitrogen (N2) is a molecule that has 14 protons.

Nitrogen is a colorless, odorless, and tasteless gas that makes up about 78% of the Earth's atmosphere. Nitrogen is an important component of many compounds, including proteins, DNA, and RNA, and is essential for life on Earth.

Nitrogen gas is also used in a variety of industrial applications, including the production of fertilizers, explosives, and the preservation of food. Nitrogen is a non-metallic, diatomic gas that exists in two stable isotopes, 14N and 15N.

Nitrogen gas is relatively unreactive, due to the strong triple bond between the two nitrogen atoms in a nitrogen molecule (N2). However, under certain conditions, such as high temperatures or the presence of catalysts, nitrogen can react with other elements to form compounds such as ammonia (NH3), nitric oxide (NO), and nitrous oxide (N2O).

In the Earth's atmosphere, nitrogen plays a key role in the nitrogen cycle, a process by which nitrogen is converted between different chemical forms. Nitrogen gas is converted to ammonia by nitrogen-fixing bacteria, and then to nitrite and nitrate by microorganisms in the soil.

Overall, Nitrogen is a very important element in our planet and many industrial processes.

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Lithium is an alkali metal with the atomic number = 3 and an atomic mass of 6.941 g/mol. All ions of lithium contain three electrons.  

Lithium is a type of medicine known as a mood stabiliser. It's used to treat mood disorders such as: mania (feeling highly excited, overactive or distracted) hypo-mania (similar to mania, but less severe)

At a neuronal level, lithium reduces excitatory (dopamine and glutamate) but increases inhibitory (GABA) neurotransmission; however, these broad effects are underpinned by complex neurotransmitter systems that strive to achieve homeostasis by way of compensatory changes.

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The concept used to solve this problem is based on type of orbitals. The orbitals can be atomic, molecular and hybrid.

The atomic orbitals are the areas of space around the nucleus of an atom where an electron is expected to be found. The hybrid orbitals are the orbitals which are formed by mixing of atomic orbitals. The molecular orbitals are the orbitals which have bonding and antibonding orbitals.

Step: 1

The orbitals s, p, d and f are atomic orbitals. The electrons can be find in atomic orbitals. the electrons of an atom can be filled in s, p, d and f orbitals

Step: 2

The orbitals sp,sp2,sp3 and sp3d are hybrid orbitals. The hybrid orbital is formed by combination of atomic orbital.

Step: 3

The molecular orbitals are σ2s and π2p. The molecular orbitals are made up of bonding and antibonding orbitals.

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