The two species must have shared a common ancestor 320 million years ago, since the neutral mutation rate of the molecular clock is one mutation per 40 million years and the two species differ by a total of eight mutations.
A molecular clock is a tool used by scientists to estimate the time since two species have shared a common ancestor. This is done by measuring the number of genetic differences, or mutations, between the two species. The molecular clock is based on the assumption that the mutation rate is constant.
In this case, we know that the neutral mutation rate of the molecule being used as a molecular clock is one mutation per 40 million years. This means that for two species to have a difference of eight mutations, it must have been at least 320 million years ago that they shared a common ancestor.
To arrive at this conclusion, we can use the following formula:
Number of mutations × Neutral mutation rate = Time since common ancestor
In this case, 8 mutations × 40 million years = 320 million years. This means that two species must have shared a common ancestor at least 320 million years ago for them to have a difference of eight mutations.
The molecular clock can be a powerful tool for scientists to estimate the time since two species have shared a common ancestor. In this case, the neutral mutation rate of the molecule was known and used to calculate that two species must have shared a common ancestor at least 320 million years ago.
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What is the probability that a child born to two carriers of a recessive disorder allele will have the disorder?
The probability that a child born to two carriers of a recessive disorder allele will have the disorder is 25% can be calculated by the pedigree analysis.
When two carriers of a recessive disorder allele have a child, each parent will pass on one of their two copies of the allele to the child. Since each parent is a carrier, there is a 50% chance that the child will inherit one copy of the allele from each parent. When both copies of the allele are inherited, the child will have the disorder because the disorder only occurs when both copies of the allele are present.
The probability that the child will inherit one copy of the allele from each parent is (1/2) x (1/2) = 1/4 = 25%. Therefore, the probability that a child born to two carriers of a recessive disorder allele will have the disorder is 25%.
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When you took the salad out of the refrigerator for dinner, the lettuce looks wilted and some water was in the bottom of the bowl. Use the principles of osmosis to explain what happened. why
Water molecules must have moved out of the lettuce by osmosis. The addition of salt and other seasonings must have created a hypertonic ambiance for the cells of the lettuce.
Osmosis refers to the movement of solvent (mostly water) molecules through a selectively (semi) permeable membrane from a region of lower solute concentration to a region of higher solute concentration, in such a way as to equate the solute concentrations on both sides. Water usually moves osmotically from regions of lower solute concentration (high water potential) to regions of high solute concentration (low water potential).
Thus, water will move out of the cells of the lettuce to the surrounding (bottom of the bowl) due to the lower water potential of the surrounding.
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What is lever rule used for?
A binary equilibrium phase diagram's mole fraction (xi) or mass fraction (wi) for each phase may be calculated using the lever rule in chemistry.
Who developed the lever theory?The lever principle, proven in Book I of EP, is applied when two figures are each suspended from the lever at a single point. Archimedes discusses configurations in which two figures are suspended from a straight horizontal lever hanging below it in various ways.
What is another name for the lever rule?This illustration also explains why these equations are known as the "lever rule." Because you use the "arm" in the (yA-xA) segment closest to the vapor for the calculation of L (liquid) and the "arm" closest to the for the calculation of G (vapor), it is also often referred to as the "reverse arm rule."
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What is an irony definition?
Definition of irony as a narrative character is a scenario in which there is a contradiction between expectations and reality.
A scenario in which there is a contradiction between expectation and realities is what literary irony is defined as. For instance, the contradiction between what something seems to signify and what it actually means. Tragic and comic events are both connected to irony.
The word "irony," which first appeared in the English language in the sixteenth century, is derived from the Latin word "ironia" and the French word "ironie." All of these expressions have their roots in Eiron, a stereotypical figure from ancient Greece. An Eiron figure defeats his adversary by exaggerating his weaknesses, partaking in a form of irony by expressing less than what he really means.
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Categorize all the components involved in photosynthesis as either matter or energy!
Energy and matter are also produced during photosynthesis. Chemical energy in the form of glucose and matter in the form of oxygen gas is produced during photosynthesis.
The process by which plants convert carbon dioxide, water, and sunshine into oxygen and sugar-based energy is known as photosynthesis. The four stages of photosynthesis include light absorption, electron transfer, ATP production, and carbon fixation. The main purpose of photosynthesis is to transform solar energy into chemical energy, which is then stored for later use. This mechanism primarily provides energy to the planet's life systems. By the norms of human engineering, it is not particularly effective, but it gets the job done.
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A kidney demonstrating coarse asymmetric renal corticomedullary scarring, deformity of the renal pelvis and calyces, interstitial fibrosis, and atrophic tubules containing eosinophilic proteinaceous casts is most suggestive of:
The findings described are most suggestive of chronic kidney disease (CKD). This is a condition where the kidneys become unable to filter blood as efficiently as they normally would, leading to a buildup of waste products in the body.
CKD can be caused by a variety of different factors, including long-term exposure to toxins, certain medications, and certain medical conditions such as diabetes and hypertension. Chronic kidney illness can cause atrophic tubules filled with eosinophilic proteinaceous casts, asymmetric corticomedullary scarring, distortion of the renal pelvis and calyces, and interstitial fibrosis in the kidney.
These findings suggest that the kidney is not functioning properly, and that there has been long-term damage to the organ. The specific cause of the CKD can only be determined after further testing. Treatment options vary depending on the cause and the severity, but may include medications, lifestyle changes, and dialysis.
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Organisms living in a forest ecosystem rely on the Sun as a source of energy for metabolic processes. The following events occur as energy is captured by a plant
and used in the metabolic processes of an herbivore.
Light
[A] Energy is released from chemical bonds.
[B] Energy is stored in large organic molecules..
[C] Energy is transferred to molecules of ATP.
[D] Energy is absorbed by plant cells.
The most likely order in which these events occur is
A) The bonds between chemicals give off energy. occasions happen as energy is caught by a plant and utilized in the metabolic cycles of a herbivore Light.
How do ecosystem organisms get their energy from the sun?Life on Earth is powered by energy from the Sun. Photosynthesis is the process by which plants, algae, and cyanobacteria convert carbon dioxide and water into organic compounds like carbohydrates. The biosphere's primary source of organic material is this process.
Which organisms are capable of producing their own food by utilizing the sun's energy?An autotroph is an organism that can use light, water, carbon dioxide, or other chemicals to make its own food. Autotrophs are sometimes referred to as producers due to the fact that they make their own food. The most well-known autotroph is the plant, but there are many other autotrophic organisms.
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Answer:
D
Explanation:
What are the 3 types of adaptations that enable an organism to survive?
Behavioral adaptations, physiological adaptations and structural adaptations are the three types of adaptations which enable an organism to survive.
All living organisms need to adapt in order to survive. There are three types of adaptations which can enable a particular organism to survive and they include the behavioral, physiological and structural adaptations.
Structural adaptations are basically the unique features present in an organism's body which help it to survive in a particular condition. For example, ducks have webbed feet which help them to swim. The changes in different processes that occur inside an organism's body include the physiological adaptations. For example, some spiders change the physiological processes in their body to weave webs using different spider silks. Behavioral adaptations are changes in the actions which allow the organism to survive. For example, coyotes communicate by howling at night.
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What is an example of Mendelian trait that we find in humans?
Albinism and Huntington's disease are two instances of human autosomal Mendelian traits. Phenylketonuria is another example of a human mendelian trait: This illness is an illustration of a Mendelian trait since it is passed down from parents to children when both parents have heterozygous (Aa) and homozygous (Aa) circumstances.
Human characteristics known as Mendelian traits are those that are heavily influenced by Mendelian inheritance. Mendelian inheritance is the term used to describe how qualities that are regulated by a single gene with two alleles, one of which may be dominant to the other, are passed down from parent to child. Even though just a few human features are governed by a single gene with two alleles, they provide a solid foundation for learning about human heredity.
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The lac Operon is considered an inducible operon. Explain what this means making reference to and comparing the trip operon
The lac operon is an inducible operon, meaning that it is expressed only when needed. This is in contrast to a repressible operon, such as the trp operon, which is turned off in response to a stimulus.
The lac operon is activated when lactose, its inducer, is present in the environment. This activates the lac repressor, which in turn binds to the DNA, blocking the transcription of the genes. When the inducer is absent, the repressor is not activated, so the genes are expressed. In contrast, the trp operon is activated when the repressor is absent.
When the repressor is present, the trp operon is not expressed, and when the repressor is absent, the trp operon is expressed. Therefore, the lac operon is activated when its inducer is present, while the trp operon is activated when its repressor is absent.
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A blood vessel adapted to withstand a high pulse pressure would be expected to have which of the following
An expected characteristic of a blood vessel designed to withstand a high pulse pressure is elastic tunica media. Histamine is most likely to result in a sharp drop in blood pressure.
Which of the following categories of blood vessels has a high blood pressure that pulses?Due to their direct connection to the heart's ventricle, the blood pressure is highest in the large arteries (like the aorta). There is a decrease in blood pressure as the blood vessel splits from the small arteries and into the arterioles.
Blood pressure can rise even more as a result of stress-related behaviours like eating more, smoking, or drinking. certain long-term conditions. High blood pressure can result from a number of illnesses, including kidney disease, diabetes, and sleep apnea.
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The pancreatic fluid accumulates in sac like pouches called pancreatic acini and eventually flow out the ___________________ duct which carries these secretions to the ___________________
The pancreatic fluid is stored in small, sac-like structures known as pancreatic acini. These secretions then travel along the duodenum duct to the pancreatic duct, where they are released.
The pancreatic duct and duodenum are two essential components of the digestive system. The pancreatic duct carries secretions from the pancreas to the duodenum, which is the first part of the small intestine. The secretions of the pancreas, including digestive enzymes and bicarbonate, are produced in the pancreatic acini and then travel through the ducts to the duodenum.
The duodenum acts as a buffer, allowing the secretions to mix and interact with the other digestive enzymes and bile from the liver, before entering the small intestine. The pancreatic duct and duodenum work together to ensure that the body can properly process and absorb nutrients from the foods we consume.
The pancreatic fluid is essential for proper digestion and absorption of nutrients, as it helps to break down complex molecules in the food we eat. Without the pancreatic duct and duodenum, the body would not be able to process and absorb the necessary nutrients.
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If the cell's external environment becomes very WATERY (dilute) then the outside of the cell will have a higher water concentration. We say the cell environment is HYPOTONIC. Water will diffuse in this case.
Which way is the water going to diffuse?
The cell's exterior cell will contain higher water percentage if the external environment of the cell becomes particularly watery (dilute). The cell milieu is referred to as hypotonic. In this situation, water will diffuse.
A hypotonic solution is what is it?Any external solution with a low solute content and a high water concentration in comparison to body fluids is referred to as a hypotonic therapeutic solution. There is a net transfer of water first from solution through into body in hypotonic solutions.
Has hypotonic water gained?When a cell is in a concentrated solution, water goes out of the cytoplasm when both solutions equal isotonic because the workaround has a greater moisture content than the cell cytosol. When cells are submerged in a hypotonic solution, their surfaces will absorb water.
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Tropical rainforests on the equator receive 12 hours of sunlight every day and the temperature
rarely goes about 34°C. Based on what you know about photosynthesis and the information in the graphs above,
explain how this relates to the high biodiversity (lots of plants and animals) found in tropical rainforests.
Due to its proximity to the equator, the tropical region enjoys a hot climate. In this area, the low temperature is 15 °C. The temperature can rise above 40°C in the summertime.
What is rainfall biodiversity?Rainfall is the total volume of water as falls as showers over the period of a week or a month. Rainfall is gathered from a variety of places and periods to estimate it since quantities might differ across sites and times.
What is biodiversity?Including the animals, plants, fungi, and even bacteria—that make up our natural world. These many creatures and species work together in intricate ecosystems resembling webs to maintain equilibrium and sustain life. Biodiversity is necessary for the survival of everything in nature that we depend on, including food, clean water, medicines, and shelter.
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State one way the two molecules could differ that would explain the difference in their ability to pass through the artificial plant cell membrane.
The two molecules could differ which would explain the difference in their ability to pass through the artificial plant cell membrane because molecule A is smaller than molecule B.
There аre multiple fаcts thаt cаn justify thаt two molecules show the difference in their аbility to pаss through а membrаne:
Size аnd moleculаr weight Receptors on the membrаne аnd the moleculesStructure of the membrаneMembrаne аffinityDifferent molecules hаve different solubility depending upon the type of molecule аnd membrаne. So, the two molecules could differ which would explain the difference in their ability to pass through the artificial plant cell membrane because of the size of the molecules.
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Explain how the activity simulates each of the following concepts as a process of natural selection (Variation, competition, struggle for survival, adaptation, environment, and selecting agent). Describe a specific example from this activity for each concept.
Examples of various concepts of the natural section are
Variation: Eye colour, body form, and disease resistance,
competition: Plants compete with each other for light exposure, temperature, humidity, pollinators, soil nutrients and growing space
struggle for survival: migration, hibernation, food collecting and storage, defensive actions, and child-rearing.
The term "natural selection" refers to the process through which populations of living organisms adapt and change. Because population members are naturally different, each member of a population is unique in some aspects. This variation demonstrates how some people are more likely than others to have characteristics that fit in with their environment.
More environment-adapted species typically survive and reproduce more frequently than less environment-adapted ones through a process called natural selection. For instance, tree frogs are occasionally eaten by birds and snakes.
Natural selection is the term for Charles Darwin's theory of evolution. Due to the scarcity of resources in nature, animals with heritable features that help in survival and reproduction frequently produce more offspring than their contemporaries, increasing the prevalence of such traits through successive generations.
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3.3.2 Test (CST): Planet Earth
Question 3 of 10
Which two terms apply to continental crust rather than oceanic crust?
A. Darker in color
B. Less dense
C. Older in age
D. Thinner
Less dense and Darker in color are two terms apply to continental crust rather than oceanic crust.
The both option are correct A and B.
What is a characteristic of oceanic crust?When compared towards the continental crust, the oceanic lithosphere is thin, relatively young, simpler, and chemically richer in magnesium. The oceanic lithosphere is the chilled and crystallised melt fraction that results from the magmatism of the mantle there at semi ridges.
How does the oceanic crust function?At subduction zones, the oceanic crust is forced back into the mantle, causing this process to happen. At mid-ocean divides and volcanic hotspots, new crust in the form of volcanic rock is created when old oceanic plate is submerged and melts into magma.
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This is due today, I’ll give brainliest to whoever answers with the best answer.
This is for 30 POINTS!!!!!!
DUE TODAY
Gravity holds the sun, earth, and moon together, and these three bodies engage in a variety of interactions. Due to the earth's gravitational attraction, the moon revolves the planet. And because of the sun's gravitational attraction, the earth orbits the star.
What angle is the Moon at with respect to the Sun and Earth?The Moon travels in tandem with Earth's orbit around the Sun. Despite the Earth's continued motion, the Moon must travel two additional days during its orbit, which lasts 27 1/2 days.
How near to one another are the Earth, Moon, and Sun?The Moon is 384,403 kilometres away from Earth on average. Additionally, there are 149,597,887 kilometres between the Earth and the Sun on average.
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Enzyme A catalyzes a cellular reaction found in a wide range of species. The table shows data collected on the turnover numbers of Enzyme A purified from two of these species. In both cases, the same conditions were used to measure turnover numbers. Which statement is consistent with these data
ΔG for the two reactions is the same, but the energy of activation for the reaction catalyzed by the mollusk enzyme is lower than the energy of activation for the reaction catalyzed by the bacterial enzyme.
Enzymes are proteins that act as biological catalysts by hastening chemical reactions. Substrates are molecules that enzymes may interact with, and the enzyme converts the substrates into other compounds known as products.
An enzyme is a substance that works as a catalyst in living organisms, controlling the pace at which chemical reactions occur while remaining unaffected. Enzymes play a vital role in decreasing a reaction's activation energy—the amount of energy required for the reaction to begin. Enzymes function by attaching to reactant molecules and keeping them in place so that chemical bond-breaking and bond-formation activities may occur more easily.
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Which of the following explanations best describes how mass is
conserved in the process above?
A.Matter is consumed and used by individual cells to grow
following mitosis
B.Matter is consumed and used by individual cells to grow
following meiosis
C.Matter is created by individual cells to grow following mitosis
D.Matter is created by individual cells to grow following meiosis
Following mitosis, each individual cell uses matter to grow. Individual cells produce matter to expand after mitosis.
How does photosynthesis maintain mass?Six carbon atoms, twelve hydrogen atoms, and eighteen oxygen atoms are reorganized in this process from one configuration in the reactants to another configuration in the products using the energy of the sun. Because the same atoms are present on both sides of the reaction, mass is conserved.
What does photosynthesis's mass mean?A tree's main component by weight is carbon. Carbon is derived from carbon dioxide, which is used in photosynthesis. Plants use photosynthesis to transform solar energy into chemical energy, which is stored in the bonds of carbon molecules made of water and carbon dioxide from the atmosphere.
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explain how the relationship between light and pigment production might serve as a protective mechanism
The relationship between light and pigment production can serve as a protective mechanism for plants and other organisms. Pigments absorb light energy and convert it into chemical energy, which is then used to drive metabolic processes such as photosynthesis.
This allows plants to absorb light and use it to create energy. Pigment production can also help protect organisms from dangerous ultraviolet radiation. Pigments absorb ultraviolet light and prevent it from reaching the cells beneath. This can help protect them from damage caused by exposure to UV radiation.
In addition, the pigments can act as natural sunscreen, reducing the amount of harmful radiation that reaches the organism’s skin. Pigments can also provide camouflage and protection from predators. By changing the colour of their skin, organisms can blend into their environment, making them less visible to predators. Overall, the relationship between light and pigment production can provide an effective form of protection for plants and other organisms.
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Which statement best describes the chemical relationship between glucose and cysteine?
(A.) Some of the carbon, oxygen, and hydrogen atoms in cysteine were once part of a glucose molecule.
(B.) All of the carbon-oxygen bonds in glucose become carbon-oxygen bonds in cysteine.
(C.) One of the oxygen atoms in glucose was transformed into a sulfur atom during the synthesis of cysteine.
Answer: Choice A
Explanation:
When a whale migrates from one pod to another pod, alleles in each gene pool become more similar to each other. This is an example of which mechanism of evolution. Mutation Natural Selection Genetic Drift Gene Flow
This is an example of genetic drift mechanism of evolution.
When whales migrate from one pod to another pod, unique alleles found in each gene pool become more similar over time. This phenomenon is known as genetic drift, which is a mechanism of evolution.
Genetic drift is the result of random fluctuations in the frequency of alleles, which can be caused by a variety of factors, including migration, natural disasters, and population size.
As whales migrate and the gene pools of different pods become more similar, the genetic diversity of the overall population decreases. This process can have a lasting impact on the survival of a species.
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Why can animals with a lot of fat in their bodies live in places that are cold and don’t have a lot of food
Answer:
Explanation:
the fat insulated the body keeping it warm and the fat stores nutrients to keep the animal sustained
if an st elevation myocardial infarction converts to a non-ST elevation myocardial infarction in the course of thrombolytic therapy, how is it coded
STEMI that converts to a NSTEMI in the course of thrombolytic therapy is coded as an NSTEMI using the I21.x code. If thrombolytic therapy was administered, this should be documented separately using an appropriate code.
If an ST elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI) converts to a non-ST elevation myocardial infarction (NSTEMI) during thrombolytic therapy, it is coded as an NSTEMI. The code used to identify myocardial infarction is I21.x, and the fourth and fifth digits indicate the type of myocardial infarction. For STEMI, the fourth and fifth digits are 0, indicating a STEMI. For NSTEMI, the fourth and fifth digits are 1, indicating a NSTEMI.
The conversion of a STEMI to a NSTEMI can occur when thrombolytic therapy is successful in opening a blocked artery. When this occurs, the patient’s condition improves and the ST elevation disappears from the electrocardiogram (ECG), indicating that the myocardial infarction is now a NSTEMI.
When coding for a NSTEMI, it is important to note that the NSTEMI code does not indicate the presence of thrombolytic therapy. The code is simply used to indicate that the patient has experienced an NSTEMI. If the patient received thrombolytic therapy, this should be documented separately using an appropriate code, such as ICD-10-CM code Z94.30 (thrombolytic therapy).
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This is all the information it gives
Food coloring molecules in both the hue yellow and the color blue are tiny.
What does the word "membrane" mean?The small piece that defines the external perimeter of a live colony or a interior cell compartment is known in biology as a membrane. The organelles are the spaces surrounded by internal membranes and have the plasma membrane as their external border.
What purposes do membranes serve?Therefore, the cell membrane serves two purposes: first, as a barrier preserving the components in and undesired things out, and second, as a gate permitting the passage of vital nutrients into the cell and the movement of waste products out of the cell.
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what part of a comet points most directly away from the sun?
The tail of the comet always points away from the sun no matter what direction the comet travels. Because the solar wind always blows out from the sun!
an epithelial or covering cell malignant tumor is referred to as a(n):
Carcinoma. Carcinoma refers to a malignant neoplasm of epithelial origin or cancer of the internal or external lining of the body.
Is carcinoma cancer serious?Untreated squamous cell carcinoma of the skin can destroy nearby healthy tissue, spread to the lymph nodes or other organs, and may be fatal, although this is uncommon. The risk of aggressive squamous cell carcinoma of the skin may be increased in cases where the cancer: Is particularly large or deep.
Can carcinoma be cured?Some forms of carcinoma can be cured with early detection and early treatment. For instance, basal cell carcinoma (BCC) has a 100% five-year survival rate. This means that people with BCC are just as likely to be alive five years after diagnosis as someone without a BCC diagnosis.
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The best way for a person to get all the essential nutrients and keep energy intake low is to:
A) limit consumption of foods from the grains group.
B) follow the principle of adequacy in dietary intake.
C) follow the principle of variety in dietary intake.
D) choose foods with a high nutrient density from each food group.
E) eat only natural,unprocessed foods.
The best way for a person to get all the essential nutrients and keep energy intake low is to choose foods with a high nutrient density from each food group and follow the principle of variety in dietary intake. So the correct option is d.
Nutrient density refers to the amount of essential vitamins and minerals that a food provides in relation to the number of calories it contains. Foods that are high in nutrient density, such as fruits, vegetables, lean proteins, and whole grains, are more nutrient-rich and energy-dense than foods that are high in calories but low in nutrients, such as processed foods and sweets.
Following the principle of variety in dietary intake means eating a variety of foods from different food groups to ensure that you get all the essential nutrients your body needs. Eating a variety of foods from the grains group, fruits, vegetables, dairy, proteins and healthy fats will provide the body with all the necessary nutrients.
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The objects in this photo belong to which major sphere of the Earth system?