A National survey is conducted to assess the association between hypertension and stroke in persons over 75 years of age with a family history of stroke. The development of stroke is monitored over a 5 year follow-up period. The data are summarized below and the numbers are in the millions.
Developed Stroke Did not developed stroke
Hypertension 12 37
No Hypertension 4 26
(a) Compute the cumulative incidence of stroke in persons over 75 years of age.
(b) Compute the relative risk of stroke in hypertensive as compared to non-hypertensive people.
(c) Compute the odds ratio of stroke in hypertensive as compared to non-hypertensive people.

An organization with a (C) political orientation generates and distributes power and control within society.

An organization with a political orientation focuses on the generation and distribution of power and control within society. It is concerned with governance, decision-making processes, and the allocation of resources and authority. A political organization aims to influence or control public policies, laws, and regulations to achieve its objectives and maintain its position of power.

In a political organization, power dynamics, negotiations, and competition play a significant role. The organization seeks to assert its influence, shape public opinion, and mobilize support to achieve its goals. Political organizations can take various forms, including political parties, interest groups, advocacy organizations, and government institutions. They engage in activities such as lobbying, campaigning, policy analysis, and public advocacy to advance their agenda and exert influence over societal structures and processes.

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People high in conscientiousness tend to perform well at work and live longer.

Conscientiousness is a personality trait characterized by being organized, responsible, reliable, and diligent in one's actions.  Individuals high in conscientiousness are often goal-oriented, self-disciplined, and exhibit strong work ethic. They tend to be diligent in their tasks, pay attention to details, and strive for excellence. As a result, they are more likely to be successful in their careers and achieve positive outcomes. Moreover, research has shown that conscientiousness is associated with better health outcomes and increased longevity, as conscientious individuals are more likely to engage in healthy behaviors, take care of their physical well-being, and adhere to medical recommendations.

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It is both ironic and logical that Hortensio and Gremio become allies because they both share the common goal of pursuing Bianca, despite their initial rivalry and competition for her affection.

A goal is a desired outcome or objective that an individual, group, or organization aims to achieve. It represents a target or purpose that guides actions and provides direction for planning, decision-making, and effort. Goals can be short-term or long-term and can cover various aspects of life, such as personal, professional, educational, or organizational goals. They help define and prioritize aspirations, motivate individuals or teams, and serve as a measure of success. Effective goal setting involves setting specific, measurable, attainable, relevant, and time-bound (SMART) goals that are meaningful and aligned with one's values and aspirations. Goals provide a sense of purpose, focus energy, and facilitate growth and achievement.

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Rita's aggressive behavior on the hockey rink can be described as competitive or assertive. Rita's intensity and assertiveness during hockey games are driven by her competitive nature.

When Rita is on the hockey rink, she exhibits a high level of competitiveness and intensity in her playing style. She may engage in physical play, assertiveness, and a strong drive to win. These characteristics are commonly observed in players who are passionate about the game and determined to give their best performance. It is important to note that aggression in hockey is regulated within the rules of the sport, and players are expected to compete within the boundaries of fair play.

Off the rink, Rita's behavior is different, as she displays kindness and respect towards others, indicating that her aggression is specific to her performance in the context of hockey.

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Rita's aggressive behavior on the hockey rink can be described as competitive or assertive. Rita's intensity and assertiveness during hockey games are driven by her competitive nature.

When Rita is on the hockey rink, she exhibits a high level of competitiveness and intensity in her playing style. She may engage in physical play, assertiveness, and a strong drive to win. These characteristics are commonly observed in players who are passionate about the game and determined to give their best performance. It is important to note that aggression in hockey is regulated within the rules of the sport, and players are expected to compete within the boundaries of fair play.

Off the rink, Rita's behavior is different, as she displays kindness and respect towards others, indicating that her aggression is specific to her performance in the context of hockey.

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The statement is true because the 2008 recession significantly impacted the job market and economy, leading to long-term negative consequences for college graduates in terms of earning potential and social mobility.

The recession resulted in reduced job opportunities, lower starting salaries, and increased competition for available positions. Consequently, college students who graduates from this period faced more difficulty in finding stable, well-paying jobs, which in turn affected their career growth and social mobility.

Additionally, these graduates may have accumulated student loan debt, further exacerbating their financial challenges. Overall, the post-2008 recession period created a challenging environment for college graduates, causing long-term effects on their economic and social prospects.

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Martin Seligman suggested that feelings of learned helplessness are at the center of depression. Martin Seligman, a prominent psychologist, proposed the concept of learned helplessness as a central factor in the development and maintenance of depression.

According to Seligman, learned helplessness occurs when individuals believe that they have no control over their circumstances and that their actions are futile in influencing outcomes. This perception of helplessness leads to feelings of powerlessness and hopelessness, which are key characteristics of depression.

Seligman's theory suggests that individuals who experience repeated and uncontrollable negative events may develop a cognitive bias towards helplessness, leading to a downward spiral of depressive symptoms.

These individuals may perceive their actions as ineffective in changing their situation, leading to a belief that they are helpless to improve their circumstances. This sense of helplessness can become generalized to various aspects of their lives, further contributing to depressive symptoms.

By focusing on addressing learned helplessness, Seligman's theory highlights the importance of empowering individuals and promoting a sense of control in combating depression.

Therapeutic interventions that aim to challenge and modify these negative cognitive patterns can help individuals regain a sense of agency and promote more adaptive ways of thinking and behaving.

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False. It is not ethically acceptable to refrain from reporting the findings if researchers find that a new intervention is not effective. Ethical principles and scientific integrity require researchers to report their findings truthfully and accurately, regardless of the outcome.

Reporting all findings, both positive and negative, is essential for the advancement of knowledge and the integrity of the scientific community. Negative results provide valuable information and contribute to a comprehensive understanding of a given research area. They help prevent the duplication of efforts and allow other researchers to build upon previous work, refining interventions, and developing new approaches.

In addition to the ethical imperative, there are also practical reasons for reporting negative findings. Publication bias, which occurs when studies with negative or inconclusive results are less likely to be published, can distort the body of scientific evidence. It can create an inaccurate picture of the effectiveness of interventions and lead to biased decision-making in clinical practice or policy development.

Promoting transparency and openness in reporting research findings is essential for the credibility and reliability of the scientific enterprise. Researchers have a responsibility to contribute to the collective knowledge and uphold scientific integrity by reporting all findings, even if they are not as expected or desired.

In summary, it is not ethically acceptable to refrain from reporting findings when researchers find that a new intervention is not effective. Ethical principles and scientific integrity require researchers to report both positive and negative results to ensure transparency, prevent biases, and contribute to the advancement of knowledge.

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The attitudes you have about yourself are known as self-concept which is given by option D.

Self-concept is distinct from self-awareness, which is the degree to which one's attitudes and dispositions are currently affected by one's self-knowledge. Self-esteem is also distinct from self-concept: Self-esteem is evaluative and opinionated, whereas self-concept is a cognitive or descriptive aspect of one's self (for example, "I feel good about being a fast runner").

The social self, self-esteem, and self-knowledge all interact with one's self-concept, which is made up of one's self-schemas. It includes the present, past, and future selves, where the future selves (also known as possible selves) represent people's ideas of what they might become, what they want to become, or what they are afraid of becoming. It's possible that possible selves serve as motivations for particular actions.

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The study of death and dying can help to put previously unsettling experiences into perspective.

When individuals engage in the study of death and dying, they gain knowledge and understanding about the nature of mortality, the processes of dying, and the experiences of those facing death.

This knowledge can provide a framework for comprehending and making sense of unsettling experiences related to death, such as the loss of loved ones, encounters with mortality, or existential concerns.

By exploring the topic of death and dying, individuals may find solace, develop coping mechanisms, and gain a deeper appreciation for the significance of life. It can help them integrate and make sense of their own experiences, leading to personal growth and a greater sense of peace and acceptance.

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The effectiveness of various methods of political participation in shaping public policies can vary depending on several factors, including the specific method used, the context, and the political system in place.

Voting: Voting is a fundamental method of political participation in democratic societies. The collective outcome of elections can influence the selection of policymakers and shape public policies.

Political campaigns and advocacy: Engaging in political campaigns and advocacy efforts, such as lobbying,

Protests and demonstrations: Peaceful protests, demonstrations, and acts of civil disobedience can draw attention to specific issues and put pressure on policymakers to address them.

Interest groups and organizations: Joining or supporting interest groups and organizations that align with specific policy goals can be an effective way to influence public policies.

Direct engagement and participation: Engaging directly with policymakers through public hearings, town hall meetings, and consultations can provide opportunities to voice concerns, offer input, and shape policy decisions.

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The tendency of American and European anthropologists to attribute their own beliefs about sex and gender to the Native American cross-gender tradition is an example of ethnocentrism.

The correct option is  c. ethnocentrism

Ethnocentrism refers to the tendency to evaluate or interpret other cultures based on the standards and values of one's own culture, often leading to a biased perspective. In the given situation, American and European anthropologists are projecting their own beliefs and understanding of sex and gender onto the Native American cross-gender tradition. Instead of approaching the cross-gender tradition with cultural relativism (recognizing and respecting the cultural diversity and values of different societies) or the sociological imagination (understanding social phenomena within broader social contexts), they are imposing their own cultural framework.

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The given statement members of low-context cultures assume that listeners share similar attitudes, values, and beliefs is false.

Members of high-context cultures assume that listeners share similar attitudes, values, and beliefs, not members of low-context cultures. In high-context cultures, there is a greater reliance on contextual cues, nonverbal communication, and shared understanding among individuals. This means that people from high-context cultures may assume a certain level of shared knowledge and background information when communicating with others.

On the other hand, members of low-context cultures tend to place less emphasis on shared context and rely more on explicit verbal communication. In low-context cultures, individuals may not assume that listeners automatically share similar attitudes, values and beliefs. They may be more explicit and direct in their communication to ensure clarity and avoid misunderstandings.

It's important to note that cultural communication styles and assumptions can vary, and there may be exceptions or variations within cultures. However, the general statement is that high-context cultures tend to assume shared attitudes, values, and beliefs, while low-context cultures rely more on explicit communication.

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Engaging in protectionism is in everyone's best interest since it protects American industry from foreign competition True.

One of the most effective tools a government can use to enact protectionist policies is the imposition of import tariffs. As protective measures, there are three primary ideas for import tariffs. In most cases, all forms of import tariffs are assessed to the nation importing the goods and recorded at the government customs office. A nation's import costs rise as a result of import tariffs.

Import tariffs known as scientific tariffs are applied item-by-item, causing the importer to pay more for their goods and the final consumer to pay more. The industry in question is the focus of peril point import tariffs.

The levels at which tariff decreases or increases would cause significant harm to an industry as a whole are calculated for these tariffs, which could put an industry out of business because it can't compete. Tariffs called retaliatory tariffs are primarily imposed in response to excessive duties imposed by trading partners.

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Lewis and Clark encountered dangerous situations during their expedition, including confrontations with hostile Native American tribes, harsh weather conditions, treacherous terrains, and encounters with wild animals.

As explorers leading the famous Lewis and Clark Expedition, Meriwether Lewis and William Clark encountered various dangerous situations during their journey across uncharted territory. One of the main hazards they faced was the potential for hostile encounters with Native American tribes. While they sought peaceful interactions with the indigenous peoples they encountered, there were instances of tension and conflict that put their lives at risk.      

Additionally, the expedition faced physical dangers and challenges in the form of treacherous terrains, harsh weather conditions, and unfamiliar wildlife. They had to navigate through rugged mountains, dense forests, and vast rivers, often facing hardships such as extreme cold, hunger, and exhaustion. They also encountered dangerous animals like grizzly bears and venomous snakes.

The unpredictable nature of the wilderness and the constant need for survival skills and resourcefulness made their journey inherently risky. Despite these dangers, Lewis and Clark demonstrated remarkable bravery, adaptability, and leadership, successfully completing their expedition and expanding knowledge of the American West.

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Beliefs that concern something specific, such as a particular person, are known as personal beliefs.

Personal beliefs are individual convictions or opinions held by a person regarding specific aspects of their life or the world around them. These beliefs are subjective in nature and are influenced by personal experiences, values, attitudes, and interpretations. Personal beliefs can be related to various aspects, including relationships, morality, politics, religion, and personal goals.

Unlike cultural or social beliefs that are shared by a group or society, personal beliefs are unique to each individual and may vary greatly from person to person. They are formed through a combination of personal experiences, upbringing, education, and personal reflection. Personal beliefs can be deeply held and strongly influence a person's thoughts, emotions, and behaviors.

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Conflict theory would suggest that group memberships are used to separate and differentially treat individuals on the basis of their categorization.

Conflict theory, a sociological perspective, focuses on the role of power, inequality, and social conflict in society. According to this perspective, individuals and groups with different characteristics or social identities may experience unequal treatment and power dynamics due to the competition for resources and the pursuit of self-interests.

In the context of group memberships, conflict theory highlights how social categories, such as race, class, gender, or ethnicity, can be used as a basis for social stratification and differential treatment. It recognizes that these categories can create divisions and hierarchies within society, leading to unequal access to resources, opportunities, and social rewards.

Conflict theorists examine how dominant groups maintain and reinforce their power through mechanisms such as discrimination, exploitation, and oppression. They also explore how social movements and collective action can emerge to challenge and transform existing power structures and strive for greater equality and social justice.

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The Weibull distribution with shape parameter α and scale parameter β has the probability density function:

f(x) = (α/β) x (x/β)^(α-1) * exp(-(x/β)^α), for x > 0

where Γ(z) is the gamma function.

(a) To find the probability that the item lasts longer than 10 hours of usage, we need to calculate the survival function:

S(x) = P(X > x) = 1 - F(x)

where F(x) is the cumulative distribution function. For this problem, we have α = 0.01 and β = 2, so

S(10) = 1 - F(10) = exp(-(10/2)^0.01) ≈ 0.9298

Therefore, the probability that the item lasts longer than 10 hours of usage is approximately 0.9298.

(b) To find the median and the first quartile of the life of this item, we need to find the values of x for which the cumulative distribution function is 0.5 and 0.25, respectively. We have:

F(x) = 1 - exp(-(x/2)^0.01)

For the median, we solve for x in F(x) = 0.5:

0.5 = 1 - exp(-(x/2)^0.01)

exp(-(x/2)^0.01) = 0.5

-(x/2)^0.01 = ln(0.5)

x = 2 * (-ln(0.5))^100 ≈ 69.31

Therefore, the median of the life of this item is approximately 69.31 hours.

For the first quartile, we solve for x in F(x) = 0.25:

0.25 = 1 - exp(-(x/2)^0.01)

exp(-(x/2)^0.01) = 0.75

-(x/2)^0.01 = ln(0.75)

x = 2 * (-ln(0.75))^100 ≈ 28.86

Therefore, the first quartile of the life of this item is approximately 28.86 hours.

(c) To find the expected value of the life of this item, we use the formula:

E(X) = β x Γ(1 + 1/α)

Substituting α = 0.01 and β = 2, and using the fact that Γ(1.5) = 0.8862, we get:

E(X) = 2 x Γ(1.01)

E(X) ≈ 2 x 0.9617

E(X) ≈ 1.9234

Therefore, such an item is expected to last approximately 1.9234 hours.

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Four-year-old Jamal is likely to consider hitting his sibling as more wrong than telling a small lie.

At this age, children's moral reasoning is still developing, and they are beginning to understand concepts of right and wrong. However, their understanding is often based on concrete actions and immediate consequences rather than complex ethical principles.

Young children like Jamal tend to view physical aggression, such as hitting or physically hurting someone, as more morally wrong because they can directly see the harm caused. They may perceive it as a clear violation of rules and fairness.

On the other hand, telling a small lie might be seen as less morally wrong by a four-year-old like Jamal. They may not fully grasp the concept of deception or the potential consequences of lying. Their focus is more on immediate desires, such as avoiding punishment or gaining a desired outcome.

It's important to note that moral development varies among individuals, and cultural and social factors can influence children's understanding of right and wrong. As children grow older, their moral reasoning becomes more sophisticated and incorporates broader ethical considerations.

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Congress tasked NASA with searching for near-earth objects because they might impact Earth, as others have in the past.

These objects, such as asteroids and comets, can pose a threat to our planet and its inhabitants if they collide with us. By identifying and tracking these objects, NASA can provide early warning of potential impacts and develop strategies to mitigate the risks. While it is true that Congress provides funding for NASA's activities, the search for near-earth objects is driven by a genuine concern for our safety and a desire to better understand the universe around us. Additionally, studying these objects can provide valuable insights into the formation and evolution of our solar system.

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The statement that ensures a file will be closed even when an exception is raised is the "with" statement, also known as the context manager.

This is done using the "with open()" construct in Python, which automatically closes the file when the block of code is exited, even if an exception occurs. The "with" statement is a context manager in Python that automatically takes care of resource management, such as closing files, when the block of code is finished, regardless of whether an exception occurs or not.

When a file is opened using the "with" statement, it is guaranteed to be closed when the block of code exits, even if an exception is raised within that block.

The answer is general as no options are provided.

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In Damasio's words, by using sensations of arousal, Jill is relying on "somatic markers" to make her decision.

According to Antonio Damasio's somatic marker hypothesis, somatic markers are bodily sensations or emotional responses that arise in response to certain stimuli or situations. These somatic markers are thought to guide decision-making by influencing the evaluation of options and facilitating the selection of appropriate actions.

In Jill's case, her gut feeling or intuition about which college to attend is likely influenced by somatic markers. Her sensations of arousal, such as a racing heart, butterflies in her stomach, or a sense of excitement, may serve as signals or indicators that help her make a decision. These bodily sensations, coupled with past experiences and emotional memories associated with the options, contribute to her overall intuitive judgment.

Damasio's theory suggests that somatic markers play a crucial role in the decision-making process, providing a physiological basis for our subjective feelings and influencing our choices based on the integration of emotional and cognitive processes.

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The main purpose of universal design is to create spaces that are accessible and inclusive for people of all abilities and backgrounds.

Maddy's use of this concept in her design of the events center means that she is prioritizing the needs of a diverse group of people and working to ensure that everyone can participate in events without barriers.

This can include designing features such as wide doorways and hallways, ramps, accessible restrooms, and adjustable lighting and acoustics.

By incorporating universal design principles, Maddy is not only creating a more welcoming and inclusive space, but also promoting a more equitable and just society where everyone has equal access to public spaces and events.

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Sumer was one of the earliest civilizations in the world, which emerged around 4000 BCE in Mesopotamia, in present-day Iraq. It differed from the societies that came before it in several ways:

Development of writing: Sumer is credited with developing one of the earliest known writing systems, known as cuneiform. This allowed for the creation of records and the transmission of information across time and space.

Urbanization: Sumer was characterized by the development of large, permanent settlements that were organized around temples and city-states, which marked a significant departure from earlier, more nomadic societies.

Technological advancements: Sumerians made several technological advancements, such as the wheel, the plow, and the sail, which greatly improved their ability to transport goods and grow crops.

Specialization of labor: Sumer was marked by the emergence of specialized occupations, such as craftsmen, merchants, and priests, which allowed for greater productivity and trade.

Overall, Sumer differed from earlier societies in terms of its development of writing, urbanization, technological advancements, and specialization of labor, which helped to lay the foundations for later civilizations.

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The statement that would explain the observation of an increase in both the price of ping pong tables and the quantity of ping pong tables bought and sold is "an increase in the demand for ping pong tables."

This observation suggests that there is a simultaneous increase in both the price and quantity, which is inconsistent with the law of demand. According to the law of demand, as the price of a good rises, the quantity demanded typically decreases, assuming all other factors remain constant.

If there were a decrease in the demand for ping pong tables, it would result in a decrease in both the price and the quantity bought and sold. Similarly, an increase in the supply of ping pong tables would lead to a decrease in price but an increase in quantity.

Therefore, the most plausible explanation is an increase in the demand for ping pong tables. This could be due to factors such as a surge in popularity, increased interest in the sport, or effective marketing campaigns. As a result, consumers are willing to pay higher prices, leading to an increase in both the price and the quantity of ping pong tables bought and sold.

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Freud's view of conversion disorder was consistent with learning theories in that he believed the disorder was the result of a psychological conflict or trauma that was repressed and unconsciously expressed through physical symptoms.                                                                                                                                                                                                  

This can be seen as a form of learned behavior, where the individual has learned to express their emotional distress through physical symptoms. Additionally, Freud believed that the symptoms of conversion disorder were reinforced by the attention and sympathy received from others, which is also consistent with the principles of learning theories that emphasize the role of reinforcement in shaping behavior.
Both approaches highlight the importance of past experiences and acquired associations in understanding and explaining psychological phenomena, emphasizing the influence of external and internal factors in the development of disorders like conversion disorder.

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Mischel's famous Marshmallow Test demonstrated individual differences in four-year-olds' ability to d) delay gratification.

This experiment involved offering children a choice between receiving one marshmallow immediately or waiting for a period of time, usually 15 minutes, to receive two marshmallows. The test aimed to assess self-control and the ability to resist temptation. Results showed that some children could wait for the larger reward, while others struggled to delay their gratification.

The study also found that those who were able to wait for the larger reward tended to have better outcomes later in life, such as improved academic performance and social skills. In conclusion, the Marshmallow Test highlights the importance of self-regulation in early childhood development.

Therefore, the correct answer is d) delay gratification.

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The statement is true because the humanistic approach to psychology posits that people have an innate desire for self-actualization and personal growth.

Psychological distress arises when individuals experience conflicts between their actual selves (their real experiences and behaviors) and their ideal selves (their aspirations and values). This discrepancy can lead to feelings of anxiety, depression, and dissatisfaction with life.

The humanistic approach emphasizes the importance of self-awareness, self-acceptance, and self-expression in achieving a sense of wholeness and fulfillment. Thus, resolving the discrepancies between one's experiences and self-concept is crucial for promoting psychological well-being.

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The concept of a universal principle of natural order and balance has been compared to similar concepts in other cultures such as the Natural law.

Law of nature is a system of law that is based on close observation of human nature and on values that are inherent to human nature and can be deduced and applied independently of positive law (the expressly enacted laws of a state or society). Jusnaturalism is a theory of law that says that every person has inherent rights that are given to them by "God, nature, or reason" rather than by an act of legislation. The term "theories of ethics, theories of politics, theories of civil law, and theories of religious morality" can also be used in natural law theory. "

In Western practice, it was expected by the pre-Socratics, for instance as they continued looking for rules that represented the universe and people. The idea of normal regulation was recorded in antiquated Greek way of thinking, including Aristotle, and was alluded to in old Roman way of thinking by Cicero. It is mentioned in both the Old and New Testaments of the Bible, and Christian philosophers like Albert the Great and Thomas Aquinas later elaborated on it in the Middle Ages. During the Renaissance, the School of Salamanca made significant contributions.

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In this citation, you'll notice that the author's name is listed with the last name first, followed by the first name. The title of the article is in quotation marks and the name of the journal is italicized.

The volume and issue numbers are included, along with the year and page numbers. All words in the title are capitalized according to MLA rules, except for prepositions and articles (like "the" and "of"). Additionally, all major words in the journal title are capitalized.

The punctuation is also correct, with periods used after the author's name and after the title of the article. Overall, this citation follows all of the guidelines for MLA formatting, punctuation, and capitalization.

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