Nephrolithotomy is the surgical removal of a nephrolith through an incision in the back.
These procedures are treatments for kidney stones that are used in patients with large or irregularly shaped kidney stones, people with infections, stones that have not been broken up enough by SWL (extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy) or those who are not candidates for another common stone treatment, ureteroscopy.
Stones bigger than 2 cm (the size of a marble) require this procedure.
Procedures involve entering the kidney through a small incision in the back. Once the surgeon gets to the kidney, a nephroscope (a miniature fiberoptic camera) , threaded in through the hole.
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The solutions in the two arms of this U-tube are separated by a membrane that is permeable to water and glucose but not to sucrose. Side A is half-filled with a solution of 2 M sucrose and 1 M glucose. Side B is half-filled with 1 M sucrose and 2 M glucose. Initially, the liquid levels on both sides are equal. 59) Initially, in terms of tonicity, the solution in side A with respect to that in side B is A) hypotonic. B) plasmolyzed. C) isotonic. D) saturated. E) hypertonic.
Initially, in terms of tonicity, the solution in side A with respect to that in side B is isotonic.
A solution is considered to be isotonic if it possesses the same osmolarity, or level of solute concentration, as another solution. When these two solutions are placed on either side of a membrane that is only partially permeable to water, water will flow in an equal amount from one solution into the other. The result is that there is no water flow at all between the two solutions, despite the fact that water is travelling in both directions.A solution is considered hypotonic when it has a lower level of solute concentration in comparison to another solution.A solution is considered hypertonic when it has higher osmolarity compared to another solution.
In the given questions, the solution in the two arms of the U- tube has the same osmolarity and therefore is isotonic.
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Multiple sclerosis is a type IV hypersensitivity disease in which cytotoxic T cells attack the myelin sheath of neurons. a neurological disease due to the accumulation of immune complexes in nerves. a type II hypersensitivity to the myelin of neurons. the formation of antibodies against transplanted tissue. a genetic birth defect of the nervous system.
Multiple sclerosis is a type IV hypersensitivity disease in which the cytotoxic T cells attack the myelin sheath of neurons.
Multiple sclerosis
The type IV hypersensitivity that affects the central nervous system is multiple sclerosis. The immune system of the body attacks the myelinated neurons which in turn results in the failure of delivering messages from the brain to various body parts. The disease can generally result in the permanent damage of various neurons in the body. The T cells attack the myelin sheath of the neurons in the central nervous system.
Symptoms of Multiple Sclerosis
The symptoms are depended on how much the nerves were damaged already. Some common symptoms include
Loss of the ability to walkNumbness in the limbsThe sensation of receiving an electric shockTremorVarious vision problemsSlurred speechFatigueUncontrolled sexual, bowel, and bladder functionsTreatment
Unfortunately, there is no treatment available for multiple sclerosis, and many patients often relapse and possibly develop a cycle of relapse and remission.
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Why is the nitrogen cycle important?
Answer:
It's very important because it helps in converting inert nitrogen gas into a usable form for the plants through the biochemical process. In the process of ammonification, the bacteria help in decomposing the animal and plant matter, which indirectly helps to clean up the environment.
Explanation:
Answer:
The nitrogen cycle is a biogeochemical process in which nitrogen, in various forms, is circulated from the atmosphere to the living organisms and later back to the atmosphere. Living organisms require nitrogen for the synthesis of nucleic acid and proteins. The atmosphere contains almost 78% of the nitrogen in an inert form (N2). Living organisms cannot use this nitrogen unless it is converted to ammonia, nitrates, and other usable compounds of nitrogen.
The nitrogen cycle is a cyclic process where the nitrogen travels from the inorganic form in the atmosphere to the organic way in the living organisms. The nitrogen cycle contains several steps, including nitrogen fixation, assimilation, ammonification, nitrification, and denitrification. This cycle is essential in maintaining a proper ecological balance and is present in both marine and terrestrial ecosystems.
How is a trophic cascade (top down regulation) different from the traditional trophic pyramid (bottom up regulation)?
Top-down effects imply control through predation, including fishery, while
bottom-up effects imply control through food abundance, often thought to be driven by climate or nutrient load.
What is Top down regulation ?The top-down effect refers to a higher trophic level influences the community structure of a lower trophic level through predation.
What is Bottom up regulation ?The bottom-up effect means that a lower trophic level in the biological network affects the community structure of higher trophic levels by means of resource restriction
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Which three factors limit descriptive and comparative investigations? A. The features of objects that you cannot see B. The amount of time or money required C. The way you must write hypotheses D. The number of variables you can have E. The number of observations you can make
Three factors which limit descriptive and comparative investigations are:
The way you must write hypothesesThe number of observations you can makeThe amount of time or money requiredWhat are scientific investigations?Scientific investigation simply refers to a plan or way of making scientific enquires, testing and confirming possible results
So therefore, the amount of time or money required is one of the limitations of scientific research
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Wat is the location where the synthesis of triacylglycerols from free fatty acids occurs. which molecule is least important in this synthesis?
During synthesis of triacylglycerols from free fatty acids Acetyl-CoA is least important in this synthesis.
Acetyl-CoA would not be important because thats what that product is based from the synthesis,
The biosynthesis of triacylglycerol occurs in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) and involves acyl-editing of fatty acyl chains within the nitrogenous phospholipids of the ER.
The enzyme glycerol kinase has no role to play in the synthesis of triacylglycerol.
Pancreatic enzymes called lipases then hydrolyze the dispersed fats to give monoglycerides and free fatty acids. These products are absorbed into the cells lining the small intestine, where they are resynthesized into triglycerides.
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From its origin at the ileocecal junction to its termination at the anus, the large intestine has an approximate length of ______ feet and a diameter of ______ inches.
From its origin at the ileocecal junction to its termination at the anus, the large intestine has an approximate length of 4.92 feet and a diameter of 2.55 inches.
What does the large intestine absorb?The main function of the large intestine is to absorb ingested water and that from digestive secretions, such as saliva that joins food during its passage through the digestive tract. In addition to absorption, the large intestine is also responsible for the storage and elimination of fecal mass.
With this information, we can conclude that The large intestine is the final part of the digestive tract, it is about 1.5 m long.
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How does a dog fulfill the three points of the cell theory?
A dog fulfilled the three points of the cell theory through the healing of the cuts it encountered when playing.
What is a Cell?This is defined as the simplest or basic unit of life and the three points of cell theory include:
All organisms are made of one or more cellsThe cell is the basic unit of all organisms.All cells come from existing cells.The cut the dog had healed as a result of the formation of the cells from existing cells through mitosis thereby resulting in the healing.
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A certain eukaryotic organism has multiple, distinct genes with highly similar sequences that are expressed at different times in the organism's life cycle. these genes could have arisen by:________
These genes could have arisen by gene duplication.
What is gene duplication?Gene duplication is the process of copying a section of DNA that codes for a gene. A retro transposition event or a recombination mistake are both potential causes of gene duplication. As a result, the duplicate gene coding may experience a significant number of modifications throughout time. This might prevent the gene from functioning or, in other situations, give the creature a benefit.
Gene duplication is a phenomenon that can happen through a variety of ways:
Ectopic Recombination: Uneven crossing-over between misaligned homologous chromosomes during meiosis might result in duplications. A duplication at the exchange site and a reciprocal deletion are the results of this recombination.Replication Slippage: Short genomic sequences can be duplicated as a result of the replication error known as replication slippage. DNA polymerase starts copying the DNA during replication, but eventually the polymerase separates from the DNA, causing replication to stall. The replicating strand is incorrectly aligned when the polymerase reattaches to the DNA strand, which accidentally results in several copies of the same portion.Aneuploidy: When a single chromosome's nondisjunction causes an abnormally high number of chromosomes, this condition is known as aneuploidy. Aneuploidy is frequently damaging and frequently causes spontaneous miscarriages in mammals. Some aneuploid people can survive. For instance, human trisomy 21 causes Down syndrome but is not lethal.Learn more about gene duplication here:
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A scientist is using a karyotype to investigate a mutation in an organism. Which type of mutation would a karyotype best help to discover
Nondisjunction mutation is the type of mutation that would a karyotype best help to discover when a scientist is using a karyotype to investigate a mutation in an organism.
An individual's entire set of chromosomes is known as their karyotype.
This can also be used to describe a lab-made representation of a person's chromosomes split from one cell and arranged in numerical order.
A karyotype can be used to check for chromosomal numbers or structural problems.
The missegregation of a homologous pair of chromosomes during meiosis is known as nondisjunction.
A new cell with an excessive amount of genetic material is created as a result. This kind of chromosomal mutation leads to a multitude of clinical problems.
An important example is Down's syndrome.
Trisomy of autosomes, or chromosome 21, is the cause of Down's syndrome.
Only one percent of instances had mosaicism along with Down's syndrome.
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Luke is a quarterback on a football team. He throws the ball into the air and the wide receiver catches it and scores a touchdown. In a neuron, which physical part plays a role similar to that of the wide receiver in football
A dendrite is a neuron whose physical part plays a role similar to that of the wide receiver in football
The finger-like cells called dendrites are found on the terminal of a neuron. They are tiny, branching fibers that protrude from the nerve cell's cell body. This fiber expands the area that can be used to receive incoming data. The receiving or input parts of a neuron are called dendrites.
Appendages called dendrites are made to receive signals from neighboring cells. They take the form of projections with a tree-like structure that are triggered by other neurons and carry the electrochemical charge to the cell body (or, more rarely, directly to the axons). These little protrusions relay electrical stimulation to the soma and take in information from neighboring neurons. Synapses also cover the dendrites.
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In this lab, you will explore the microscopic process of bulding proteins from RNA. Instead of working with variables, you will focus on the steps of that process.
The investigative question that will you answer by exploring the process of building proteins from RNA is translation.
What is translation ?The translation is a cellular process by which a specific type of RNA (mRNA) is converted into a protein sequence.
During translation, the messenger RNA (mRNA) is composed of triplets of nucleotides called codons that specify different amino acids.In conclusion, the investigative question that will you answer by exploring the process of building proteins from RNA is translation.Learn more about Translation here:
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Given this information, which reversion mutation in the gene would restore the normal function of the protein?
The production by further mutation of a premutation gene from a mutant gene. This reverse mutation restores the ability of the gene to produce a functional protein.
By changing a gene’s instructions for making a protein, a variant can cause a protein to malfunction or to not be produced at all.
When a variant alters a protein that plays a critical role in the body, it can disrupt normal development or cause a health condition.
A condition caused by variants in one or more genes is called a genetic disorder.
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The movement of ions across the cell membrane is needed to accomplish repolarization. what cell structure is used to prepare for depolarization?
The movement of ions across the cell membrane is needed to accomplish repolarization while sodium-potassium pump is used to prepare for depolarization.
The sodium-potassium pump is an active transport system that transports potassium ions into cells and sodium ions out of cells. Using energy from ATP and carrier proteins in the cell membrane, the sodium-potassium pump transports both ions from lower to greater concentration regions. More specific details about the sodium-potassium pump's operation are shown in the Figure. The main ions in both the fluid inside cells and the fluid surrounding them are sodium and potassium, respectively. The resting potential is an electrical gradient that results from these concentration changes across the cell membrane.
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Both chorionic villus sampling and amniocentesis collect fetal cell samples from the pregnant mother. However, during _____, a needle is passed through the abdomen and uterine walls to collect the samples; and during _____, a suction tube is inserted through the vagina into the uterus to collect the samples.
Both chorionic villus sampling and amniocentesis collect fetal cell samples from the pregnant mother. However, during amniocentesis, a needle is passed through the abdomen and uterine walls to collect the samples; and during chorionic villus sampling, a suction tube is inserted through the vagina into the uterus to collect the samples.
Chorionic villus sampling (CVS) is a prenatal test in which a sample of chorionic villi is taken from the placenta for testing. This is done by taking a sample from the cervix (transcervical) or the abdominal wall (transabdominal). Amniocentesis is a process in which amniotic fluid is extracted from the uterus and then testing or treatment. This is the fluid that surrounds the fetus in a pregnant woman. Amniotic fluid is a clear, pale yellow fluid. It protects the fetus from injury and also against infection.
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An ____________ consists of all the biotic and abiotic factors in an area and their interac
Ecosystem
An ecosystem consists of all the biotic and abiotic factors in an area and their interactions
What is an Ecosystem ?An ecosystem is a geographic area where plants, animals, and other organisms, as well as weather and landscape, work together to form a bubble of life.
Biotic factors are living things within an ecosystem; such as plants, animals, and bacteriaWhile abiotic are non-living components; such as water, soil and atmosphereEcosystems are all responsible for keeping the planet as a whole in balance. Animals and other life forms can only thrive if their ecosystems are thriving as a whole.Learn more about Ecosystem here:
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Biological anthropologists view how humans come to be the way they are as the result of Group of answer choices their biological makeups, which primarily define who they are. their environment; genes have very little effect. both evolutionary history and their own individual life histories. what their genes make them; environment has very little effect.
Biological anthropologists view the evolution of humans as both evolutionary history and their own individual stories.
Anthropology
The study of humanity and humans through developing an understanding of the cultural and biological evolution of humans in the past and the present. There are different fields in anthropology and they are:
Biological anthropologyCultural anthropologyLinguistic anthropologyArchaeologyBiological anthropology
Biological anthropology involves the study of humans and non-human primates and their evolution through the study of fossil records and present-day primates. It also tries to understand how humans have adapted to varying environmental conditions and stresses. The application of biological anthropology includes:
Understanding of interactions between humans and their environment.Understanding body proportions and using them for bringing improvements in various fields.Learn about anthropology here:
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There are several methods of gene editing, including ________, the most widely used method.
There are several methods of gene editing, including CRISPR-Cas9 the most widely used method.
One of the most popular methods of gene editing currently is the use of CRISPR/Cas9.Genome editing relies on the production of site-specific double-strand DNA breaks (DSBs) and the subsequent endogenous repair through the error-prone non-homologous end-joining (NHEJ) or the error-free homology-directed repair (HDR) pathways.
CRISPR/Cas9 is a technique that allows for the highly specific and rapid modification of DNA in a genome, the complete set of genetic instructions in an organism. In comparison to other technologies CRISPR/Cas9 is reliable Due to the RNA-based nature of the system, CRISPR is the most flexible, scalable, and user-friendly of the gene-editing platforms.
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Why is the copernican revolution significant? select three options. few advancements in scientific knowledge were made. scientists discovered new evidence to support their theories. scientists discovered that old interpretations of data was incorrect. scientists used observations and mathematical data to solve problems in new ways. all theories developed during the time period were disproved by modern science.
The Copernican revolution was significant because of:
Few advancements in scientific knowledge were made. Scientists discovered new evidence to support their theories. Scientists used observations and mathematical data to solve problems in new ways. What is Copernican revolution?This is known as as a paradigm shift which depicts change of a revolution which is usually from a geocentric, Earth centered view of the system to a heliocentric - Sun centered aspect.This is because of the discovery of the Sun as the central object in the solar system.
This helped scientist to make new findings thereby providing evidences which helped support their various theory. The observations and different types of data derived from this type of revolution were also used mostly by scientists to solve problems which is why the aforementioned options are most appropriate.
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Answer:
B. Scientists discovered new evidence to support their theories.
C. Scientists discovered that old interpretations of data was incorrect.
D. Scientists used observations and mathematical data to solve problems in new ways.
Explanation:
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Red-green color blindness is an x-linked recessive trait in humans. Two people with normal color vision have a son with colorblindness. Given this information, the genotypes of the parents are ________.
In respect to hemoglobin, how would you suspect that carbon monoxide leads to hypoxic tissue injuries and eventually death?
Inhaling carbon monoxide replaces some of the regular oxygen intake as it passes through the lungs.
When carbon monoxide interacts and binds with hemoglobin in the blood to generate carboxyhemoglobin, carbon monoxide poisoning ensues (COHb). Less oxygen is transferred to bodily tissues and key organs including the brain and heart when carbon monoxide binds to hemoglobin.Inhaling carbon monoxide replaces some of the regular oxygen intake as it passes through the lungs. Due to its stronger affinity for hemoglobin, carbon monoxide is replace oxygen on the protein. When important organs like the brain or heart are affected by hypoxia, which is caused by less oxygen reaching your tissues, this results in death.learn more about carbon monoxide here: https://brainly.com/question/21499818
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What is the most likely effect of a mutation that changes the repeat sequence found in terc from 3’-cccaau-5’ to 3’-ucaggacg-5’?.
If the repeat sequence of telomere changes from 3’-cccaau-5’ to 3’-ucaggacg-5’ due to any mutation in TERC gene then the telomerase enzyme will be unable to attach to the 3' overhung of the telomere sequence and cannot elongate new DNA strand [telomeric part]. As a result, the telomeres of chromosomes cannot be elongated and the entire chromosome or the cell will be lost after a few rounds of division.
Telomere: They are short repeating sequences found at the end of the chromosome whose function is to save the chromosomes from degradation. But after each round of replication, the length of the telomeres becomes shorter than the previous and after a certain number of cell divisions, the telomeres become so short that they trigger the cell to stop dividing or to self-destruct (undergo apoptosis).
So, to prevent the shortening of telomeres, the TERC gene codes a telomerase enzyme which is a type of reverse transcriptase made up of two components: an RNA part that is complementary to the repeated telomeric sequence and a protein part that can add the nucleotides to the 3' end of the telomere.
After every cell division, the telomerase enzyme gets attached to the 3' end of the shortened telomere end and synthesizes the complementary DNA to the RNA part of the enzyme until the length of the telomere is restored again.
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A cell that cannot produce enough energy to function properly most likely has a problem with its?
A cell that cannot produce enough energy to function properly most likely has a problem with its mitochondria.
What is the function of the mitochondria?The mitochondria is a membrane-bound organelle in the cells of eukaryotic organism.
The mitochondrion is the organelle responsible for the conversion of food to usable energy in the form of ATP, hence, it is called power house of the cell.
The energy we make use of for our daily activities is synthesized as ATP in a process called cellular respiration.
However, according to this question, a cell that cannot produce enough energy to function properly most likely has a problem with its mitochondria.
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Which current is produced inresponse to a hyperpolarizing stimulus in a giant axon of a squid?
The giant axon of a squid, shows that hyperpolarizing stimulus is followed by transient inward capacitive current and lasting outward capacitive current.
Hyperpolarization is a change in a cell's membrane potential that makes it more negative. It is the opposite of a depolarization. It inhibits action potentials by increasing the stimulus required to move the membrane potential to the action potential threshold.
Hyperpolarization can be caused, for instance, by opening channels that allow positive ions to move out of the cell (or negative ions to move in).
The hyperpolarization-activated current is an inward current activated by hyperpolarization from the resting potential and is an important modulator of action potential firing frequency in many excitable cells.
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The group of vascular disorders that are marked by blood vessel necrosis and inflammatory injury is the:________
The group of vascular disorders that are marked by blood vessel necrosis and inflammatory injury is Cutaneous necrotizing vasculitis.
Vasculitis involves inflammation of the blood vessels. The inflammation can cause the walls of the blood vessels to thicken, which reduces the width of the passageway through the vessel. If blood flow is restricted, it can result in organ and tissue damage. There are many types of vasculitis, and most of them are rare.
Cutaneous necrotizing vasculitis is a not uncommon disorder characterized by an inflammation of the blood vessel walls and skin lesions. These skin lesions may be flat and red (macules), nodules, or more substantial hemorrhages under the skin (purpura).
Colchicine, hydroxychloroquine, dapsone, or a short course of low-dose corticosteroids can be tried. Sometimes, stronger immunosuppressants (eg, azathioprine, methotrexate) are used, particularly if lesions ulcerate or if corticosteroids must be taken indefinitely to control symptoms.
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Exposing plants to light, heat, and wind caused the rate of transpiration to increase when compared to normal lab conditions because __________
Answer:
because the heat hitting the plant increased the amount of water pulled in by the plant because it increased the rate of evaporation on the leaves.
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Exposing plants to light, heat, and wind caused the rate of transpiration to increase when compared to normal lab conditions because the plants need to open stomata for the gaseous exchange during photosynthesis. And at this time, the plant is highly exposed to high temperatures and heat, so the maximum amount of water loss occurs.
What is Transpiration?Transpiration may be defined as a process that generally involves the evaporative loss of water by plant cells. It occurs mainly through the stomata in the leaves.
Besides the loss of water vapor in transpiration, the exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide in the leaf also occurs through such small pores known as stomata.
While in normal conditions plants receive all sources of processes and nutrients through artificial means, so they never undergo high exposure to climate alterations. Thus, the rate of transpiration remains almost the same in all possible instances.
Therefore, it is well described above.
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Number and laminar distribution of neurons in a thalamocortical projection column of rat vibrissal cortex.
The quantity and arrangement of NeuN-positive neurons in the C2, D2, and D3 TC projection columns in the P27 rat somatosensory barrel cortex based on a thorough identification of neurons in a thalamocortical projection column of rat vibrissal cortex.
The main sources of cortical activity in sensory areas5 and associative brain areas, like the frontal cortex10–12, are thalamocortical projections. There are approximately 40 nuclei in the thalamus4,13,14, and each one innervates a unique combination of cortical regions.
Thalamocortical radiations, also known as thalamocortical fibers, serve as functional relays transmitting sensory or motor information from the thalamus to various regions of the cerebral cortex. Thalamocortical radiations are parallel channels that connect particular thalamic nuclei with particular cortical regions. In individuals with psychosis, there are two unique patterns of thalamocortical connection.
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This demand curve has shifted. The original demand curve is labeled as D. The new demand curve is labeled as D1.
What change is taking place on this graph?
Crayfish have a body cavity completely lined with tissue derived from mesoderm tissue. This makes them
Answer: this makes them coelomates
Besides chemical buffers and renal function, what other mechanism regulates the pH of the internal environment
Besides chemical buffers and renal function, Respiratory system regulates the pH of the internal environment.
The three key processes the body employs to control pH are as follows. The first line of defense is a chemical buffer, followed by the respiratory system and, finally, the renal system. Together, these three systems help to maintain the body's pH within that certain range.Compounds that substitute weaker acids or bases for stronger ones. They aid organisms in keeping the pH of bodily fluids within the limited range required for survival by reducing broad pH changes (usually pH 6-8).The bicarbonate buffer mechanism in the respiratory system keeps the blood's pH stable. The equation above shifts to the left because it is in balance as the pH of the blood lowers and the concentration of hydrogen ions in the blood increases.learn more about pH of the internal environment here: https://brainly.com/question/1596662
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