Air pollution at witbank​

The Title of my Research on Freddy Tropical Cyclone is: Characteristics, Impacts, and Mitigation Strategies

Abstract:

Research on Freddy Tropical Cyclone: Characteristics, Impacts, and Mitigation Strategies. This paper examines tropical cyclone Freddy, including formation, impact, and mitigation measures. Study results improve response to cyclones.

Tropical cyclone Freddy hit a region with significant impacts. Freddy formed because of favorable conditions like warm ocean water and low wind shear. Freddy intensified with higher wind speeds and pressure drop while following a predictable path.

Forecasting methods estimate cyclone trajectory, but accuracy varies. Trajectory knowledge aids in identifying areas at risk. Freddy caused damage with strong winds, uprooted trees, and power outages.

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Countries with low literacy rates are often countries that struggle with poverty, inequality, and underdevelopment. Illiteracy can be a major barrier to economic development, as it limits access to education, employment opportunities, and technology.

It can also perpetuate cycles of poverty and social exclusion, as individuals who are illiterate may lack the skills and knowledge necessary to improve their economic and social conditions.

Additionally, low literacy rates may be linked to factors such as inadequate funding for education, poor infrastructure, and cultural attitudes towards education. Addressing the issue of low literacy rates can be crucial for promoting development and reducing inequalities in these countries.

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Geographers use two key questions every day. When using these two key questions to study the migration of birds, the geographer would ask "Where are the birds going?" and Option C. "when are the birds traveling?".

This question is crucial because the timing of bird migration is determined by a combination of factors, including the season, weather patterns, food availability, and mating behaviors. By understanding when birds are migrating, geographers can gain insights into the ecological conditions that influence bird behavior and survival. For example, understanding the timing of bird migration can help geographers predict changes in bird populations, as well as the potential impacts of climate change on bird behavior and migration patterns.

In addition, understanding the timing of bird migration can also be useful for conservation efforts. By monitoring bird migration patterns and timing, geographers can help identify critical habitats and migration routes that need protection and conservation. This information can also be used to inform land-use decisions and help mitigate the impacts of human activities on bird populations.

Overall, geographers use the two key questions of "Where are the birds going?" and "When are the birds traveling?" to gain a deeper understanding of bird migration patterns and the ecological conditions that influence bird behavior and survival. By asking these questions, geographers can contribute to our understanding of the natural world and help inform conservation efforts to protect and preserve biodiversity. Therefore, the correct option is C.

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Answer:

80 to 100

Explanation:

In urban areas of the United States, the average person uses around 80 to 100 gallons of water per day.

This includes water consumption for various purposes such as drinking, bathing, washing clothes, dishes, and general household needs.

However, it's important to note that water usage can vary depending on factors such as individual habits, climate, and local water conservation efforts.

Hope this helps!

Municipalities gather information through various methods to address the challenges they encounter including :

Municipalities often conduct surveys and questionnaires to gather information from their residents and stakeholder. These surveys can cover a wide range of topics related to the challenges faced by the municipality, such as public service, infrastructure, safety, or community needs.

Municipalities collect and analyze relevant data to understand the challenges they face and make informed decision. This can include demographic data, economic indicators, crime statistic, health records, environmental data, and more.

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Answer:

The tragedy of the commons is a theory that if lots of people have unlimited access to some shared resource, they’ll quickly use it all up and leave everybody worse off. It has been used as an argument for establishing (or increasing) property rights, privatisation, and government regulation.

1. Heating degree-days calculation:

Average outdoor temperature = (Maximum temperature + Minimum temperature) / 2

= (53°F + 25°F) / 2

= 39°F

Heating degree-days = (65°F - 39°F)

= 26 degree-days

2. Cooling degree-days calculation:

Average outdoor temperature = (Maximum temperature + Minimum temperature) / 2

= (78°F + 56°F) / 2

= 67°F

Cooling degree-days = (Average outdoor temperature - 65°F)

= (67°F - 65°F)

= 2 degree-days

The number of heating degree-days is 26, and the number of cooling degree-days is 2.

Heating degree days are used to estimate the amount of energy needed to heat a building

For example, energy providers can use heating and cooling degree-day data to anticipate demand and adjust energy supply accordingly, while building managers can utilize this information to optimize temperature control systems and reduce energy costs based on seasonal variations. Climate analysts can also study degree-day trends to assess long-term climate patterns and their impact on energy consumption.

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Answer:

Heating degree-days (HDD) are a measure of how much the daily average temperature falls below a base temperature, usually 65°F. The daily average temperature is calculated by adding the maximum and minimum temperatures and dividing by two. The HDD is then the difference between the base temperature and the daily average temperature. If the daily average temperature is above the base temperature, the HDD is zero.

To calculate the HDD for a city when the maximum temperature is 53°F and the minimum temperature is 25°F, we first find the daily average temperature:

Daily average temperature = (53°F + 25°F) / 2 = 39°F

Then we subtract the daily average temperature from the base temperature:

HDD = 65°F - 39°F = 26°F

Therefore, there would be 26 heating degree-days in the city.

2. Cooling degree-days (CDD) are a measure of how much the daily average temperature rises above a base temperature, usually 65°F. The daily average temperature is calculated by adding the maximum and minimum temperatures and dividing by two. The CDD is then the difference between the daily average temperature and the base temperature. If the daily average temperature is below the base temperature, the CDD is zero.

To calculate the CDD for a city when the maximum temperature is 78°F and the minimum temperature is 56°F, we first find the daily average temperature:

Daily average temperature = (78°F + 56°F) / 2 = 67°F

Then we subtract the base temperature from the daily average temperature:

CDD = 67°F - 65°F = 2°F

Therefore, there would be 2 cooling degree-days in the city.

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Answer:

Drought can be triggered by several physical or natural conditions, including:

1. Lack of Precipitation: The most obvious cause of drought is a lack of precipitation, such as rainfall or snowfall. When an area experiences below-average rainfall for an extended period of time, drought conditions can occur.

2. High Temperatures: High temperatures increase the rate of evaporation, which can lead to drying of soil, crops, and water bodies. When there is little precipitation to replenish water, this can lead to drought conditions.

3. Wind: Wind increases the rate of evaporation from soil, plants, and water bodies, which can lead to drying out the area. In arid and semiarid regions, wind can exacerbate drought conditions.

4. Soil Moisture: If soil moisture is already low, a lack of rainfall or snowfall will have a greater impact, leading to a higher likelihood of drought. This is why areas with low soil moisture, such as deserts and arid regions, are more prone to drought.

5. Land Use: Human activities like deforestation, land degradation, and overgrazing can reduce the amount of moisture retained in the soil and increase the risk of drought conditions.

6. Topography: Areas with high elevation or mountainous terrain tend to receive less precipitation due to atmospheric conditions, leading to a higher risk of drought.

All of these factors and more can trigger or contribute to drought conditions.

Answer: oil spills are a human activity that impacts the quality of water also toxic metals.

Explanation:

Answer:

Human beings have an impact on river ecosystems. The relationship living organisms have with each other and with their environment is extremely complex. Impacts on a species or a non-living element may have long-term consequences for a river ecosystem.Several key areas of human impact on river ecosystems are:

pollution

flow modifications

exotic species

harvesting

Explanation:

Pollution

Pollution is difficult to control because it is often the result of human infrastructure around a river. Pollution enters the river, sometimes in small amounts, at many different locations along the length of the river. Common sources of pollution come from rural and urban areas.

The clearing of forests to produce farmland has led to on-going erosion, with large quantities of sediment deposited into rivers. Agricultural intensification (substantial increases in fertiliser application and increased stock numbers) has resulted in nutrient and chemical loss to nearby streams and rivers. Elevated nutrient concentrations (especially nitrogen and phosphorus – key components of fertilisers) can result in the eutrophication of slow-moving waterways.

Urban areas add to this pollution when contaminants (PAHs and heavy metals) are washed off hard surfaces such as roads and drain into water systems. Sulfur dioxide and nitrous oxide emitted from factories and power stations enter river systems through acid rain. Sewage and effluent are discharged into rivers in some areas.

Pollution can lower the pH of the water, affecting all organisms from algae to vertebrates. Biodiversity decreases with decreasing pH.

Farmers, industry and local authorities are working together to reduce direct pollution from entering New Zealand rivers.

Flow modifications

Dams alter the flow, temperature and sediment in river systems. Reduced flow alters aquatic habitats – reducing or removing populations of fish, invertebrates and plants that depend on the flow to bring food. Reduced flow also decreases tributary stream flow, changing habitats and altering the water table in the stream aquifer. Consequently, riverside vegetation may be affected and decline in numbers. This may affect animal biodiversity, for example, bird species may leave the area if their habitat is lost or alteredChanges in water temperature due to flow modification can affect insect development by not allowing them to complete their life cycle.

Rivers are connected systems, and barriers such as dams, culverts and floodgates disconnect one area from another. They prevent species such as eels from migrating – isolating previously connected populations.

Water taken from rivers for irrigation can lower river flows (a concern in Canterbury).

Exotic species

Exotic species have been introduced to river systems sometimes intentionally (for example, for fishing purposes or as food for other species) and sometimes unintentionally (for example, species come in on the bottom of boats or on fishing gear or they escape from pond areas during flooding, such as koi carp).These organisms can affect native species. They may compete with them for prey and habitat. They may prey on native species, alter habitats, breed with native species to produce another species or they may introduce harmful diseases and parasites. Once established, these species can be difficult to control or eradicate, particularly because of the connectivity of the flowing river. They can easily migrate to many areas affecting native species.

Harvesting

Excessive fishing in river ecosystems can drastically reduce numbers of species. For example, numbers of eels and whitebait in the Waikato River have reduced since the 1970s. Commercial eeling began in the 1960s and peaked in the 1970s with an annual average catch of 2000 tonnes. In the early 1980s, 400–450 tonnes per annum were harvested, with less than 200 tonnes per annum harvested since 2000.

Whitebait tonnage has also drastically reduced from an average of 46 tonnes per annum in the 1950s to 3 tonnes in 2000. Reducing stocks of a particular species can have an effect on other species such as birds that feed off river fish. The birds leave the area when river fish decline. Find out more about whitebaiting.

Answer:

African nations might achieve economic growth by reducing debt, increasing corporations, and building industries.

Tropical Cyclone Freddy's impact on Mozambique: Analyze data to assess social, economic, and environmental consequences of heavy rainfall and rising river level.

Tropical Cyclone Freddy has recently impacted Mozambique, resulting in significant rainfall and subsequent rise in river levels. This research aims to analyze the impact of the cyclone on Mozambique, specifically focusing on the social, economic, and environmental aspects. By evaluating the collected data and identifying patterns, relationships, and trends, we can gain insights into the consequences of the cyclone on various aspects of the country.

Social Impact:

Displacement and Loss of Life: Assess the number of people displaced or affected by the cyclone and examine casualties and injuries caused by the event.

Infrastructure Damage: Investigate the destruction of homes, schools, hospitals, roads, and other essential facilities, and analyze the social consequences of disrupted services.

Humanitarian Needs: Examine the immediate and long-term needs of affected communities, including access to clean water, food security, healthcare, and shelter.

Economic Impact:

Agricultural Losses: Evaluate the damage to crops, livestock, and farmland, and assess the impact on food production and agricultural livelihoods.

Economic Disruption: Analyze the interruption of businesses, trade, and transportation networks, and study the effects on local and national economies.

Reconstruction and Recovery Costs: Estimate the financial resources required for rebuilding infrastructure and restoring affected areas, including post-cyclone rehabilitation efforts.

Environmental Impact:

Flooding and Erosion: Study the extent of flooding and erosion caused by the cyclone, including its impact on river systems, coastal areas, and ecosystems.

Biodiversity and Habitat Loss: Assess the damage to natural habitats, including forests, wetlands, and wildlife populations, and analyze the implications for biodiversity conservation.

Water Contamination: Investigate the contamination of water sources due to flooding and its effects on public health and ecosystems.

Data Analysis:

Quantitative Analysis: Analyze meteorological data to understand the intensity, duration, and spatial distribution of rainfall associated with Tropical Cyclone Freddy.

Spatial Mapping: Use GIS technology to map the affected areas, including the extent of flooding, infrastructure damage, and population distribution.

Comparative Analysis: Compare the impact of Tropical Cyclone Freddy with past cyclones or extreme weather events in Mozambique to identify similarities, differences, and trends.

Conclusion:

The research on the impact of Tropical Cyclone Freddy in Mozambique highlights the significant social, economic, and environmental consequences of the cyclone. By conducting a thorough analysis of the collected data, we can provide insights into the immediate needs for relief and recovery efforts, as well as inform long-term strategies for disaster preparedness and resilience in the face of future cyclonic events.

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Answer: It’s religious sites and oil reserves.

Explanation: :)

Answer:

Along with the rapid urbanization process, large-scale rural-urban migration leads to the rapid decline in rural population [2–5]. The rural population in China decreased from 790 million in 1978 to 564 million in 2018

Explanation:

Recent Volcano Occurrence: Kilauea Volcano, Hawaii (2018), Fuego Volcano, Guatemala (2018), Mount Sinabung, Indonesia (2020)

Consequences of volcanic eruptions : Loss of Life and Injuries, Displacement and Destruction of Communities, Economic Losses, etc

Measures to Mitigate/Manage the Impacts of Volcanic Eruptions:Volcano Monitoring and Early Warning Systems, Emergency Preparedness and Response, Public Awareness and Education, etc

Recent Volcano Occurrences:

Kilauea Volcano, Hawaii (2018): The Kilauea volcano on the Big Island of Hawaii experienced a significant eruption in 2018. Lava flows and explosive eruptions from new fissures destroyed homes, displaced residents, and impacted tourism in the area.

Fuego Volcano, Guatemala (2018): In June 2018, the Fuego volcano in Guatemala experienced a powerful eruption that caused pyroclastic flows, ash columns, and lahars (mudflows) in nearby communities. The eruption resulted in the loss of lives, destruction of infrastructure, and displacement of thousands of people.

Mount Sinabung, Indonesia (2020): Mount Sinabung, located on the island of Sumatra in Indonesia, erupted several times in recent years. The eruptions produced pyroclastic flows, ash plumes, and volcanic ashfall, affecting nearby villages and causing evacuations.

Negative Consequences of Recent Volcanic Eruptions on People and the Environment:

Loss of Life and Injuries: Volcanic eruptions can result in casualties and injuries due to direct exposure to hazards such as pyroclastic flows, lava flows, ashfall, and volcanic gases. People caught in the vicinity of an eruption may suffer severe burns, respiratory problems, and trauma.

Displacement and Destruction of Communities: Volcanic eruptions can lead to the displacement of populations as their homes and infrastructure are destroyed. Entire communities may need to be evacuated, causing social disruption and long-term displacement. The loss of livelihoods and cultural heritage can also have significant psychological impacts on affected communities.

Economic Losses: Volcanic eruptions can have devastating economic consequences. Damage to infrastructure, including roads, buildings, and utilities, can result in high costs for rebuilding and restoration. Additionally, the loss of agricultural land due to lava flows or ashfall can disrupt local economies and food production.

Environmental Impact: Volcanic eruptions can cause severe environmental damage. Ashfall can contaminate water sources, disrupt ecosystems, and harm wildlife. Acid rain, resulting from volcanic gases reacting with atmospheric moisture, can damage vegetation and aquatic ecosystems. Volcanic ash can also have long-lasting effects on soil fertility, affecting agricultural productivity.

Measures to Mitigate/Manage the Impacts of Volcanic Eruptions:

Volcano Monitoring and Early Warning Systems: Continuous monitoring of volcanoes using various techniques, including seismic monitoring, gas measurements, and ground deformation analysis, allows scientists to detect early signs of volcanic activity. This information can be used to issue timely warnings to at-risk communities, providing them with an opportunity to evacuate and take necessary precautions.

Emergency Preparedness and Response: Developing comprehensive emergency plans and conducting regular drills can enhance preparedness and response capabilities. This includes establishing evacuation routes, emergency shelters, and communication systems to ensure efficient evacuation and coordination during volcanic crises.

Public Awareness and Education: Educating communities about volcanic hazards, their potential impacts, and appropriate safety measures is crucial. Public awareness campaigns, educational programs, and dissemination of information through various channels can empower individuals to make informed decisions and take necessary precautions.

Land-Use Planning and Zoning Regulations: Utilizing volcanic hazard maps and implementing zoning regulations can help restrict development in high-risk areas. This includes avoiding the construction of critical infrastructure, such as hospitals or schools, in zones prone to volcanic hazards.

International Collaboration and Knowledge Sharing: Collaboration among countries with active volcanoes can facilitate the exchange of expertise, resources, and best practices. Sharing scientific knowledge, technical assistance, and capacity-building initiatives can strengthen preparedness and response capabilities worldwide.

Volcanic Ash Management: Developing strategies to manage ashfall, such as regular cleaning of infrastructure, protecting water supplies, and providing appropriate respiratory protection, can minimize health risks and infrastructure damage. Guidelines for agricultural practices in ash-affected areas can also help mitigate the impact on food production.

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Answer: Imagery

Explanation:

Answer: The green house effect.

Explanation:

Answer:

D. Canada's government wants to preserve French within the province of Quebec.

When teaching about, in, and for the environment, it's essential to incorporate deliberative and learning by doing methods to engage students and foster a deeper understanding of the subject matter.

For the deliberative method, start by presenting students with an environmental issue, such as climate change or plastic pollution. Encourage open discussion and debate, promoting critical thinking and active listening skills. This allows students to understand multiple perspectives and develop their own informed opinions on the topic.

Incorporating learning by doing can be achieved through hands-on activities and real-world applications. For example, take students on a field trip to a local park or nature reserve to observe and analyze ecosystems. This immersive experience helps students connect abstract concepts to tangible examples, enhancing their comprehension and appreciation of the environment. Additionally, involve students in community projects, such as tree planting or clean-up events, to empower them to make a positive impact on their environment.

By combining deliberative and learning by doing methods, educators can create a dynamic, interactive learning environment that fosters critical thinking, practical application, and environmental stewardship among students.

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Land use is the modification of land for human activities to create more value. Land use in Victoria Harbour in Melbourne Australia has changed since the 1960s. It has become a hub of economic activity and a tourist destination, with significant development occurring.

The following are the changes in land use that have occurred in Victoria Harbour since the 1960s:

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Answer:

solar radiation

Explanation:

Earth takes in thermal energy from the Sun in a process called solar radiation.
Solar radiation is a form of electromagnetic radiation that travels from the Sun to Earth in waves. The Sun emits a wide range of wavelengths of electromagnetic radiation, but the most important for Earth are visible light, ultraviolet radiation, and infrared radiation.

Through a process known as radiation, the Earth absorbs thermal energy from the Sun. The Sun emits electromagnetic waves, including visible light and infrared radiation, which travel through space and eventually reach the Earth. When these waves hit the Earth's surface, they are absorbed and converted into heat energy, which warms the planet.

This mechanism is essential for life on Earth since it aids in the regulation of the planet's temperature and climate. Earth would be too cold to support life as we know it without the Sun's thermal energy.

However, excessive thermal energy can be damaging to the environment. A notable example is the greenhouse effect, which happens when certain gases in the atmosphere trap heat energy from the Sun. This has the potential to cause global warming and other environmental issues.

Overall, while the process of Earth absorbing thermal energy from the Sun is necessary for life, it must be carefully managed to avoid undesirable repercussions.

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Non-perennial streams are able to erode headwards due to two main reasons:  high erosive power and the softness of the underlying rock.

Firstly, the flow of water is intermittent and during periods of rainfall, the water has a higher velocity due to the larger volume. This higher velocity allows for the stream to erode more effectively and thus move headwards.

Secondly, non-perennial streams tend to be located in areas with a higher gradient, which means that the water flows downhill more easily and thus can erode more effectively as well.

These two factors, intermittent flow and high gradient, enable non-perennial streams to erode headwards.

Non-perennial streams are eroding headwards due to their high erosive power and the softness of the underlying rock.

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To provide an accurate analysis of the poem and its intended audience, it is necessary to have the specific poem by Amy Ludwig Vanderwater that you are referring to. As an AI language model, I do not have direct access to specific external poems or their content. However, I can offer some general insights into determining the likely audience for a poem based on common factors.

When assessing the intended audience for a poem, several aspects can be considered. These include the language used, the themes explored, and the stylistic choices made by the poet. These elements can provide clues about the intended readership or listenership.

For example, the language used in the poem may indicate whether it is intended for children, adults, or a specific demographic. Poems intended for children often employ simpler language, playful imagery, and themes that resonate with young readers.

The themes explored in the poem can also provide insights into the target audience. Poems that address universal human experiences or emotions, such as love, loss, or personal growth, may have a broader adult audience. On the other hand, poems that tackle topics specific to certain stages of life or experiences, such as coming-of-age, parenthood, or aging, may have a more targeted audience.

The stylistic choices made by the poet, such as the structure, rhythm, and tone of the poem, can further inform the likely audience. Poems with complex structures, formal rhyme schemes, or sophisticated metaphors may cater to a more literary-minded audience, while free verse or experimental poems may attract readers who appreciate unconventional approaches to poetry.

To accurately determine the most likely audience for a specific poem by Amy Ludwig Vanderwater, it would be necessary to analyze the poem's content, style, and intended purpose.

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-Build flood barriers to protect infrastructure. Flood barriers to protect critical infrastructure.

-Relocate facilities to higher elevations.

What decreases sea level rise?

During cold climate intervals, known as glacial epochs or ice ages, sea level falls because of a shift in the global hydro logic cycle: water is evaporated from the oceans and stored on the continents as large ice sheets and expanded ice caps, ice fields, and mountain glaciers.

Municipalities gather information through surveys, data analysis, public feedback, expert consultations, and monitoring systems to address encountered challenges.

To address the challenges they face, municipalities gather information through various methods. One common method is conducting surveys to collect data from residents about their experiences and opinions.

Additionally, municipalities analyze existing data sets and use public feedback from town hall meetings, social media, and suggestion boxes. They also consult with experts in relevant fields to obtain professional advice on solving specific issues.

Finally, monitoring systems such as traffic cameras, air quality sensors, and other tools help municipalities gather real-time data on urban challenges. This combination of methods enables municipalities to make informed decisions and effectively tackle their problems.

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Answer:

Explanation:

Climate change refers to a long-term shift in global or regional climate patterns. It is primarily caused by the increase in atmospheric concentrations of greenhouse gases, such as carbon dioxide and methane, due to human activities like burning fossil fuels and deforestation. Climate change has far-reaching impacts on the environment, human health, and the economy.

Answer: Plants in desert ecosystems have evolved a range of adaptive mechanisms to cope with the harsh and often unpredictable conditions. Some of these adaptive mechanisms include:

Overall, the adaptive mechanisms of desert plants allow them to survive and thrive in an environment with limited water and extreme temperature fluctuations.

Answer:

Crop enhancement, more proficient water use, and further developed soil management rehearses, along with the development of dry season safe harvests can assist with diminishing a portion of the adverse consequences.

The conclusion of my research findings on volcanic eruptions are given below:

Volcanic eruptions are individual of ultimate hurtful instinctive phenomena, accompanying the capability to cause extensive destruction to the surroundings and human growth.

Research on volcanoes focuses on understanding the mechanisms of easily upset or inspired eruptions, thinking about when and place they will happen, and determining the potential impacts on societies and ecosystems.

Scientists study the terrestrial looks of volcanoes, monitor their action utilizing seismometers and added mechanisms, and develop models to pretend ejection synopsizes.

This research helps governments and danger answer crews expect potential volcanic accidents, lighten their belongings, and defend human lives and features.

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Answer:

c

Explanation:

gotten for proving