Because reverse transcriptase is an error-prone enzyme, it follows that it can introduce mutations or errors during the process of reverse transcription.
Reverse transcriptase is an enzyme responsible for converting RNA into DNA, a process known as reverse transcription. This enzyme is commonly found in retroviruses, such as HIV, and is also utilized in molecular biology techniques like reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR).
The error-prone nature of reverse transcriptase arises from its lack of proofreading activity, which means it does not have a built-in mechanism to correct mistakes during DNA synthesis. As a result, it can make errors or introduce mutations during the reverse transcription process.
These errors can occur due to various factors, such as the low fidelity of the enzyme, the template RNA sequence, or the presence of chemicals or conditions that influence the enzymatic activity. The introduced errors can lead to changes in the resulting DNA sequence, potentially altering the genetic information encoded by the RNA template.
It is worth noting that the error rate of reverse transcriptase can vary depending on the specific enzyme and conditions used. Some reverse transcriptases have higher fidelity than others, and researchers can utilize modified versions of the enzyme with enhanced fidelity for specific applications where accuracy is crucial.
Overall, due to the error-prone nature of reverse transcriptase, it is important to consider the potential for mutations or errors when utilizing reverse transcription techniques in research or diagnostics, and appropriate quality control measures are typically employed to minimize and detect such errors.
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The Linnaean suborder prosimians includes Group of answer choices diurnal and nocturnal lemurs. diurnal and nocturnal galagos. only diurnal species. only nocturnal species.
Lemurs are prosimians and some of them are nocturnal while others are diurnal.
Prosimians
Prosimians are primates that include lemurs, lorisoids, galagos, etc. They are considered less developed compared to primates such as humans, apes, and monkeys. The advanced primates are called simians. They are mostly nocturnal but some are diurnal. They are mostly tree-dwellers and have a keen sense of smell. Their sense of smell is greater than their sense of vision. They have long snouts and moist noses.
Lemurs
Lemurs belong to the prosimians and they have a large diversity of diurnal and nocturnal. Some others are cathemeral as they can stay active both day and night. The cathemeral lemurs can show variation as the season changes. As such changes are often affected by the availability of food and the weather.
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Which of these is a drawback of hydraulic fracturing?
A. Higher risk of mine shaft collapse
B. Higher risk of acid rain damage
C. Higher risk of earthquakes
D. Higher risk of oil spills
ITS C.
Answer:
C
Explanation:
The location of an allele on a homologous chromosome is the same, but the allele information may be _______.
The location of an allele on a homologous chromosome is the same, but the allele information may be different
For genes with the same corresponding loci, homologous chromosomes are made up of chromosome pairs that are roughly the same length, centromere position, and staining pattern. The organism inherits one homologous chromosome from its mother and the other from its father.
The same genes are found in the same places all along the length of homologous chromosomes, which are paired together. A diploid organism has a full set of chromosomes since each homologous chromosome is inherited in one copy from each parent. A homologous set of chromosomes are identical in size and form and are highly similar to one another.
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________is when the kidneys produce too much hydrogen or retain too much hydrogen which leads to an increase in carbonic acid production. Or the kidneys excrete too much base
Metabolic acidosis is when the kidneys produce too much hydrogen or retain too much hydrogen which leads to an increase in carbonic acid production. Or the kidneys excrete too much base.
What is metabolic acidosis?The primary function of the kidney is to purge toxins from the blood and convert waste products into urine. Around 160 grams of weight and one to one and a half litres of urine are excreted daily by each kidney.When the kidneys do not properly eliminate acids from the blood into the urine, renal tubular acidosis (RTA) ensues. The result is an excessively high blood acid level, or acidosis. While having some blood acid is natural, having too much acid can cause numerous biological functions to become unbalanced.When there is too much acid in the body's fluids, it is called acidosis.When your kidneys and lungs are unable to maintain a healthy pH level in your body, acidosis results. Acid is created by numerous bodily activities.Learn more about kidney here:
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When RNA polymerase synthesizes a new mRNA, interactions between the RNA polymerase, the DNA, and the RNA hold the complex together. When a hairpin loop forms in the nascent mRNA:
When a hairpin loop forms in the nascent mRNA: The hairpin will destabilize the interaction and possibly lead to transcriptional termination.
Transcription in prokaryotes like E. coli is terminated either by a rho-dependent process or a rho-independent process. Intrinsic termination is controlled by the specific sequences of RNA .
When the termination process starts, the transcribed mRNA forms a stable secondary structural hairpin loop, also known as a stem-loop. Several uracil nucleotides follow this RNA hairpin. The uracil and adenine connections are exceedingly weak. NusA, a protein attached to RNA polymerase, attaches to the stem-loop structure so firmly that it momentarily stalls the polymerase.
The polymerase is pausing at the same time that the poly-uracil sequence is being transcribed. The RNA-DNA duplex can unwind and separate from the RNA polymerase because the weak adenine-uracil interactions reduce the energy of destabilization for the RNA-DNA duplex. Overall, transcription is terminated by the modified RNA structure.
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The fiqure skater was able to use the
strength of her arms to pull her spinning
mass inward. Using the skater as a model for
the forming solar system, what force does
her muscular strength represent?
The force that is shown by the muscular strength of the fiqure skater is the gravitational force.
What is the solar system?The solar system is composed of the sun and the planets. The sun is at the center of the solar system and it is surrounded by the planets. There are nine planets that surround the sun in the solar system and the planets move round the sun in concentric orbits.
We know that the solar system is held together by the gravitational force that acts between the sun and the planets. This is why the solar system is said to be heliocentric.
Coming back to our analogy in the question, the skater is being used as a model for understanding the solar system. Thus, the force that is shown by the muscular strength of the fiqure skater is the gravitational force.
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Most cytochrome p450 enzymes alter the activity of drugs by?
Most cytochrome p450 enzymes can alter the activity of drugs by oxidizing them.
What is the cytochrome p450 enzyme?The cytochrome p450 enzyme is a family of monooxygenases that act during the electron transport chain of the process of cellular respiration.
This enzyme (cytochrome p450 enzyme) is able to oxide different types of molecules such as lipids and steroids during oxide reduction (redox) chemical reactions.
The inhibition of the activity of the cytochrome p450 enzyme can alter cellular activity, thereby the cell cannot survive.
In conclusion, most cytochrome p450 enzymes can alter the activity of drugs by oxidizing them.
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The ______________of the human digestive tract can be classified as endocrine glands since they produce hormones.
The pancreas and stomach of the human digestive tract can be classified as endocrine glands since they produce hormones.
The endocrine system is a communication system that uses feedback loops to control distant target organs by controlling hormones secreted by internal glands of an organism directly into the circulatory system. All endocrine systems in vertebrates are controlled neutrally by the hypothalamus.The pancreas performs both endocrine and exocrine functions by secreting fluids directly into the bloodstream and through ducts, respectively. The pancreas secretes enzymes, often known as digestive juices, into the small intestine. Insulin and glucagon, which control blood glucose levels, and somatostatin, which inhibits the production of insulin and glucagon, are the two primary hormones secreted by the endocrine gland in the pancreas.Similarly, When there is food in the stomach, the gastric mucosa, the lining of the stomach, generates a hormone called Gastrin. The hormone induces the formation of pepsin, an enzyme that aids in food digestion, and hydrochloric acid.learn more about endocrine glands here: https://brainly.com/question/1128099
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The central nervous system consists of the: Group of answer choices parasympathetic and sympathetic divisions. sense organs and sensory neurons. brain and the spinal cord. muscles and glands.
According to the research, the central nervous system consists of the brain and the spinal cord (c).
What is the central nervous system?It is made up of the brain and spinal cord, these are the main information and control centers of the body.
The brain is the organ contained within the skull, which integrates and controls all the functions of the body, from the sensory, motor and integrative part.
Therefore, we can conclude that according to the research, the central nervous system consists of the brain and the spinal cord (c).
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The evolutionary perspective's emphasis on adaptation recalls the focus of the school of structuralism.
The statement 'the evolutionary perspective's emphasis on adaptation recalls the focus of the school of structuralism' is TRUE.
What is the evolutionary perspective?The evolutionary perspective makes reference to a theoretical framework in which the tree of life can be encompassed by common origin criteria.
In a similar way, structuralism examines human cognitive features in a single framework based on behavioral features and human cultural contexts.
In conclusion, the statement 'the evolutionary perspective's emphasis on adaptation recalls the focus of the school of structuralism' is TRUE.
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Which synapse(s) are specifically responsible for the sensitization of the withdrawal response?
Answer choices:
Sensory neuron to facilitating interneuron
Sensory neuron to excitatory interneuron
Facilitating interneuron to excitatory interneuron
Sensory neuron to inhibitory interneuron
Sensory neuron to motor neuron
Excitatory interneuron to motor neuron
The correct option is (e) sensory neuron to motor neuron, responsible for the sensitization of the withdrawal response.
The central nervous system receives the excitation from a sensory neuron that has been stimulated by its nociceptors. Notably, these fibres deliver excitement to the sensory neuron's cell body, which is located in the spinal cord's dorsal root ganglia. The sensory neuron in the dorsal root ganglion transmits excitatory postsynaptic potentials (EPSPs) to motor neurons and interneurons after receiving the action potential from these fibres.
By releasing neurotransmitters into the central nervous system, the sensory neuron does this. Excited somatic motor neurons contract and depolarize the targeted muscles to complete the withdrawal reflex. The motor neuron, which leaves the spinal cord and enters the peripheral nervous system, is where this depolarization travels.
Therefore, sensory neuron to motor neuron is responsible for the sensitization of the withdrawal response.
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Drag each circle to the correct location on the image. Each circle can be used more than once, but not all circles will be used.
Geologists have observed that a portion of Africa is breaking away from the main continent. This is happening because the African Plate is in the process of splitting up into two parts. Scientists have named the two new tectonic plates the Nubian Plate and Somalian Plate. Both of these plates are not only moving away from each other but also away from the Arabian Plate.
Based on this information, determine the type of boundaries these two new plates would share with each other and the Arabian Plate.
In divergent boundaries, plates separate from each other and new crust is created between them. The boundary these two new plates would share with each other and the Arabian Plate is the divergent boundary.
What are the three types of boundaries?I. Divergent
A new crust is created by the rising molten materials coming from the mantle.
Two plates separate, and a stream of hot material creates a new seabed between them. It occurs in an expansion of the sea bottom.
As old plates get separated, new and young crust instantaneously gets formed. The emerging mantle occupies the space left by the separation of the two plates.
II. Convergent.
When two plates move forward to each other, they end up colliding and causing the deformation of one or both plates.
Three possible collisions might occur,
• Two oceanic plates might collide ⇒ subduction
• Two continental plates might collide ⇒ obduction
• Oceanic plate and continental plates collide ⇒ Subduction
III. Transforming.
The plates slide laterally with each other, and they are usually called faults.
It is associated, in general, with the oceanic ridge, although it might also occur on the continental plate.
In the exposed example, the African plate is splitting up into two parts, meaning these two parts are separating from each other. A new seabed is created between the Nubian Plate and Somalian Plate.
Since these plates are also separating from the Arabian Plate, we can also assume a new seabed is emerging between them.
The boundary these two new plates would share with each other and the Arabian Plate is the divergent boundary. Plates are separating from each other. They are not converging nor sliding.
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Based on the information given, the two new plates (Nubian Plate and Somalian Plate) are moving away from each other, which suggests that they share a divergent boundary. Additionally, both plates are also moving away from the Arabian Plate, which suggests that they share another divergent boundary with the Arabian Plate. Therefore, both the Nubian Plate and Somalian Plate share a divergent boundary with each other and the Arabian Plate.
What is the purpose of obtaining a 12-lead ecg early during the post-cardiac arrest?
During cardiac arrest the AHA direct healthcare providers obtain 12-leads ECG immediately after the return of spontaneous circulation to identify those patients with ST- segment myocardial infarction or new or presumably new bundle branch block.
12-leas electrocardiography use which perform to diagnose ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction. It is a medical test that recorded using leads or nodes which attached to the body. Vasopressin should be effective in patients of cardiac arrest after the treatment.
ECGs captured the electrical activity of heart and transfer it to graphed paper. Use to diagnose cardiovascular disease ,acute myocardial infarction in clinics and hospital based practice.
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The fluid that enters vertebrate nephrons is called the filtrate. What is the source of the filtrate
the source of the filtrate is Loop of Henle.
The Henle loop is surrounded by tissue fluid with a high ion concentration. Osmosis causes water to move out of the descending limb. As a result of the more concentrated filtrate, ions move out of the loop in the thin ascending limb.
The nephron consists of a single long tubule and a ball of capillaries called the glomerulus. Using hydrostatic pressure, plasma is forced through the walls of the glomerulus, becoming filtrate as it crosses, and then collecting within Bowman's capsule. The fluid that enters vertebrate nephrons is called the filtrate.
Which part of the nephron is called the loop of Henle?A million nephrons are the filtering units of the human kidney, which is a complex and highly vascular organ. Each filters water and solutes from the blood that flows through it into the surrounding space and is the cavity between the cup's walls. The other part resembles a U-shaped loop that transports the filtered fluid deep into the medulla.
Functions of NephronThe primary function of the Nephron is to flush out waste products from the blood, which include solid waste and other excesses. This blood is transformed into urine through secretion and excretion.
The nephron, a basic structural unit of the kidney, is a microscopic structure composed of a renal corpuscle and a renal tubule.
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The middle pleistocene and the late pleistocene correspond to which cultural periods?
The middle stone age and the later stone age corresponds to the middle and the late pleistocene.
Cultural evolution during the middle and the late pleistocene :-
In southwestern Asia as well as northern and southern Africa, personal ornaments in the form of perforated seashells are recorded from the early Late Pleistocene. In the Old World, Neanderthals and anatomically modern humans are linked to a range of personal ornamentation by about 40,000 years ago (Ka). These include fully created ornaments as well as organically modified things. The appearance of figurative art, mythical imagery, and other types of items, like as musical instruments, at various times in history suggest that completely modern behavior began to emerge more gradually towards the middle of the Late Pleistocene and most definitely no later than 40 Ka. Many, but not all, of the lengthy and rigorous history of study might well have helped to the relevant data come from Europe.
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After incubation, does the antibiotic extend into the agar beyond the zone of inhibition? how does your answer tie in with minimum inhibitory concentration (mic)?
After incubation, the antibiotic extends to the agar beyond the zone of inhibition, but in lower concentrations, indicating that the microorganism can grow in small concentrations of the tested drug.
What is Diffusion Disk?It is one of the simplest, most reliable and most used susceptibility methods in microbiology laboratories. Its basic principle is the diffusion of the antimicrobial on the surface of the agar, from a disc impregnated with the same antimicrobial.
How does the disk-broadcast test work?The agar disk diffusion test was described in 1966 by Bauer and Kirby. It is one of the simplest and most reliable sensitivity methods. It is performed by dispensing the antimicrobial discs onto the agar plate after applying the bacterial inoculum with approximately 1 to 2 x 10 CFU/mL.
With this information, we can conclude that The purpose of the disk diffusion method is to assess the sensitivity or resistance of a microorganism to a particular antimicrobial agent.
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In fibrous joints, the articulating surfaces are held together by
Answer:
Explanation:
The articulating surfaces of fibrous joints are kept together by thick regular connective tissue.
Consider the table below that summarizes the types of materials that can block the 3 different types of radiation.
Material
1
2
3
Lead Stopped Stopped Stopped
Cloth Not stopped Stopped Stopped
Aluminum foil Not stopped Stopped Stopped
Wood Not stopped Stopped Stopped
Paper Not stopped Stopped Not stopped
Thick concrete Stopped Stopped Stopped
Based on the table, at which numbered spot in the table does each type of radiation belong?
1 = beta; 2 = alpha, 3 = gamma
1 = alpha; 2 = beta, 3 = gamma
1 = beta; 2 = gamma, 3 = alpha
From the table, we can see that; 1 = beta; 2 = alpha, 3 = gamma. Option A
What is radiation?Radiation is a form of energy that can not be seen. We know that beta radiation can be stopped by such things as a piece of cloth while alpha particles can be stopped by an aluminums foil. Also, gamma rays can only be stopped by thick concrete or lead.
Hence; we can conclude that; 1 = beta; 2 = alpha, 3 = gamma. Option A.
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when it comes to your natural positive/negative ratio when ineracting with students, long term patterns mattermore than single interactions
when it comes to your natural positive/negative ratio when interacting with students, long-term patterns matter more than single interactions
The proportion of positive to negative encounters that is "magic." The prevalent notion that there is a "magic" ratio of positive-to-negative contacts for enhancing interpersonal relationships is shown by Flora's position. In the subject of education, it is frequently advised that teachers keep a particular balance between their positive and negative interactions with students.
Although this rule has strong face validity, no particular ratio has any empirical backing. The writers argue against the usage of any particular ratio but are in favor of maintaining a high positive to negative ratio. They cover topics such as the evolution of recommendations for the positive-to-negative interaction ratio and an overview of pertinent studies on pupils with emotional or behavioral disorders (EBD).
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he saw happiness as an important human goal and is known to have introduced the science of happiness
Aristotle
According to Aristotle "Happiness is the meaning and purpose of life, the whole aim and end of human existence"
What is Happiness ?Happiness is a life that is being well led through virtue, living well and acting well.
Happiness depends on ourselves.” More than anybody else, Aristotle enshrines happiness as a central purpose of human life and a goal in itself. Aristotle tells us that the most important factor in the effort to achieve happiness is to have a good moral character — what he calls “complete virtue.”But being virtuous is not a passive state: one must act in accordance with virtue.Learn more about Happiness here:
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In eukaryotic cells, the cell cycle is divided into two main phases in which the cell spends most of its time and metabolic energy. these two phases are?
Interphase and mitosis are the two main phases of the eukaryotic cell cycle where the cells spends most of time as well as as its metabolic energy.
The cell cycle involves the different stages which a cell goes through as it grows and divides in order to form new cells. Cell cycle requires metabolic energy as well as the availability of nutrients. In eukaryotes, this cycle is basically divided into interphase and mitosis.
The interphase can be subdivided into G1, S and G2 phases. The cell spends most of its time in this stage. It involves the duplication of the nuclear DNA which is present in the cell and during this stage the cell grows in size. No division of the cell takes place during interphase. This stage is succeeded by mitosis. This stage involves the division of the cell, that is, the single eukaryotic cell divides and results in the formation of two daughter cells which are genetically identical to their parent cell.
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Which type of rock forms due to the weight of the overlaying rocks? (ASAP!!)
A. Igneous
B. Sedimentary
C. Metamorphic
Answer: Sedimentary
Explanation: As a result of which the sediments are accumulated over one another, forming layers. These sediments over a due course of time undergoes compaction and solidification due to the weight of the overlying rocks
which of the following abiotic factors can cause harmful effects such as acid rain when too much is releadein to the atmosphere
Abiotic factors can cause harmful effects such as acid rain when too much is releadein to the atmosphere are Carbon, and Sulfur.
Acid rain
Acid deposition, often known as acid rain, is a general name for any type of precipitation that contains acidic elements, such as sulfuric or nitric acid, which falls to the ground from the atmosphere in wet or dry forms. This can apply to rain, snow, fog, hail, and even corrosive dust. Sulfur dioxide (SO2) and nitrogen oxides (NOX) that are released into the atmosphere and carried by air currents and wind result in acid rain. Water, oxygen, and other molecules react with the SO2 and NOX to generate sulfuric and nitric acids. While some of the SO2 and NOX that create acid rain come from natural sources like volcanoes, the majority of it is produced by burning fossil fuels.
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Scientists discovered a regular cycle of eclipses. It is called the Saros cycle. The table below
shows the dates of some eclipses in this cycle.
Complete the table by predicting the date of the next eclipse in the Saros cycle.
The next eclipse in the Saros cycle will be at 22nd of August 2017.
What is an eclipse?
Eclipse is an astronomical phenomenon marked by the total or partial darkening of a star due to the passage of some celestial body in front of a light source. There are two categories of eclipse: the solar eclipse and the lunar eclipse.
With that being said it is possible to notice that all eclipses are happening with an interval of 18 years. So as the last eclipse was in 1999, the next one will be in 2017. As for the day, it is possible to notice that they are happening 11 days after the last one. So as the last one was in 11th of August, the next one will be in 22nd of August.
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The filtrate formed by the nephrons in the kidney is NOT urine. The filtrate is first refined and concentrated by the processes of __________, which form the urine that leaves the body. (Choose all that apply)
The filtrate is first refined and concentrated by the processes of reabsorption and secretion, which form the urine that leaves the body.
Process of filtration in kidney:The glomerulus filters your blood, and the tubule restores necessary substances to your blood while removing waste. The glomerulus is nestled within a region of the kidney called the Bowman's Capsule. This is where filtration occurs. The high pressure causes some substances to pass through the capillary walls when blood is forced through the tiny capillaries. The walls serve as a filter or sieve. This is how the function of the nephron. A glomerulus filters your blood, while a tubule restores necessary substances to your circulation while removing extra waste. Each nephron has both of these functions.
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The ability of lymphocytes to recognize and accept the body's own antigens as not foreign is called:
Answer:
Immune tolerance
Explanation:
Which is true about the elongation of the leading strand during DNA synthesis?
The elongation of the leading strand during DNA synthesis depends on DNA polymerase: option A.
What is DNA synthesis?DNA synthesis is the process by which new DNA is made from template DNA.
During DNA synthesis, the enzyme DNA polymerase adds new nucleotides to the leading DNA strand from the 3" end.
Note that the complete question is as follows:
Which is true about the elongation of the leading strand during DNA synthesis?
a. it depends on the dna polymerase actionb. it produces rna fragmentsc. it does not require a template strandIn conclusion, the elongation of the leading strand during DNA synthesis involves attachment of nucleotides at the 3" end.
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______ is when multiple species use the same resource in different ways or at different times.
Inter-species competition is when multiple species use the same resource in different ways or at different times.
When two species can not exist at indefinite at same niches. The multiple species are use the same resources in a different ways or different time. After primary succession has occurred then species is the first to colonize the area.
When organisms of two same species use the limited resources and have a negative impact on each other,then it is known as competition.There are some examples or species which compete for resources such as sharks, dolphins,seabirds ,etc they all are same type of fish in ocean ecosystem.
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What is the norm of reaction? Multiple choice question. The combination of tissues and organs that are affected by a pleiotropic mutation The phenotypic range displayed by individuals with a particular genotype under different environmental conditions The ability of a single wild-type allele to produce enough protein to confer a wild-type phenotype in a heterozygote
The norm of reaction refers to the phenotypic range displayed by individuals with a particular genotype under different environmental conditions.
Norm of Reaction
The norm of reaction or the reaction norm refers to the range of phenotypes exhibited by a genotype in varying environmental conditions. The norm of reaction assesses the environmental variation and its contribution to producing the phenotypic variation that may occur in the same or related species.
Phenotypes and Environment
The production of a phenotype depends on the genotype and the interaction of the same with the environment. The norm of reaction often represents the limit of phenotypic variations possible for a genotype in an environment. The interaction of genotype and environment was described by Richard Woltereck. Such interactions occur in many dimensions and multiple levels of development.
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Based on genetic analysis of living primates calibrated by the fossil record, it is estimated that apes and Old World monkeys diverged into separate lineages around __________ mya.
Based on genetic analysis of living primates calibrated by the fossil record, it is estimated that apes and Old World monkeys diverged into separate lineages around 25 mya.
Miocene apes and modern apesThe size of the hands is one way that Miocene primates and modern apes differ.The prehistoric primate genus Sivapithecus, which lived between 23.7 and 5.3 million years ago, is regarded to be the orangutan's closest living relative.Early in the Miocene, primitive catarrhines, apes, and Old World monkeys were confined to Africa, but by the middle and late Miocene, they had expanded to Eurasia as well. Close relatives of living lorises include Nycticeboides and Nycticebus.Proconsul africanus, a species of ape, flourished between 23 and 14 million years ago during the Miocene epoch. It ate fruit, but probably not as much fruit as an ape does now, and had a brain that was larger than a monkey's.
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