boiling point (bp) elevation is a colligative property. rank the following 0.10 m solutions from lowest to highest bp. i. ammonia ii. methylamine iii. diethylamine iv. t-butylamine

The distance molecules diffuse in a medium is an example of diffusion after a tie of 3'To is 1.73 × Ro. Thus, the correct option is D.

Diffusion is a physical process that occurs when molecules in a substance move from a region of high concentration to a region of lower concentration until a uniform concentration is obtained. The molecules continue to move even after the concentration is uniform, but at a slower rate.

One-dimensional diffusion is a special case of diffusion that occurs in a straight line, with no other directions being affected. It only occurs in one direction, resulting in a change in concentration. For instance, diffusion across a flat surface. Formula to calculate distance traveled in time T using one-dimensional diffusion is:

Ro² = 2D × T

where, Ro is the distance traveled by the molecules in time T, and D is the diffusion coefficient of the substance in the medium.

The distance that the molecules will have diffused in a time of 3'To will be: Ro×√3. Using the formula of one-dimensional diffusion and solving for the distance Ro, we have:

Ro² = 2D × To

Solving for Ro, we get: Ro = √2D × To

After a time of 3'To, the molecules would have traveled a distance of Ro × √3.

Therefore, the correct option is D.

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76 grams of potassium chloride will not dissolve in 100 grams of water at 20°C.

The solubility of potassium chloride in water at 20°C is approximately 34 grams per 100 grams of water.

So, if 100 grams of water can dissolve 34 grams of potassium chloride, then the maximum amount of potassium chloride that can be dissolved in 100 grams of water at 20°C is 34 grams.

Therefore, the amount of potassium chloride that will not dissolve in 100 grams of water at 20°C is:

110 grams - 34 grams = 76 grams

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According to the given equilibrium concentrations, the system is said to be at equilibrium as the concentration of substances does not change.

Kc can be calculated by dividing the product of the concentrations of the products by the product of the concentrations of the reactants, each raised to the power corresponding to its stoichiometric coefficient.

The expression for Kc, which is a measure of the equilibrium constant, is: [COCl₂]/[CO][Cl₂] = 1.5 × 10⁴

Equilibrium concentrations: [COCl₂] = 0.0040 M

[CO] = 0.00021 M

[Cl₂] = 0.00040 M

Substituting the values into the equilibrium constant expression:

[COCl₂]/[CO][Cl₂] = (0.0040) / [(0.00021) (0.00040)] =1.5 × 10⁴

The numerical value of the expression is the same as the numerical value of Kc. As a result, the system is already in equilibrium since it has the same equilibrium constant value as the one provided. No shift is necessary to attain equilibrium as it is already achieved.

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3. a) One possible mechanism for this reaction is: 3 Fe + 4 H₂O ⇌ Fe₃O₄ + 4 H₂

b) A catalyst is a substance that increases the rate of a chemical reaction without undergoing any permanent chemical change itself.

c) second-order reaction.

4. a) The expression of the equilibrium constant for the given reaction is:

Kc = ([Fe₃O₄][H₂]⁴) / ([Fe]³[H₂O]⁴)

b) Increasing the pressure will favor the indirect reaction and slow down the direct reaction.

c) Since the indirect reaction is favored by the increased pressure, the chemical equilibrium will shift to the right, towards the product side.

The method of initial rates involves measuring the initial rate of the reaction under different initial concentrations of the reactants. By comparing the initial rates, we can determine the order of the reaction with respect to each reactant.

Assuming that the rate law of the reaction is:

rate = k[Fe]^x[H₂O]^y

where k is the rate constant, and x and y are the orders of the reaction with respect to Fe and H2O, respectively.

Experimentally, measure the initial rate of the reaction under different initial concentrations of Fe and H₂O while keeping the concentration of the other reactant constant.

For example, suppose we measure the initial rates of the reaction at the following initial concentrations:

Experiment #1: [Fe] = 0.1 M, [H₂O] = 0.2 M, initial rate = 0.005 M/s

Experiment #2: [Fe] = 0.2 M, [H₂O] = 0.2 M, initial rate = 0.02 M/s

Experiment #3: [Fe] = 0.4 M, [H₂O] = 0.2 M, initial rate = 0.08 M/s

Use the rate data to determine the orders of the reaction with respect to Fe and H₂O. To do this, we compare the initial rates of the reaction under different initial concentrations of Fe and H₂O while keeping the concentration of the other reactant constant.

Suppose we double the concentration of Fe while keeping the concentration of H₂O constant. According to experiment 2 and experiment 1, the rate of the reaction doubles. This means that the order of the reaction with respect to Fe is 1.

Similarly, if we double the concentration of H₂O while keeping the concentration of Fe constant, we can see that the rate of the reaction doubles from experiment 1 to experiment 3. This means that the order of the reaction with respect to H₂O is also 1.

Therefore, the overall order of the reaction is the sum of the orders of the reactants, which is:

overall order = 1 + 1 = 2

Hence, the given reaction is a second-order reaction.

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The complete question is:

3. For the reaction at equilibrium: 3Fe+410 Fe,0+4H a) Identify a possible mechanism. b) Define catalyst c) Determine the general order of the reaction. 4. For the reaction at equilibrium: 3Fe+410 Fe,0+4H a) Write the expression of the equilibrium constant. b) Show how the speed of the direct and indirect reaction changes, if the pressure increases 3 times. e) Argue whether the chemical equilibrium shifts when the pressure increases 3 times. (4 points)​

The main site for water reabsorption along the nephron is the renal tubules

Particularly the proximal tubule and the descending limb of the loop of Henle. As filtrate flows through the renal tubules, water and solutes are selectively reabsorbed into the bloodstream, with the majority of water reabsorption occurring in the proximal tubule. In this region, water is reabsorbed via osmosis, facilitated by the presence of aquaporin channels in the apical and basolateral membranes of the tubule cells. The descending limb of the loop of Henle is also important for water reabsorption, as it is permeable to water but not solutes, allowing for the creation of a concentration gradient that facilitates water reabsorption in the later parts of the nephron.

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The spectator ions in the reaction between silver nitrate and hydroiodic acid are nitrate ions (NO₃₋) and hydrogen ions (H⁺).

In order to identify the spectator ions in this reaction, we need to first write out the balanced chemical equation for the reaction:

AgNO₃(aq) + HI(aq) → AgI(s) + HNO₃(aq)

In this equation, the silver nitrate (AgNO₃) reacts with hydroiodic acid (HI) to produce a precipitate of silver iodide (AgI) and nitric acid (HNO₃).

The spectator ions are those ions that do not participate in the reaction, but remain in the solution unchanged. In this case, the nitrate ions (NO₃₋) from silver nitrate and the hydrogen ions (H⁺) from hydroiodic acid are the spectator ions, as they are present on both the reactant and product side of the equation.

In other words, the nitrate ions and hydrogen ions are not involved in the formation of the precipitate of silver iodide, and do not undergo any chemical change themselves.

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The order of oxyacids in decreasing acid strength is:

This order of  oxyacids is based on the number of oxygen atoms bonded to the central atom (in this case, Cl or Br) and the strength of the bond between the central atom and the oxygen atoms. The more oxygen atoms that are bonded to the central atom, the stronger the acid. Additionally, the strength of the bond between the central atom and the oxygen atoms increases as the electronegativity difference between the two atoms increases, making the acid stronger. HClO3 has the most oxygen atoms and the strongest bond, making it the strongest acid, while HBrO has the fewest oxygen atoms and the weakest bond, making it the weakest acid.

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No, an electroscope cannot measure quantitative charges because it only indicates the presence or absence of charge.

An electroscope is a straightforward tool used to find electrical charges. Based on the idea that like charges repel one another, it causes an object, such as a leaf or a needle, to move away from another that is charged. An electroscope, however, cannot reveal the magnitude or size of the charge that is present.

A more advanced instrument, like an electrometer, which is capable of measuring small electric charges with a high degree of accuracy, would be required to measure quantitative charges. The output of detectors like Geiger counters and particle detectors, as well as static charges, are frequently measured using electrometers in scientific research and engineering applications.

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The complete question is-

Can an electroscope measure quantitative charges?

The equilibrium equation for the reaction between hydrochloric acid (HCl) and calcium carbonate (CaCO3)

2HCl + CaCO3 → CaCl2 + CO2 + H2O

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From highest to lowest atomic radius:

Potassium > Lithium > Carbon > Boron > Fluorine.

Atomic number is the number of protons found in the nucleus of an atom, which determines the element and its unique properties. It is denoted by the symbol "Z" and is listed in the periodic table of elements along with the element's symbol, name, and atomic mass.

The nucleus is the central core of an atom, composed of protons and neutrons, which are collectively known as nucleons. It is located at the center of the atom and contains almost all of its mass. The number of protons in the nucleus determines the identity of the atom and is referred to as the atomic number. The nucleus is held together by the strong nuclear force, which is one of the four fundamental forces of nature.

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Answer:

400 cm³

Explanation:

n = number of moles (mol)

c = concentration (mol/dm³)

v = volume (dm³)

Relevant formula:

n = c × v

Note: remember to convert to appropriate units

20 cm³ = 0.02 dm³

n = 2 × 0.02

n = 0.04

This means there is 0.04 moles of the solute, i.e. the substance being diluted;

Since we also know the final concentration, we can work out the volume using the same formula:

0.04 = 0.1 × v

v = 0.04/0.1

v = 0.4 dm³ = 400 cm³

The least energetic spectral line in the infrared series of an atom is n = 3. The energy of the electron in the n = 3 state is -1.51 x 10⁻¹⁹ J.

The formula used to calculate wavelength of a photon is given as:

λ = c / ν

where

c = the speed of light = 2.998 × 10⁸ m/sν = the frequency of the photon

The frequency of the photon absorbed for a transition of an electron from the n = 3 state is given by:

ΔE = E_final - E_initial

where

ΔE = the energy absorbed

The energy of the electron in the n = 2 state is -3.40 x 10⁻¹⁹ J.

these values, we can calculate the energy of the absorbed photon.

ΔE = -1.51 × 10⁻¹⁹ J - (-3.40 × 10⁻¹⁹ J)ΔE = 1.89 × 10⁻¹⁹ J

The frequency of the photon is given by:

ΔE = hν

Where

ν = ΔE / hν = 1.89 × 10⁻¹⁹ J / (6.63 x 10⁻³⁴ J·s)

ν = 2.85 x 10¹⁴ Hz

The wavelength of the photon is given by:

λ = c / νλ = 2.998 × 10⁸ m/s / 2.85 x 10¹⁴ Hzλ = 1.05 × 10⁻⁶ m

Therefore, the wavelength of the photon absorbed for a transition of an electron from the n = 3 state that results in the least energetic spectral line in the infrared series of the atom is 1.05 × 10⁻⁶ m (rounding to significant figures).

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The reaction is given by:C2H6(g) + 3O2(g) → 2CO2(g) + 3H2O(g), o) From the balanced chemical equation, we can see that 1 mole of ethane gas reacts with 3 moles of oxygen gas to produce 2 moles of carbon dioxide gas.  3.92 moles of oxygen gas will react with (1/3) × 3.92 = 1.307 moles of ethane gas. This will produce 1.307 × 2 = 2.614 moles of carbon dioxide gas. q) 6.20 moles of ethane gas will react with 6.20 × 3 = 18.60 moles of oxygen gas. This will produce 6.20 × 2 = 12.40 moles of carbon dioxide gas.r) This means that all the oxygen gas will be consumed in the reaction. Therefore, there will be no excess oxygen gas remaining after the reaction. s) 4.203 moles of ethane gas will be in excess after the reaction.

The equation is now balanced as there are equal numbers of each type of atom on both sides of the equation. 6.20 moles of ethane gas will react with 6.20 × 3 = 18.60 moles of oxygen gas. This will produce 6.20 × 2 = 12.40 moles of carbon dioxide gas. From the balanced chemical equation, we can see that 3 moles of oxygen gas react with 1 mole of ethane gas to produce 2 moles of carbon dioxide gas. Therefore From the balanced chemical equation, we can see that 1 mole of ethane gas reacts with 3 moles of oxygen gas to produce 2 moles of carbon dioxide gas.

From the balanced chemical equation, we can see that 1 mole of ethane gas reacts with 3 moles of oxygen gas to produce 2 moles of carbon dioxide gas. Therefore, 5.69 moles of oxygen gas will react with (1/3) × 5.69 = 1.897 moles of ethane gas. This will produce 1.897 × 2 = 3.794 moles of carbon dioxide gas. This means that 6.10 − 1.897 = 4.203 moles of ethane gas will be in excess after the reaction.

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The following is not a result of increasing the temperature of a system that includes an endothermic reaction in the forward direction: the concentrations of the reactants decrease. Therefore, the correct answer is D.

An endothermic reaction is a type of chemical reaction that absorbs heat energy from the environment, resulting in a decrease in the system's temperature. Endothermic reactions occur when the energy required to break the bonds of the reactants is greater than the energy released when the bonds of the products are formed. In an endothermic reaction, energy is absorbed by the system from its surroundings.

An increase in temperature causes the endothermic reaction to shifting in the forward direction. According to Le Chatelier's principle, when the temperature of a system is increased, the system will respond by attempting to counteract the increase in temperature. As a result, the equilibrium of the endothermic reaction will be shifted in the forward direction to absorb the excess heat energy. The concentration of the reactants decreases while that of the products increases. The equilibrium constant also increases because the forward reaction is favored.

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Answer:

The meltdown in which of the following structures at a nuclear power plant, such as Chernobyl, would most likely lead to the accidental release of radiation is reactor core. Answer:e

Explanation:

What is the Chernobyl nuclear disaster?

The Chernobyl nuclear disaster was a catastrophic nuclear accident that occurred on April 26, 1986, at the No. 4 reactor in the Chernobyl Nuclear Power Plant, located in the northern Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic.

The explosion and subsequent fires resulted in the release of significant amounts of radioactive material into the atmosphere, as well as widespread contamination of the environment.

What was the cause of the Chernobyl nuclear disaster?

During a reactor systems test, an unforeseen combination of factors caused the core of one of Chernobyl's reactors to overheat and explode, releasing radioactive material into the surrounding area. The resulting steam explosion and fires killed two plant workers at the time of the accident and injured hundreds of others.

The explosion also resulted in the deaths of dozens of firefighters and other emergency workers in the aftermath of the disaster.

What was the impact of the Chernobyl nuclear disaster on the environment?

The Chernobyl nuclear disaster resulted in the release of significant quantities of radioactive material, including iodine-131 and cesium-137, which have been linked to a variety of environmental issues. These substances are still present in the environment, and their long-term effects on humans and wildlife are still being investigated.

However, the disaster has had a significant impact on the environment in the years following the accident, including the contamination of water and soil, the displacement of wildlife, and the potential long-term health effects on local populations.

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The main difference between a saturated solution and a supersaturated solution is concentration of the solute.

A saturated solution contains the maximum amount of solute that can be dissolved under the given conditions, while a supersaturated solution contains more solute than is normally possible. A saturated solution contains the maximum amount of solute that can be dissolved in a given solvent at a specific temperature and pressure. In a saturated solution, the concentration of solute is in equilibrium with the concentration of undissolved solute, which is in dynamic equilibrium with the dissolved solute. A supersaturated solution, on the other hand, is a solution that contains more solute than is normally possible to dissolve in the solvent under the given conditions.

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The following changes would be expected in the pond over the same time period include increased levels of heavy metals and increased number of fish species. Thus, the correct options are II and III.

pH is an essential factor in pond ecosystems. Any change in pH has a substantial effect on aquatic life. The pH of a pond is affected by a variety of factors. Acid rain, industrial contamination, and sewage pollution are just a few examples. The following changes would be expected in the pond over the same time period:

Increased levels of heavy metals, which are caused by pollution. This increased levels of heavy metals would result in the loss of several fish species from the pond.

Therefore, the correct option will be D.

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Answer: 2.77

Explanation: pH=-log[H+] (=-log[H3O+])

pH=-log[1.7*10^-3]=2.77

Answer: I think its 111.6

Explanation:

When the pH of a solution is given and the solution is of a weak acid, you can use the pH to find the percent ionization.

The percent ionization for a weak acid is calculated by the formula:

% ionization = Ka / [HA] x 100.

Ka is the acid dissociation constant, and [HA] is the initial concentration of the weak acid. In this case, we have nitrous acid (HNO2), which is a weak acid with a dissociation constant of 4.5 x 10⁻⁴.

To calculate the percent ionization of a 0.125 M solution of nitrous acid (HNO2) with a pH of 2.0, we can first use the pH to find the concentration of H+ in the solution,

then use that to calculate the concentration of HNO2 (the weak acid), and finally use both of those values to calculate the percent ionization. Step-by-step explanation:

From the pH, we know that: pH = -log[H+]. Rearranging this equation gives us: [H+] = 10⁻⁴ pH. Plugging in the pH of 2.0, we get: [H+] = 10⁻².0 = 0.01 M. Since HNO2 is a weak acid, it does not dissociate completely in the solution.

Instead, it dissociates according to the equation:

HNO₂ + H₂O ↔ H₃O+ + NO₂⁻.

The equilibrium constant expression for this reaction is Ka = [H3O+][NO2-] / [HNO2]. Since HNO2 is a weak acid, we can assume that it does not dissociate completely, so the concentration of HNO2 at equilibrium will be equal to the initial concentration.

Therefore, we can simplify the expression to Ka = [H3O+]² / [HNO2].

Rearranging this equation gives us: [HNO2] = [H3O+]² / Ka. Plugging in the values we found above, we get [HNO2] = (0.01 M)² / 4.5 x 10⁻⁴ = 0.222 M.

Now we can use both the concentration of HNO2 and the dissociation constant to calculate the percent ionization using the formula: % ionization = Ka / [HA] x 100.

Plugging in the values we found above, we get % ionization = 4.5 x 10⁻⁴ / 0.125 M x 100 = 0.36%.

Therefore, the percent ionization of a 0.125 M solution of nitrous acid (HNO2) with a pH of 2.0 is 0.36%.

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The total number of valence electrons that are present in a molecule of PCl3 is 26.

PCl3 stands for Phosphorus Trichloride. The molecular structure of PCl3 is trigonal pyramidal. It has three chlorine atoms and one phosphorus atom, which are bonded by three covalent bonds.

In order to determine the total number of valence electrons in PCl3, first we have to Count the valence electrons present in each atom. Phosphorus has 5 valence electrons. Chlorine has 7 valence electrons then Add the valence electrons from each atom.

P = 5 e- (phosphorus has 5 valence electrons)

Cl = 7 e- (chlorine has 7 valence electrons)

Total valence electrons in PCl3 = 5 + 7 × 3 = 5 + 21 = 26.

Therefore, there are 26 valence electrons in a molecule of PCl3.

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The tests to distinguish aldehydes and ketones involve the addition of an oxidant. This is because aldehydes can be easily oxidized because there is a hydrogen next to the carbonyl, and oxidation does not require a catalyst.

In general, aldehydes and ketones can be differentiated by the use of a wide range of chemical reagents. Tests for detecting these functional groups are usually based on their distinctive properties, such as the capacity to react with oxidizing agents or nucleophiles, which give different functional group products when they interact with aldehydes or ketones. Since these functional groups have differing properties, it is critical to employ distinct methods for their identification.

However, the use of oxidizing reagents to differentiate between aldehydes and ketones is one of the most frequent approaches. This is due to the presence of a hydrogen atom attached to the carbonyl group in aldehydes, which is readily oxidized by reagents such as Tollens' reagent (Ag2O/NH3) or Benedict's reagent (CuSO4 + NaOH). Hence, many tests to distinguish aldehydes and ketones involve the addition of an oxidant, this is because aldehydes can be easily oxidized because there is a hydrogen next to the carbonyl, and oxidation does not require a catalyst. Therefore, the third option is the only correct one.

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We need to use the psicrometra, a branch of thermodynamics that studies the behaviour of heated air, to address this problem. We can calculate the amount of water that is eliminated each kilogramme of air.

that passes through as well as the volume of air needed to remove 20 kilogrammes of water per hour by using the air entry and exit conditions in the continuous separator.To achieve this, we will use the properties of air and the psicrometric table, which correlates the properties of warm air such as temperature, relative humidity, and specific humidity.

Water loss rate per kilogramme of air flow:

First, we must figure out the precise humidity of the entrance and exit air. The specific humidity is the amount of water in the air per kilogramme of dry air.

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The atmosphere, which is represented by Area 1, is the main source of nitrogen on Earth. About 78% of the Earth's atmosphere is made up of nitrogen gas (N2), which is essential to numerous industrial and biological processes.

Sadly, I am unable to give a precise response without access to the question's referenced illustration. I can, however, give some general knowledge about the nitrogen cycle and the various nitrogen reserves on Earth.

The environment contains nitrogen, an element that is necessary for life, in a variety of forms, including nitrogen gas (N2), ammonia (NH3), nitrite (NO2), nitrate (NO3-), and organic nitrogen. A number of biological and chemical mechanisms are used in the nitrogen cycle to change nitrogen's form and transfer it through various reservoirs.

The atmosphere, which contains around 78% nitrogen gas, is the planet's biggest source of nitrogen. Unfortunately, most organisms cannot access atmospheric nitrogen directly; instead, it must be transformed into a useful form through  nitrogen fixation. Nitrogen fixation is the process of converting atmospheric nitrogen into ammonia or other organic nitrogen compounds, which can be taken up by plants and other organisms.

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The pOH of an aqueous solution at 25. 0 °C in which [OH-] is 0. 0030 M is pOH = 2.52.

The hydroxide ion (OH-) concentration of a solution is quantified by pOH. As a result, it may sometimes be used to determine a substance's alkalinity or even electrical conductivity. More exactly, pOH is the negative logarithm of the equation for the hydroxide ion content:

pOH = 14 - pH

pOH can be used as a corrosion indicator for the conductivity of an electrolyte in a galvanic cell. The quantity of ions that serve as charge carriers affects a solution's conductivity. Consequently, the more OH- ions there are, the more alkaline the solution is, the more conductivity the electrolyte has, and the more galvanic corrosion occurs.

We have,

[OH-] as 0.0030 M

pOH = -log₁₀[OH⁻]

= - log₁₀ [0.003]

= -(-2.52)

pOH = 2.52

Therefore, the value of pOH =2.52

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The change in energy when 10.0 g of H₂ gas completely reacts with excess oxygen to form water is -285.8 kJ.

This can be determined by analyzing the thermochemical equation provided. This equation states that when 10.0 g of H₂ gas reacts with excess oxygen, it will produce 18.0 g of water and -285.8 kJ of energy.

The equation also reveals that the reaction is exothermic, meaning that energy is released during the reaction. The quantity of energy released is -285.8 kJ.

This means that when 10.0 g of H₂ gas reacts with excess oxygen to form water, there is a decrease in energy of -285.8 kJ.

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The term that refers to the attraction of water molecules to one another is "cohesion". The correct answer is option: b. cohesion.

Cohesion is a property of water molecules that arises from their polarity and hydrogen bonding. The oxygen atom in each water molecule is partially negative, while the hydrogen atoms are partially positive, creating a polar molecule. The polar nature of water allows the oxygen atoms in one molecule to form hydrogen bonds with the hydrogen atoms in nearby water molecules, resulting in a strong attraction between them. This cohesive property of water is responsible for many of its physical properties, such as surface tension and capillary action.  Option b is correct.

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The balanced equation for the reaction of chromium and sulfuric acid is: 2Cr + 3H2SO4 → Cr2(SO4)3 + 3H2. The sum of the coefficients is 9.

Make sure the number of atoms of each element on either side of the equation is equal. To do this, you can start by counting the atoms of each element on either side of the equation and making sure they are equal.

There are 2 chromium atoms on the left side, and 2 chromium atoms on the right side. There are also 3 hydrogen atoms on the left side, and 3 hydrogen atoms on the right side.

Finally, there are 3 sulfur atoms on the left side and 3 sulfur atoms on the right side.

Once you have established that the atoms are equal, you must then make sure that the coefficients are equal. To do this, you must multiply each atom on the left side by a coefficient.

The smallest set of whole number coefficients for this equation is 2Cr, 3H2SO4 on the left side, and Cr2(SO4)3 and 3H2 on the right side. This means that the sum of the coefficients is 9.

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Answer:

[tex]\frac{18}{9} F[/tex] The closest answer to your question would be Fluorine (F), no atom has 7 protons and 11 electrons.

Explanation:

The atomic number is the number of protons (Z)

The mass number is the number of protons + the number of neutrons (A)

The atomic symbol identifies the element (X)

[tex]\frac{A}{Z}X[/tex]

a) The energy absorption associated with bands in an infrared spectrum is of lower energy than the lines appearing in a visible line spectrum because infrared light has a longer wavelength than visible light, meaning that the energy required for the absorption is lower. b) The type of energy transition occurring in a molecule that causes a band to appear in an infrared spectrum is a transition from one vibrational state to another. c) The type of energy transition occurring in an atom that causes a line to appear in a visible line spectrum is an electronic transition.

a) The energy absorption related to bands in an infrared spectrum is lower in energy than the lines appearing in a visible line spectrum. The energy absorption in infrared spectrum ranges from [tex]4000 cm^{-1} to 400 cm^{-1}[/tex] . The visible spectrum of lines comes from the emission spectra of atoms, and each line corresponds to a particular energy level transition in an atom. The energy absorption related to bands in an infrared spectrum is lower in energy than the lines appearing in a visible line spectrum. The frequency of energy is higher when electromagnetic radiation has a shorter wavelength (or greater frequency). Electromagnetic radiation is characterized by frequency and wavelength, which are inversely proportional. Thus, radiation with a greater frequency has a shorter wavelength, whereas radiation with a lower frequency has a longer wavelength.

b) When a molecule absorbs energy, it undergoes an energy transition from one energy level to another. Infrared absorption spectroscopy measures the vibrations of molecular bonds, which correspond to the transitions between the vibrational energy levels of a molecule. Molecular vibrational energy is absorbed when infrared radiation is absorbed. When the energy absorbed is equal to the difference between the vibrational energy states of the molecule, an infrared band is observed.

c) Visible line spectra are produced when electrons transition from a higher energy level to a lower one, causing a photon of light to be emitted. When an atom absorbs energy, such as from a flame, a plasma arc, or an electrical discharge, its electrons can be promoted to higher energy levels. When the electrons relax back to the ground state, they emit energy in the form of electromagnetic radiation. The emitted light occurs in different regions of the visible spectrum, with each color corresponding to a specific energy level transition of the atom.

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