CaCO, (s) ở CaO (8) + CO, (g) AH' - 178 kJ/mol. The reaction system represented above is at equilibrium. Which of the following will decrease the amount of CaO(8) in the system? a. Increasing the volume of the reaction vessel c. Removing some CO (9) b. Lowering the temperature of the system d. Removing some Caco, (8)

Among the options provided, the mixing process that would be expected to absorb energy in a similar amount to that which is released is option C, CCl4 and H2O.

When two substances are mixed, the mixing process can either release or absorb energy, depending on the nature of the interaction between the substances. If the mixing process releases more energy than it absorbs, the process is exothermic. Conversely, if the mixing process absorbs more energy than it releases, the process is endothermic.

Among the options provided, the mixing process that would be expected to absorb energy in a similar amount to that which is released is option C, CCl4 and H2O. This is because CCl4 is a nonpolar molecule that cannot form hydrogen bonds with water molecules, and water is a polar molecule. Therefore, the mixing of CCl4 and water involves breaking hydrogen bonds in water and disrupting its structure, which requires energy. At the same time, some energy is released when the nonpolar CCl4 molecules interact with each other. The net effect is a mixing process that absorbs and releases energy in roughly equal amounts, making it a near-neutral process.

In contrast, the other mixing processes listed are either more exothermic or more endothermic. NaCl and H2O is an exothermic process because the ions in NaCl interact with the polar water molecules, forming ion-dipole interactions, and releasing energy. NaCl and CCl4 is also exothermic because both NaCl and CCl4 are ionic compounds that can form ion-ion interactions. HCl and CCl4 is an exothermic process because HCl is a polar molecule that can form dipole-dipole interactions with CCl4, releasing energy.

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In compounds, nitrogen and phosphorus frequently form covalent bonds to produce bonds. The valence electrons on nitrogen and phosphorus atoms determine how many total covalent bonds they typically form. While phosphorus can make three or five covalent bonds, nitrogen normally only forms three.

Nitrogen (N), a nonmetallic element belonging to Periodic Table Group 15 [Va]. It is a colorless, flavorless, and odorless gas that makes up the majority of the atmosphere on Earth and is a component of all living things. Nitrogen is a chemical element with the symbol N and atomic number 7. Nitrogen is a nonmetal and the lightest element in the pnictogens, group 15 of the periodic table. It is a common element in the universe and is thought to be the eighth most abundant element overall in the Milky Way and the Solar System.

The primary source of nitrogen for atmospheric deposition is the combustion on fossil fuels like coal and oil. Nitrogen may be deposited in the atmosphere as dry particulates, gases, or droplets or as a wet form such as rainfall, snow, hail, fog, or freezing rain. Nitrogen primarily comes from the atmosphere. It is made comprised of this harmless, colorless gas in 78 percent of its composition.

N2: triple bond; three covalent bonds are being formed by nitrogen.

NH3: three single bonds, three covalent bonds being formed by nitrogen.

NH2Cl: nitrogen is making three covalent bonds, two of which are single bonds and one is a double bond.

NO: Nitrogen is making two covalent bonds, one single bond and one double bond.

HNO: nitrogen is making two covalent bonds, one single and one double.

HCN: three covalent bonds are being formed by nitrogen, including one single bond and one triple bond.

HPS: phosphorus is making three covalent bonds, one single bond, two double bonds, and one single bond.

PH3: phosphorus is creating three covalent bonds from three single bonds.

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All the compounds given are soluble in water. The compounds that behave as nonelectrolyte(s) in solution are glucose and glycerol.

Nonelectrolytes are compounds that do not dissociate into ions in water and therefore do not conduct electricity.

Glucose (I) and glycerol (III) are both examples of nonelectrolytes. They are soluble in water but do not dissociate into ions, so they do not conduct electricity.

Potassium nitrate (II), acetic acid (IV), and ammonium carbonate (V) are all electrolytes, meaning they dissociate into ions in water and conduct electricity.

Therefore, the compounds that would behave as nonelectrolytes in solution are glucose (I) and glycerol (III) and all the given compounds are soluble in water.

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The statement which is false is option 4, when a substance evaporates, a major fraction of the intermolecular forces are disrupted. Because, evaporation needs higher energy.

Intermolecular forces are the forces of attraction that held the molecules of a compound together. There are various types of intermolecular forces, such as hydrogen bonding, dipole - dipole forces, dispersion forces etc.

To melt or boil a compound, energy have to absorbed by the molecules to weaken the intermolecular forces. The enthalpy change of a phase change is the change in heat absorbed or released during the phase transition.

All the statements are correct, except the fourth one which says evaporation leads to disruption of small fraction of intermolecular forces. But in fact, evaporation of a compound, affect the entire intermolecular forces in the compound.

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Identifying the molecule with the most intense C-C signal in an IR spectrum in the following manner.

Infrared spectroscopy (IR) detects the vibrations of covalent bonds in a molecule. The C-C bond typically absorbs in the mid-infrared (MIR) region, between 1200-800 cm^-1. The intensity of the C-C signal depends on the strength of the bond, the symmetry of the molecule, and the number of C-C bonds present.

Changing Ha and Hb to Br: This substitution will not necessarily increase the strength of the C-C bond or the number of C-C bonds, and may not affect the symmetry of the molecule. Therefore, this change is unlikely to produce a molecule with the most intense C-C signal.

Changing Ha to F and Hc to Br: This substitution will create a fluorine atom on one of the carbons and a bromine atom on another carbon. The electronegativity of fluorine is greater than that of carbon, which may result in a stronger C-C bond. Additionally, the molecule will have two different halogen atoms, which could increase the intensity of the signal due to increased symmetry. Therefore, this change could potentially create a molecule with a more intense C-C signal.

Changing Ha to F and Hd to Br: Similar to the above, this substitution will create a fluorine atom on one of the carbons and a bromine atom on another carbon. The molecule will also have two different halogen atoms, which could increase the symmetry of the molecule and the intensity of the signal. Therefore, this change could potentially create a molecule with a more intense C-C signal.

Changing Ha to F: This substitution will not necessarily increase the strength of the C-C bond or the number of C-C bonds, and may not affect the symmetry of the molecule. Therefore, this change is unlikely to produce a molecule with the most intense C-C signal.

Changing Ha to F and Hb to Br: This substitution will create a fluorine atom on one of the carbons and a bromine atom on another carbon. The molecule will have two different halogen atoms, which could increase the symmetry of the molecule and the intensity of the signal. However, it may not necessarily increase the strength of the C-C bond or the number of C-C bonds. Therefore, this change is less likely to create a molecule with the most intense C-C signal compared to the previous two changes.

Overall, changing Ha to F and Hc or Hd to Br may potentially create a molecule with the most intense C-C signal in an IR spectrum. However, it's important to note that other factors could also impact the intensity of the signal, and that the specific molecule in question needs to be examined to make an accurate prediction.

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The macroscopic absorption cross-section of SS-304 is 5.34*10^-2 cm^-1 and a neutron will travel 18.7 cm in SS-304 before being absorbed.

The macroscopic absorption cross-section of SS-304 can be calculated using the equation:

Σa = Nσa

Where N is the number density of the material and σa is the microscopic absorption cross-section.

First, we need to calculate the number density of each element in SS-304:

N₍c₎ = (0.08/100) * (7.86 g/cm^3) / (12.011 g/mol) * (6.022*10^23 atoms/mol) = 1.57*10^21 atoms/cm^3

N₍cr₎ = (19/100) * (7.86 g/cm^3) / (51.996 g/mol) * (6.022*10^23 atoms/mol) = 1.44*10^22 atoms/cm^3

N₍ni₎ = (10/100) * (7.86 g/cm^3) / (58.693 g/mol) * (6.022*10^23 atoms/mol) = 8.08*10^21 atoms/cm^3

N₍fe₎ = (71.92/100) * (7.86 g/cm^3) / (55.845 g/mol) * (6.022*10^23 atoms/mol) = 4.88*10^22 atoms/cm^3

Next, we can plug in the values for the number density and the absorption cross-sections into the equation:

Σa = (1.57*10^21 atoms/cm^3) * (0.0034 b) + (1.44*10^22 atoms/cm^3) * (3.1 b) + (8.08*10^21 atoms/cm^3) * (4.43 b) + (4.88*10^22 atoms/cm^3) * (2.55 b)

Σa = 5.34*10^-2 cm^-1

To find the average distance a neutron will travel in this material before being absorbed, we can use the equation:

l = 1/Σa

l = 1/(5.34*10^-2 cm^-1)

l = 18.7 cm

Therefore, on average, a neutron will travel 18.7 cm in SS-304 before being absorbed.

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1) The equilibrium constant is K< 10^-3

2) The reaction makes more lime at higher temperatures.

3) The equilibrium lies to the far left

4) The equilibrium lies to the far right

The equilibrium constant, also known as the reaction quotient, is a value that describes the relative concentrations of reactants and products in a chemical reaction at equilibrium. It is denoted by the symbol "Kc" and is defined as the ratio of the product of the concentrations of products raised to their stoichiometric coefficients to the product of the concentrations of reactants raised to their stoichiometric coefficients.

In mathematical terms, the equilibrium constant can be expressed as:

Kc = [C]^c [D]^d / [A]^a [B]^b

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Both staining methods rely on heat and the use of different types of stains to differentiate between different structures within bacterial cells.

The Ziehl-Neelsen acid-fast staining method and the Schaeffer-Fulton endospore staining method are both types of differential staining methods used in microbiology. They are used to identify specific structures or components within bacterial cells.

One thing that the two staining methods have in common is that they both involve heat in the staining process. The Ziehl-Neelsen acid-fast staining method involves heating the slide containing the bacterial sample with a solution of carbol fuchsin, which helps to penetrate the waxy cell wall of acid-fast bacteria.

Both staining methods also involve the use of different types of stains to selectively color different structures within bacterial cells. In the Ziehl-Neelsen acid-fast staining method, acid-fast bacteria retain the carbol fuchsin stain, while non-acid-fast bacteria are decolorized and counterstained with a contrasting color.

In the Schaeffer-Fulton endospore staining method, endospores are stained with a primary stain (malachite green), and then counterstained with a contrasting color (safranin).

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The statement that is true of water's tensile strength is: it involves both cohesion and adhesion. Option A, B and C are correct.

Tensile strength refers to the ability of a liquid to resist being pulled apart. In the case of water, its tensile strength is due to both cohesion, the attraction between water molecules, and adhesion, the attraction between water and other surfaces.

Water's hydrogen bonding creates strong cohesive forces between water molecules, allowing them to stick together and resist being pulled apart. Meanwhile, water's adhesion allows it to stick to other surfaces, such as the walls of a narrow tube, which helps to pull water through plants.

Therefore, while both statements (a) and (b) are partially correct, statement (c) is the most accurate as it encompasses both cohesion and adhesion, which together contribute to water's tensile strength.

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Choosing the appropriate phrase for a scientific essay is selecting one that Choosing the preferred course is preferable to making a sacrifice. The best phrases can sometimes be shortened despite their length.

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Nucleophilic addition of the carbonyl group can occur with the formation of an alkoxide ion.

A carbonyl group is a functional group consisting of a carbon atom double bonded to an oxygen atom. Compounds containing a carbonyl group are carboxylic acids, esters, aldehydes, and ketones.

Whereas a nucleophile is a species (ion or molecule) that is strongly attracted to a region that is positively charged to something else.

The difference between a nucleophile and a Lewis base is that the nucleophile attacks a positively charged center such as a partially positively charged carbon atom (Cδ+), while a Lewis base attacks a proton (H+) or a partially positively charged hydrogen atom (Hδ+).

So if the nucleophilic addition of the carbonyl group under alkaline conditions occurs, the formation of alkoxide ions can occur.

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0.76 moles are present in 64.7 g of NaNO[tex]_3[/tex]. a mole is a proper scientific unit used to measure significant amounts.

In chemistry, a mole is a proper scientific unit used to measure significant amounts of extremely small things such as atom, molecules, as well as other designated particles. It is also spelt mol.

The mole denotes a massive amount of units, 6.02214076 1023. The mole was established by the General Conference on Measurement and Weights as this amount again for International System of Units (SI).

mole = mass/ molar mass

         = 64.7 /84.99

         =0.76moles

Therefore, 0.76 moles are present in 64.7 g of NaNO[tex]_3[/tex].

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The symmetry operations are, E (identity operation), C2 (rotation by 180 degrees about the carbon-carbon double bond), C2' (rotation by 180 degrees about the axis passing through both chlorine atoms), sigma_v (reflection through a plane perpendicular to the carbon-carbon double bond), sigma_v' (reflection through a plane perpendicular to the axis passing through both chlorine atoms), i (inversion through a point at the midpoint of the carbon-carbon double bond).

The molecule 1,3-dichloropropadiene has the chemical formula C3H2Cl2.

There are four atoms in the molecule, and each atom has a set of valence electrons that can be used to form chemical bonds. We can identify two C2 axes that pass through the carbon-carbon double bond, and one C2 axis that passes through both chlorine atoms. There are also two perpendicular planes of symmetry that bisect the molecule, one containing the carbon-carbon double bond and the other containing the two chlorine atoms.

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Sucrose is a macromolecule from the given options.

Macromolecule is defined as any very large molecule, usually with a diameter ranging from about 100 to 10,000 angstroms (10−5 to 10−3 mm). The molecule is the smallest known of the substance that retains its characteristic properties.

The main 4 types of macromolecules are the carbohydrates, lipids (or fats), proteins, and nucleic acids. All of the major macromolecule classes are similar, in nature that, they are large polymers which are assembled from small repeating monomer subunits.

Sucrose isn't a type of macromolecule. Sucrose is the most common disaccharide, which consists of monomers of glucose and fructose. Hence, option D is correct.

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Option (B) Formed when each atom shares one of its outer-orbit electrons with the other atom.

In a covalent bond, two atoms share a pair of electrons to complete their outermost (valence) electron shell. This sharing of electrons results in a stable electronic configuration for both atoms. Covalent bonds can be polar or nonpolar, depending on the electronegativity difference between the atoms. They are generally weaker than ionic bonds, but stronger than intermolecular forces. Option (B) Formed when each atom shares one of its outer-orbit electrons with the other atom is the correct answer for this question. This sharing of electrons results in a stable electronic configuration for both atoms.

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By inducing them to precipitate, the following ions could be separated by adding HCl:

Ag+, Hg22+, Pb2+

Hydrochloric acid, sometimes known as HCl, is a potent, extremely acidic mixture of hydrogen chloride (HCl) and water. It is a liquid that is colorless, corrosive, and has a strong odor. It is frequently used in industrial and laboratory settings for tasks like metal cleaning, pickling, and pH control.

Ag+, Hg22+, and Pb2+ ions would precipitate from the mixture with the addition of HCl because they produce insoluble chlorides. Hg22+, Pb2+, and Ag+ all produce a white precipitate of AgCl, a yellow precipitation of Hg2Cl2, and a white precipitate of PbCl2. Due to the fact that they either do not create chlorides or their chlorides are soluble in water, the other ions in the combination would not precipitate with the addition of HCl.

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The results of the given operations expressed in scientific notation are:

a. 3.01 * 10⁻¹ g

b. 6.957 x 10⁹ g

c. 3.21 * 10¹ m

d. 4.338 * 10⁻⁸ g/mL

The results of the following operations expressed in scientific notation are as follows:

a. (1.54 x 10⁻² g) + (2.86 x 10⁻¹ g)

= 0.154 x 10⁻¹ g + 2.86 x 10⁻¹ g

= 3.01 * 10⁻¹ g

b. (7.023 x 10⁹ g) - (6.62 x 10⁷g)

= 7.023 x 10⁹ g - 0.0662 x 10⁹ g

= 6.957 x 10⁹ g

c. (8.99 × 10⁻⁴ m) x (3.57 x 10⁴ m)

= 3.21 * 10¹ m

d. 2.17 × 10⁻³ g / 5.002 x 10⁴ mL

= 4.338 * 10⁻⁸ g/mL

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The given reaction is a second order reaction with the rate constant, k = 2.25 × 10⁻².

Since the concentration doesn't change uniformly with respect to time, hence the reaction cannot be zero order,

A(o) = [A(t)] + kt

Now, if we check the half-life is not coming in constant interval time limit, hence the reaction cannot be first order,

In{A(o)/A(t)} = kt  [Since for the first order reaction, the half life is independent of concentration]

Let us assume that the reaction is second order

1/[AB(T)] = 1/[AB(o)] + kt

1/0.459 = 1/0.950+ k(50)

k = 2.25 × 10⁻²

Taking another sample point to check if it is second order

1/0.302 = 1/0.950 + k(100)

k = 2.25 × 10⁻²

So, the value is constant, hence the reaction is second order

The value of rate constant will be 2.25 × 10⁻²  with the units M^(-1) s^(-1)

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The condensed structure for the each of these skeletal structures are :

1) (CH₃)₃C CH₂ Cl

2) CH₃  CH₂  NH CH CH₂

The condensed formula is the atom symbols for the molecule that are listed in the order that they appear in the molecule's structure are in the condensed formula, that excludes or it restricts the use of the  bond dashes.

In the Lewis  structure all the bonds and the lone pairs of the electrons should be shown. But in the condensed formula we will condensed the molecule without showing the bonds. So we will always remove the bonds from the  Lewis structure.

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There is no significant difference in the iridium concentration in rocks from 3.6 billion years ago and rocks from other time periods, is the suitable hypothesis related to whether meteorites hit the earth 3.6 billion years ago.

A suitable null hypothesis related to whether meteorites hit the earth 3.6 billion years ago could be: "There is no significant difference in the iridium concentration in rocks from 3.6 billion years ago and rocks from other time periods."

This would allow scientists to test whether the iridium found in rocks from 3.6 billion years ago is consistent with the hypothesis that it was brought to Earth by meteorites.

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The pH of a solution is the negative logarithm of its H + ion concentration. Molarity of the H+ ions here is 1.12×10⁻⁵ M. The pH of the 4.95.The solution is highly acidic.

The pH of a solution is the measure of its H + ion concentration. It describes how much acidic or basic is the solution. A pH of 7 indicates neutrality and a pH above 7 is basic and pH below 7 is acidic.

pH is the negative logarithm of H+ ion concentration of the solution.

pH = - log (H+)

Given that, number of moles of H+ = 0.0074 moles.

(since [H+] = [Cl-])

volume  = 660 L.

then, molarity = no.of moles/ volume

[H+] = 0.0074/660 L = 1.12×10⁻⁵ M

pH = - log (1.12×10⁻⁵ M)

     = 4.95

Therefore, the pH of the HCl solution is 4.95 and the solution is acidic.

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A molecular geometry differs from an electron-pair geometry when the central atom in a molecule has no lone pairs of electrons. Option E.

Molecular geometry and electron-pair geometry differ in their consideration of lone pairs of electrons on the central atom of a molecule.

The electron-pair geometry is determined by the number of electron pairs (both bonding and non-bonding) around the central atom, regardless of whether the electron pairs are in bonding or non-bonding orbitals.

Molecular geometry, on the other hand, takes into account only the arrangement of the bonded atoms around the central atom, ignoring any non-bonding electron pairs.

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The biodegradation reaction rate coefficient (d-1) must be achieved  for the required concentration of exit stream is 0.003456 /day.

The term biodegradation is defined as the degradation of the materials into environmentally acceptable products such as water, carbon dioxide, and biomass by the action of naturally available microorganisms under normal environmental conditions.

Suppose C₀ represent the initial concentration of the biodegradable organic material = 100 g/L = 100 g/m³

Then,C be the concentration of biodegradable organic material that leaves the lagoon = 20 mg/L = 20 g/m³

Now, the rate constant be k

Let V be the volume of the lagoon

= 10 hectares × 1 m

= 100000 × 1

= 100000 m³

F₀ be the flow rate of in fluent into the first lagoon = 8640 m³/day

(kC₀V/F₀) = (C₀ - C)/C

(k×100×100000/8640)

= (100-20)/20

k = (4×8640)/(100×100000)

= 0.003456 /day

Thus, The biodegradation reaction rate coefficient (d-1) must be achieved  for the required concentration of exit stream is 0.003456 /day.

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In the last iteration of the simplex method, the system of equations will be: [tex]600[/tex]

[tex]x1 + x2 = 50[/tex]   (Constraint 1: total number of bottles)

[tex]3x1 + 5x2 = 150[/tex]  (Constraint 2: total cost)

[tex]x1 > = 0[/tex]  (Non-negativity constraint for x1)

[tex]x2 > = 0[/tex] (Non-negativity constraint for x2)

[tex]Max Z = 10x1 + 20x2[/tex] (Objective function)

Iteration is a way to solve a problem by repeating a process. It can be expressed mathematically as:

f(x) = x + 1

Where f(x) is the iterative function and x is the number of iterations. Each iteration adds 1 to the previous value of x. Iteration is commonly used for software development, and it is a fundamental concept in computer programming. Iteration involves taking a set of instructions and repeating them until a certain condition is met or a specific result is achieved.

In the last iteration of the simplex method, the system of equations will be:

[tex]x1 + x2 = 50\\3x1 + 5x2 = 150[/tex]

[tex]x1 = 30[/tex]   (basic variable)

[tex]x2 = 20[/tex]  (basic variable)

[tex]Max Z = 10(30) + 20(20) = 600[/tex]   (Optimal Solution)

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In a bridged bicyclic system, a substituent is nearer or closer to the shorter bridge that joins the two carbons common to both rings. Electron-withdrawing substituents in the dienophile will increase the reaction rate of a Diels-Alder reaction. For conjugated dienes, the s-cis conformation has two double bonds on the same side of the single bond, whereas the s-trans conformation has two double bonds on the opposite side of the single bond. The Diels-Alder reaction is an addition reaction between a diene and an alkene called a dienophile, to form a new six-membered ring. A bicyclic ring system in which the two rings share non-adjacent carbon atoms is called a spiro ring system.

The Diels-Alder reaction is a chemical reaction between a diene and a dienophile, resulting in the formation of a cyclic compound called a cycloadduct.

In the Diels-Alder reaction, the diene acts as a nucleophile, while the dienophile acts as an electrophile. The reaction involves the formation of a new carbon-carbon bond between the diene and the dienophile, with the loss of two pi electrons. The reaction is typically carried out in the presence of a Lewis acid catalyst, which helps to polarize the dienophile and promote the reaction.

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H2 cannot be the chemical symbol for an element.

Chemical elements, functional groups, and compounds are all denoted by chemical symbols, which are shorthand abbreviations. Chemical elements are typically represented by one or two letters from the Latin alphabet, with the first letter capitalized.

Dihydrogen is referred to as H2. It is a gas molecule, an elemental molecule, and an elemental hydrogen. Dihydrogen is not a name for an element in the periodic table.

Two hydrogen atoms are linked by a single bond to form the elemental molecule known as dihydrogen. It serves as a fuel, an electron donor, an antioxidant, a human metabolite, and a component of the food packaging gas. It is a gas molecule, an elemental molecule, and an elemental hydrogen.

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Answer:

Mg3N2

Explanation:

In the reaction: 4 NH₃ + 5 O₂ → 4 NO + 6 H₂O, the reactants are NH₃ and O₂ and the products are NO and H₂O.

The balanced chemical reaction is given as,

4 NH₃ + 5 O₂ → 4 NO + 6 H₂O

The substance present in the left of the arrow in a chemical equation are called reactants. Basically, a reactant is a substance that is present at the start of a chemical reaction. The substance(s) present in the right of the arrow are called products. Basically, a product is defined as a substance that is present at the end of a chemical reaction.

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Answer:

(a) The electron configuration 1s22s32p3 is not possible because it violates the Pauli exclusion principle, which states that no two electrons in an atom can have the same set of four quantum numbers. The 2p sublevel can hold a maximum of six electrons, with two electrons in each of the three orbitals. Therefore, the 2p sublevel cannot accommodate five electrons as in the given configuration.

(b) The electron configuration 1s22s22p33s6 is not possible because it violates the Aufbau principle, which states that electrons fill orbitals in order of increasing energy, starting from the lowest energy level. The 3s sublevel has a lower energy than the 3p sublevel, so it should be filled before the 3p sublevel. Therefore, the configuration should be 1s22s22p63s2 instead.

(c) The electron configuration 1s22s22p73s23p8 is not possible because it violates the Pauli exclusion principle. The 3p sublevel can hold a maximum of six electrons, with two electrons in each of the three orbitals. Therefore, the 3p sublevel cannot accommodate eight electrons as in the given configuration.

(d) The electron configuration 1s22s22p63s23p14s23d14 is not possible because it violates the Hund's rule, which states that electrons fill orbitals of the same energy level singly, with parallel spins, before they pair up. In the 3d sublevel, the five d orbitals are degenerate (have the same energy). Therefore, the electrons should first fill each of the five d orbitals singly, before pairing up. The correct configuration for this atom should be 1s22s22p63s23p63d54s2 instead.

Explanation:

The ground state electron configuration of an atom is the arrangement of electrons in the lowest energy levels available, according to the rules of the Aufbau principle, Pauli exclusion principle, and Hund's rule.

(a) The electron configuration 1s22s32p3 is not possible because it violates the Pauli exclusion principle, which states that no two electrons in an atom can have the same set of four quantum numbers. The 2p sublevel can hold a maximum of six electrons, with two electrons in each of the three orbitals. Therefore, the 2p sublevel cannot accommodate five electrons as in the given configuration.

(b) The electron configuration 1s22s22p33s6 is not possible because it violates the Aufbau principle, which states that electrons fill orbitals in order of increasing energy, starting from the lowest energy level. The 3s sublevel has a lower energy than the 3p sublevel, so it should be filled before the 3p sublevel. Therefore, the configuration should be 1s22s22p63s2 instead.

(c) The electron configuration 1s22s22p73s23p8 is not possible because it violates the Pauli exclusion principle. The 3p sublevel can hold a maximum of six electrons, with two electrons in each of the three orbitals. Therefore, the 3p sublevel cannot accommodate eight electrons as in the given configuration.

(d) The electron configuration 1s22s22p63s23p14s23d14 is not possible because it violates the Hund's rule, which states that electrons fill orbitals of the same energy level singly, with parallel spins, before they pair up. In the 3d sublevel, the five d orbitals are degenerate (have the same energy). Therefore, the electrons should first fill each of the five d orbitals singly, before pairing up. The correct configuration for this atom should be 1s22s22p63s23p63d54s2 instead.

The mass of chromium in 100 g of the first sample is 17.82 g. Then, the mass of bromine in 100 g of the sample is 82.18 g. Therefore, there will be 0.21 g per 1 g of bromine.

The mass percent of an element or group in a mixture or compound is the indicating how much gram of the element is present in 100 g of the sample.

Thus it is the ratio of its mass to the total mass of the sample multiplied by 100.

Given that the first sample of chromium bromide contains 17.82% of chromium. Hence, 17.82 g of Cr is present in 100 g of the sample.

Then, mass percent of Br = 100 - 17.82 g = 82.18 g.

Thus, for 82.18 g of Br, there is 17.82 g of Cr.

Then, for 1 g of Br:

17.82/82.18 = 0.216 g of Cr is present.

Therefore, mass of chromium per 1 g of bromide is 021 g.

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