Light phenomena can be better explained by a transverse wave model rather than a longitudinal wave model.
This is because light waves oscillate perpendicular to the direction of their propagation, which is the characteristic of a transverse wave. On the other hand, longitudinal waves oscillate parallel to their propagation direction, which is not the case for light waves.
Additionally, the behavior of light waves in different mediums, such as reflection and refraction, can be explained by the transverse wave model. When light waves hit a surface, they bounce off at the same angle they hit the surface, which is known as the law of reflection. Similarly, when light waves pass through a medium with a different refractive index, they bend or change direction, which is known as refraction. These phenomena can be explained using the wave nature of light and its transverse oscillations.
Therefore, it is safe to say that the transverse wave model is a better explanation for light phenomena than the longitudinal wave model.
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Light phenomena can be better explained by a transverse wave model rather than a longitudinal wave model. This is because light waves are known to have electric and magnetic fields that are perpendicular to each other and to the direction of the wave propagation.
This characteristic of light waves is consistent with the properties of transverse waves where the displacement of particles is perpendicular to the direction of wave propagation.
On the other hand, longitudinal waves have displacements that are parallel to the direction of wave propagation, which is not observed in light waves.
Therefore, the transverse wave model provides a more accurate explanation for the behavior of light waves.
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A total electric charge of 4.00 nC is distributed uniformly over the surface of a metal sphere with a radius of 26.0 cm. The potential is zero at a point at infinity.
for what we can get from our side then we will see if they are being made in a letter or something which is leading enormous growth in cities with brick and its own way that it will not on the market and its not a good life for us to stay in and
It's a duty of the AHJ to
A. make revisions to the Code.
B. interpret NEC rules.
C. review installation designs and determine if they fall under Code jurisdiction
D. ensure the suitability of installations for future expansion.
The duty of the AHJ is to: (C). review installation designs and determine if they fall under Code jurisdiction
Meaning of AHJAHJ can be defined as that means Authority Having Jurisdiction
AHJ can be defined as an organization, office, or individual that are responsible for the issuance of permits, enforcing the requirements of a code or standard and approving materials or a procedure.
In conclusion, The role of the AHJ are outlined in the paragraph above.
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Calculate the “index of refraction” of a medium where the speed of light through it is 1.24 x 108 m/s. Use the GRASS method, write your solution on paper and insert an image of it below
The index of refraction of the medium where the speed of light is 1.24× 10⁸m/s, is 2.42.
To find the answer, we need to know about the relation between the refractive index and velocity of light.
What's the the expression of refractive index of a medium in term of velocity of light?Refractive index of any medium (n)= C/VC= speed of light in vaccum which is 3×10⁸ m/s , V = velocity of light in the mediumWhat's the refractive index of a medium in which speed of light is 1.24 x 10⁸ m/s?Refractive index of the medium =
3×10⁸/1.24 x 10⁸
= 2.42
Thus, we can conclude that the refractive index of the medium is 2.42.
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Example of a solid that sunlines is ( ? )
An example of a solid that sunlines is a billboard.
What is a billboard?A billboard simply refers to a very large board which is usually, frequently and most of the time used for displaying advertisements
So therefore, an example of a solid that sunlines is a billboard
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If I connect an inductor (L) to a capacitor (C), I will get an LC oscillator circuit with some natural frequency omega. If I were to quadruple the capacitance of the circuit, what would be the new natural frequency
The new natural frequency would be ω/2.
we know that,
[tex]f = \frac{1}{2 pi \sqrt{LC} }[/tex] = ω. -> equation 1
now, when capacitance is quadrupled,
[tex]f' = \frac{1}{2 pi \sqrt{L ( 4C )} }[/tex]
[tex]f' = \frac{1}{2 pi (2)\sqrt{LC} }[/tex]. -> equation 2
substituting value of equation 1 in equation 2 , we get,
[tex]f' = \frac{w}{2}[/tex]
Hence, the new natural frequency of the circuit is ω/2.
what do you mean by frequency ?
The resonant frequency for a particular circuit is the frequency at which this equality stands true. Where L is the inductance in henries and C is the capacitance in farads, this is the LC circuit's resonant frequency.
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An 80,000 kg plane is flying at 900 km/h at a height of 10 kilometers. What is its total mechanical energy? Group of answer choices 478 MJ 250 MJ 10,340 MJ 773 MJ
The mechanical energy of the given flying object is 10,340 MJ. So the correct choice is 10,340 MJ.
Mechanical energy: The mechanical energy of an object is the sum of its potential energy and kinetic energy.
The formula for the mechanical energy E is:
E=K+U
where K is the kinetic energy and U is the potential energy.
Kinetic energy: The energy possessed by an object due to the motion.
The kinetic energy is given by the formula,
K=(1/2)*(mv^2)
where m is the mass of the object and v is the velocity of the object.
Potential energy: The energy possessed by an object due to its relative position from a given point.
The potential energy is given by the formula,
U=m*g*h
where g is the acceleration due to gravity and h is the height of the object from the ground.
Substitute K=(1/2)*(mv^2) and U=m*g*h in the formula of the mechanical energy to get the following formula,
E=(1/2)*(mv^2)+m*g*h
Given that m=80000 kg, h=10 km, and v=900 km/h, and the value of g is 9.8 m/s^(-2), the value of the total mechanical energy is,
E=(1/2)*(80,000 kg)(900 km/h )^2+(80,000 kg)*(9.8 m/s^(-2))*(10 km)
Note: 1 km= 1000 m and 1 km/h = 5/18 m/s. 1 MJ = 10^(6) J
E=(1/2)*(80,000 kg)*(900*(5/18) m/s )^2+(80000 kg)*(9.8 m/s^(-2))*(10000 m)
E=(1/2)*(80,000 kg)*(250 m/s)^2+7840*10^(6) J
E=2500*10^(6) J+7840*10^(6) J
E=10340*10^(6) J
E=10340 MJ
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When a car driving up a hill with constant speed: I. its kinetic energy is decreasing. II. its potential energy is constant. III. its total mechanical energy is constant. Group of answer choices II I III none of the above
A car driving up a hill at a constant speed experiences no change in its kinetic energy while it's potential energy increases with increasing height, thus none of the options are correct.
Understanding the concept
Consider a car moving up the hill at a constant speed as shown in the figure below. The following forces act on the car:
N is the normal reaction force acting in an upward directionf_s is the static friction force exerted due to friction between the road and the tires of the carf_k is the rolling friction force in the direction opposing that of the tiremg is the force acting in a downward direction.θ is the angle of inclination.Here as the car is moving up the hill at a constant speed, the net force exerted on the car is zero. Also, the kinetic energy of the car will not change as its velocity is constant and the potential energy will change with increasing height. Thus, none of the given options are correct.
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If the freezing point of all ices was at a much lower temperature, what change would that imply for the formation of our solar system?
The gas giants would have to form at a larger distance from the sun this change would that imply for the formation of our solar system.
Why do gas giants form further from the Sun?The larger gas and ice giants have a tendency to form further from the Sun because the regions closer to the Sun are too warm for the lighter gases to condense there. The gas giants' primary characteristic is their extreme distance from the Sun. Because of this, these planets kept the majority of the gas and volatiles that made up the majority of the proto-solar nebula throughout the formation of the Solar System.
In the gas-rich debris disk that envelops a newborn star, gas giants may form. Asteroids and comets collide to form a core, and once this core reaches a certain mass, its gravitational pull quickly pulls gas from the disk to form the planet.
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Describe 4 criteria you would use to compare energy sources.
The 4 criteria you would use to compare energy sources are;
1. It is necessary to assess whether or not they are renewable.
2. It is necessary to be aware of the amount of energy that is provided per energy source unit.
3. You have to be aware of how risky it is to utilize different types of energy sources.
4. It is necessary to be aware of the effects that various types of energy sources have on the surrounding environment.
This is further explained below.
What are energy sources.?Generally, A source from which energy that may be used can be collected or recovered, either directly or by means of a process of conversion or transformation
In conclusion, 1. You must decide if they are renewable or not.
2. You must be aware of the amount of energy provided per unit of energy source.
3. You must be aware of the safety of using various energy sources.
4. Need to understand how various energy sources affect the environment.
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If the lens in a person's eye is too highly curved, this person is suffering from?
If the lens in a person's eye is too highly curved, this person is suffering from: nearsightedness.
lens is a piece of transparent material (such as glass) that has two opposite regular surfaces either both curved or one curved and the other plane and that is used either singly or combined in an optical instrument for forming an image by focusing rays of light.
The lens is used to form an image of an object by focusing rays of light from the object.
Various types of lenses are :
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Write an expression for the x-component of acceleration of the given velocity field as a function of x, y, z, and/or t.
Write an expression for the x-component of acceleration of the given velocity field as a function of x, y, z, and/or t.
v={4yti-2xtj}m-s
what is acceleration vector?We frequently wish to know an object's acceleration vector at any point along its trajectory in addition to its displacement and velocity vectors. This acceleration vector, which represents the instantaneous acceleration, may be found by taking the velocity function's derivative with respect to time, as we saw in the previous chapter. The fact that these are now vector quantities is the only variation in two or three dimensions. The same approach that was demonstrated in the previous chapter for one-dimensional motion can be used to tackle multidimensional motion with constant acceleration. As we previously demonstrated, motion in three dimensions is comparable to motion in three one-dimensional space along axes that are all perpendicular to one another.
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convert 14 mg to kg ....
14mg = 14 × 10^-3 g
= 14 × 10^-3 / 10^3 kg
= 14 × 10^-6 kg
= 0.014 kg
☆...hope this helps...☆
_♡_mashi_♡_
Answer:
0.000014 kg
Explanation:
what is coulomb law explain it
Coulomb law depicts the mathematical relationship between the electric force and the charged objects.
What is Coulomb law?This law states that the electric force is directly proportional to the product of the charged objects.
The electric force is also inversely proportional to the square of the distance between the charges and is denoted below:
F= kq1q2/ r²
where :
F=electric force
k=Coulomb constant
q1, q2=charges
r=distance of separation
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The weight of a hydraulic barber's chair with a client is 2000 N. When the barber steps on the input piston with a force of 40 N, the output plunger of a hydraulic system begins to lift the chair. Determine the ratio of the radius of the output plunger to the radius of the input piston.
Answer: The weight of a hydraulic barber's chair with a client is 2000 N. When the barber steps on the input piston with a force of 40 N, the output plunger of a hydraulic system begins to lift the chair. Then the ratio of the radius of the output plunger to the radius of the input piston will be 7.07.
Explanation: To find the answer, we have to know more about the Pascal's law and the hydraulic lift.
What is pascal's law and how it is used in case of hydraulic lift?The law states that, the pressure exerted at any point on an enclosed liquid is transmitted equally in all directions.A hydraulic lift consists of two cylinders connected to each other by pipe.If the force F1 applied on the smaller piston of area A1, the pressure exerted will be,[tex]P_1=\frac{F_1}{A_1}[/tex]
By pascal's law, the pressure transmitted to the large piston of large area A2 will be,[tex]P_2=\frac{F_2}{A_2}[/tex]
Then,[tex]\frac{F_2}{A_2} =\frac{F_1}{A_1}[/tex]
How to solve the problem?We have to find the ratio of the radius of the output plunger to the radius of the input piston.We have the equation for this as,[tex]\frac{A_{Plunger}}{A_{piston}} =\frac{F_{Plunger}}{F_{piston}}[/tex]
[tex]\frac{R_{Plunger}}{R_{piston}}=\sqrt{ \frac{F_{Plunger}}{F_{piston}}}=\sqrt{\frac{2000}{40} } =7.07[/tex]
Thus, we can conclude that, the ratio of the radius of the output plunger to the radius of the input piston will be 7.07.
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The position of a car at time t is given by the function p(t)=t2 2t−4. What is the velocity when p(t)=11? assume t≥0
The velocity when function p(t)=11 is 8 .
According to the question
The position of a car at time t represented by function :
[tex]p(t)=t^{2} +2t-4[/tex]
Now,
When function p(t) = 11 , t will be
[tex]p(t)=t^{2} +2t-4[/tex]
11 = t²+2t-4
0 = t² + 2t - 15
or
t² +2t-15 = 0
t² +(5-3)t-15 = 0
t² +5t-3t-15 = 0
t(t+5)-3(t+5) = 0
(t-3)(t+5) = 0
t = 3 , -5
as t cannot be -ve as given ( t≥0)
so,
t = 3
Now,
the velocity when p(t)=11
As we know velocity = [tex]\frac{position}{time}[/tex]
therefore to get the value of velocity from function p(t)
we have to differentiate the function with respect to time
[tex]\frac{d(p(t))}{dt} =\frac{d}{dt} (t^{2} +2t-4)[/tex]
v(t) = 2t + 2
where v(t) = velocity at that time
as t = 3 for p(t)=11
so ,
v(t) = 2t + 2
v(t) = 2*3 + 2
v(t) = 8
Hence, the velocity when function p(t)=11 is 8 .
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Which planet has the most extreme temperature difference between day and night?
Answer:
Explanation:
Mercury, the first planet from the Sun, endures drastic temperature changes from day to night. During the day, the planet is incredibly near to the Sun, with temperatures reaching 430°C.
A group of friends wants to go to the amusement park. They have no more
than $325 to spend on parking and admission. Parking is $11, and tickets cost
$39.25 per person, including tax. Use the drop-down menu below to write an
inequality representing p, the number of people who can go to the
amusement park.
Answer:
4x + 3
Explanation:
The number of people who can go to the amusement park is 8.
What is meant by mathematical inequality ?The mathematical expressions with inequalities are those with unequal sides on both sides. Unlike equations, we compare two values when we work with inequality.
Here,
The total amount they have, z = $325
Amount of parking charge, x = $11
Amount for ticket cost, y = $39.25
Let the number of people who can go to the amusement park be p.
So, the expression for the inequality can be written as,
x + yp = z
Applying the values of x, y and z,
11 + 39.25p ≤ 325
39.25p ≤ 325 - 11
39.25p ≤ 314
Therefore, the number of people who can go to the amusement park,
p ≤ 314/39.25
p ≤ 8
Hence,
The number of people who can go to the amusement park is 8.
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In an MRI, the magnetic field B is generated by a solenoid of length 100 cm and diameter of 90 cm. The B field generated is one (1) T. The largest current the wire can carry is 76 A. _____ turns of solenoid is needed.
Given,
L=100 cm=0.1 m
D=90 cm
B=1 T
I=76 A
B*L=μnI
1 *0.1= 4π*[tex]10^{-7}[/tex]*n*76
n= 1047
So the turns of solenoid needed is 1047.
SolenoidA solenoid with infinite length but finite diameter is said to be infinite. In this abstraction, the solenoid is frequently seen as a cylindrical sheet of conductive material. The term "continuous" refers to the fact that the solenoid is not made up of discrete coils with finite widths but rather numerous infinitely thin coils joined together without any gaps. An indefinitely long solenoid has a homogenous magnetic field inside of it that is independent of the cross-sectional area or the distance from the axis. This is a long enough derivation of the magnetic flux density surrounding a solenoid that fringe effects may be disregarded.
In an MRI, the magnetic field B is generated by a solenoid of length 100 cm and diameter of 90 cm. The B field generated is one (1) T. The largest current the wire can carry is 76 A. 1047 turns of solenoid is needed.
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you are the person in charge of building a nuclear power plant in florida. your first choice is to select a
Answer: you are the person in charge of building a nuclear power plant in Florida. your first choice is to select a site for building the power plant.
Explanation: To find the answer, we need to know more about the nuclear power plants and the criteria to select the site for power plant.
What you mean by nuclear power plants?Nuclear power can be defined from the nuclear fission reaction.These power plants will heat the water to produce steam and this steam is used to spin large turbines and thus generates electricity.How to select the site for nuclear power plant?We have to consider the following things,keep distance from populated area.distance from load center.Accessibility to site.Water availability and fuel availability.waste disposal.Thus, we can conclude that, before building a nuclear power plant, our first choice should be to select a site.
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2. What is the structure of electric circuits? Can a branch of a circuit contain three elements? Can there be a branch which doesn’t contain any circuit elements21?
First electric circuit means, the circuit has elements like resistors, capacitors, and inductors along with sources. Any electric circuit comprises nodes, branches, and meshes.
The joining point of two elements is called a node. The element between two nodes is called a branch. In branch, only one series element is possible to connect but in parallel, it can have N number of elements. No branch without elements in electric circuits.
A resistor is an electrical aspect that limits or regulates the go with the flow of electrical modern-day in a digital circuit. Resistors can also be used to offer a selected voltage for an energetic device together with a transistor.
The resistor is described as. A passive electrical issue with two terminals that can be used for both limiting or regulating the glide of electric contemporary in electric circuits. the main cause of the resistor is to lessen the modern-day go with the flow and to lower the voltage in any unique part of the circuit.
A resistor works by using proscribing the float of current, it may try this in one in all 3 approaches: first off, by using a much less conductive cloth, secondly by making the conductive fabric thinner, and sooner or later by making the conductive fabric longer.
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According to the superstring theories, gravitation has its own energy-sharing particles called _____, analogous to photons and electromagnetism.
Graviton
Graviton, postulated quantum that is thought to be the carrier of the gravitational field. It is analogous to the well-established photon of the electromagnetic field.
What is Superstring theories ?String theory states that everything in our Universe is made up of tiny vibrating strings. These strings are one dimensional objects and are identical to one another.
Every fundamental particle that we know such as electrons, quarks, photons, gluons, etc are made up of these strings.String theory has contributed a number of advances to mathematical physics, which have been applied to a variety of problems in black hole physics, early universe cosmologyLearn more about Superstring theories here:
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While the skin has the ability to block uv light which may cause damage, it also has the ability to absorb:__________
While the skin has the ability to block UV light which may cause damage, it also has the ability to absorb Drugs.
Skin is the largest organ of the body. It is usually soft, and flexible outer tissue. It is involved in Protection, Sensation and Regulation. It has the ability to Block UV light through Melanin and it has ability to absorb drugs through the Dermal Absorption through the skin. It is porous and hence has the ability to absorb:
DrugsAcrylatesPharmaceutical productsIsocyanatesMercuryPolychlorinated biphenyls (PCB)Some nutrients like Vitamin E, Vitamin CHyaluronic acidHair follicles and the pores absorbs the best present all over the body.
Substances can enter the skin through openings, getting absorbed into the dermis where blood vessels nourish the skin.
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In example 18. 4 of the text, the deflection angle of the laser beam as it exits the prism is 22. 6º. If the prism had been made of glass instead of polystyrene plastic, what would the deflection angle have been?.
The deflection angle would have been 37.29º if the prism had been made of polystyrene plastic.
What is the deflection angle?
A deflection angle is an angle between the onward extension of the previous leg and the line ahead.
Here,
deflection angle as laser enters the beam, B = 22.6º
refraction index of glass, n1= 1.52
refraction index of polystyrene plastic, n2 = 1.59
for the second surface,
B = 45º - 22.6º
B = 22.40º
According to Snell's law:
n1 sinФ1 = n2 sinФ2
sin B / sinФ = n1 / n2
sinФ = (sin 22.40º) * ( 1/ 1.59)
Ф = 37.29º
Thus,
The deflection angle would have been 37.29º if the prism had been made of polystyrene plastic.
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A 5.0-kg bar of lead is placed inside a 12-L chamber filled with helium gas. The temperature of the lead and helium is the same. How do the average kinetic energies of the lead atoms and helium atoms compare
As the temperature of the lead and helium is the same. Thus the average kinetic energy is also the same for lead and helium.
Reason:
It is given that a 5.0-kg bar of lead is placed inside a 12-L chamber filled with helium gas. The temperature of the lead and helium is the same. It is required to compare the average kinetic energy of the lead atoms and helium atoms.
The average kinetic energy is calculated as, [tex]K=\frac{3}{2} \frac{R}{N} T[/tex].
Here K is the average kinetic energy, R is the gas constant, N is the Avogadro's number, and T is the temperature.
As the temperature is the same for both lead and helium. As a result, the average kinetic energy is also the same for lead and helium.
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A car travels around an unbanked highway curve (radius 0.15 km) at a constant speed of 25 m/s. What is the magnitude of the resultant force acting on the driver, who weighs 0.80 kN
The magnitude of the resultant force acting on the driver, who weighs 0.80 kN
What is resultant force:The total amount of force acting on the object or body along with the direction of the body.
The formula for the resultant force vector is given by Newton's Second law. F=ma.
here
speed, v = 25 m/s
radius, r = 0.15 km = 150 m
weight, w = 0.80 kN = 800 N
we know that,
W = m*g
800 = m * 9.8
m = 800 / 9.8
m = 81.63 kg
magnitude of the resultant force:
F = m*v^2 / r
F = 81.63 * 25^2 / 150
F = 340.13 N
F = 0.34 kN
hence,
The magnitude of the resultant force acting on the driver, who weighs 0.80 kN
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What is the lowest acceptable overvoltage category rating for an ammeter that will be used to test outdoor conductors
CAT IV is the lowest acceptable overvoltage category rating for an ammeter.
What is CAT IV rating?According to IEC 1010 and UL61010-1 standards, the overvoltage installation categories for low voltage systems of less than 1000 Volts test equipment are described by the CAT III & IV ratings. This describes a component's capacity to withstand transient or impulsive voltage. Our voltage indicators meet the necessary standards to be utilized as permanently mounted test equipment for fixed installations such switchgear, MCCs, bus and feeder in industrial plants, and low voltage connections to utility power.
A component can be positioned or utilized further downstream from the voltage source the lower the number, which also indicates how much less impulse it can withstand. Installation at the origin or at the utility level falls under CAT IV, the highest classification. Our products have a 600V at CAT IV.
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At the end of a quiet inspiration, an additional volume of air can be inhaled. What is this additional amount of air called
Inspiratory reserve volume is the additional amount of air that can be inhaled at the end of quiet inspiration.
Inhalation : The act of drawing air into the lungs during inspiration, also known as inhalation.
By establishing a pressure differential between the lungs and the atmosphere, it is accomplished.
The diaphragm contracts toward the abdominal cavity as air enters the lungs, creating more room in the thoracic cavity for the air to fit.
Inspiratory reserve volume is the additional volume of air that can be maximally inspired after finishing a typical, quiet inspiration.
Or the volume of air that can be inhaled following a regular breath is known as the inspiratory reserve volume.
It is denoted by IRV.
In men average IRV is 3.3 L whereas in women it is about 1.9 L
Hence, Inspiratory reserve volume is the additional amount of air that can be inhaled at the end of quiet inspiration.
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Explain how energy balance sets planetary temperature? Imagine a planet colder than expected for energy balance and explain why it warms up just enough to achieve energy balance but no more (assume no greenhouse gases).
The planetary temperature energy balance is obtained by radiating back the absorbed radiation energy from outer-space, by the planet and thus acquiring thermal equilibrium.
What is the process of attaining thermal equilibrium by Earth?
The Stefan-Boltzmann law states that the more the temperature a planet has, the more it will radiate out to reach thermal equilibrium.
We know that outer space contains large masses of radiative energy freely distributed in its vast expanse. A small fraction of this energy is absorbed by the Earth through the atmosphere, surface land, clouds etc.
Now, radiative balance is achieved when a planet's surface continuously warms up until it reaches its peak at which point the same amount of absorbed energy can then be radiated back to space. The relative amount of energy radiated back by a planet is dependent upon the size of the planet.
A colder planet relatively absorbs lower amount of radiation energy from space. In some time, as the planet heats up enough, the energy is radiated back to the space attaining thermal equilibrium.
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Use the periodic table to answer this question.
Decomposing calcium carbonate yields calcium oxide and carbon dioxide.
What information is needed to calculate the mass of calcium oxide that can be produced from 4.7 kg of calcium carbonate?
A.molar masses of calcium, carbon, and oxygen
B.the balanced chemical equation
C.number of molecules of calcium carbonate
D.molar mass of calcium carbonate
You need the atomic mass of calcium, oxygen and carbo, the balanced chemical equation and the molar ratio between Calcium carbonate and calcium oxide.
1. If you know the atomic mass of the elements, you can calculate the molar mass of Calcium Carbonate (CaCO3) and the mass of Calcium Oxide (CaO).
2. The balanced equation is CaCO3 -> CaO + CO2
3. The molar ratio between CaCO3 and CaO is 1:1, which means that the descomposing of one mole of calcium carbonate produce one mole of calcium oxide.
4- The last thing you should do is to conver the 4.7 kg of CaCO3 to moles and with the molar ratio calculate the mass of CaO
Explanation:
Any confusions you may ask!
A 500 watt heater carries a current of 4 A. What is the voltage across the ends of the heating element
The voltage across the ends of the heating element is 125 volts.
VoltagePower = 500J/s = 500 Watts. I = 4A
V*I = 500
V = 500/I = 500/4 = 125 Volts.
The difference between two points' electric potentials, also known as electric potential difference, electric potential pressure, or electric tension, is what moves a test charge between the two points in a static electric field. The derived unit for voltage (potential difference) in the International System of Units is called volt. 166 Work per unit charge is stated in SI units as joules per coulomb, with 1 volt equaling 1 joule (of work) for 1 coulomb (of charge). The quantum Hall and Josephson effect was first used to define the volt in the old SI system in 1990. More recently, fundamental physical constants have been included to the definition of the volt in the new SI system.
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