Choose a business and complete the following tasks:

How does your chosen business conduct market research? Explain your answer with supporting examples and link each one to a core purpose.

a. The adjusting entry at December 31, 2017, to report the investment securities at fair value would be:
Fair Value Adjustment-Debt Investments = $0.
Fair Value Adjustment-Stock Investments = [$56 x 333 shares] + [$24 x 700 shares] – [$25,000 + $17,500] = $8,320.

The account titles and explanation are:
DateAccount Titles and ExplanationDebitCreditDec. 31Fair Value Adjustment-Stock Investments$8,320Stock Investments$8,320 (To record the unrealized gain on Kinzie Company's stock investments at year-end)Dec. 31Fair Value Adjustment-Debt Investments$0Debt Investments$0 (To record the unrealized gain on Kinzie Company's bond investments at year-end)
b. Balance sheet presentation of investment securities at December 31, 2017, is as follows:
Investment Securities:                                                $75,220
Stock investments, at fair value (333 Muninger shares x $56)      $18,648
                                                                           (700 Tatman shares x $24)
Debt investments, at cost (40 Yoakem bonds x $1,110)           $44,400
Less: Fair value adjustment - stock investments                  $8,320
Total investment securities                                           $67,900
c. The statement classification of each income statement account is given below:
Sales Revenue:
On account of the gain on the sale of Muninger common stock, sales revenue of $10,020 [$60 per share x 167 shares] was realized.
Other revenue and gains:
It includes the gain of $8,320 on the fair value adjustment of Kinzie's stock investments.
Cost of goods sold:
It is not applicable to the investment transactions of Kinzie Company.
Operating expenses:
There is no transaction related to operating expenses. 
Interest expense:
It is not applicable to the investment transactions of Kinzie Company.

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The worst-case update cost in a tree-based replication with n locations registers is O(log n).

In tree-based replication, updates are propagated from the root to the leaf nodes in a hierarchical manner. The update cost is determined by the number of nodes that need to be updated to propagate the change to all locations. In the worst case, the update needs to be propagated from the root to all the leaf nodes. This results in a total of log n levels in the tree, where n is the number of locations registers. At each level, the update needs to be propagated to all the nodes at that level. Therefore, the worst-case update cost is O(log n).

In tree-based replication, the system is organized as a tree, with the root node representing the master copy of the data and the leaf nodes representing the replica copies. Each internal node in the tree maintains a copy of the data and forwards updates to its children nodes. This way, updates propagate down the tree in a hierarchical manner until all leaf nodes have received the update. The update cost in tree-based replication depends on the depth of the tree and the number of nodes at each level. In the worst case, when all locations registers need to be updated, the update needs to be propagated from the root to all the leaf nodes. Assuming that the tree is balanced, the number of nodes at each level is approximately equal to 2^k, where k is the level of the node. Therefore, the total number of nodes in the tree is 2^0 + 2^1 + 2^2 + ... + 2^(log n - 1) + 2^(log n) = 2^(log n + 1) - 1. This is equivalent to 2n - 1, where n is the number of locations registers.

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Vaughn Church Furniture specializes in manufacturing custom altars, pews, and pulpits for churches throughout the southern United States.

Each order is unique, so the business uses a job order costing system. Vaughn worked on orders for three different churches in June: Faith Church, Grace Church, and Hope Church. Overhead is applied to each job based on machine hours, and Vaughn Church Furniture has estimated manufacturing overhead at $693,000 and 21,000 machine hours prior to the year.Additional cost information related to the three orders is as follows:  Cost Information Faith Church Grace Church Hope Church Direct materials$5,400$16,200$9,000Direct labor$2,880$5,760$4,800Machine hours (MH)9603,8402,400  

The predetermined overhead rate is calculated by dividing the estimated manufacturing overhead cost by the estimated machine hours for the year. Therefore, the predetermined overhead rate is $33 per machine hour. The total manufacturing overhead applied to each job is determined by multiplying the predetermined overhead rate by the actual machine hours required for each job.Faith ChurchGrace Church Hope Church Total Machine hours9603,8402,4007,200Manufacturing overhead applied$31,680$126,720$79,200$237,600

In summary, Vaughn Church Furniture, which specializes in producing custom furniture for churches, utilizes a job order costing system. They worked on three orders in June, which are Faith Church, Grace Church, and Hope Church. Before the year, Vaughn Church Furniture estimated their manufacturing overhead at $693,000 and 21,000 machine hours. To allocate overhead to each job, they applied a predetermined overhead rate of $33 per machine hour.

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If an asset provides the same return no matter what economic state occurs, then it can be considered a risk-free asset. This type of asset is typically government bonds or similar securities. The standard deviation or risk of this asset would be extremely low because it is not subject to the fluctuations of the market.

Standard deviation is a measure of the volatility of an asset's returns. It is calculated by determining the difference between the actual return and the average return, and then squaring the difference. The squared differences are then averaged, and the square root of that number is the standard deviation.
Since a risk-free asset has a guaranteed return, there is no variability in the returns. Therefore, the difference between the actual return and the average return is zero, and the standard deviation is also zero. This means that the risk of a risk-free asset is essentially non-existent.
Overall, a risk-free asset provides a safe haven for investors who want to avoid the fluctuations of the market. However, the downside of a risk-free asset is that the returns are typically lower than other assets that have higher risk. Investors need to weigh the benefits of safety versus the potential for higher returns when deciding on their investment strategy.

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Water from the Mississippi river is an example of a renewable natural resource. It is considered renewable because it is replenished by rainfall and other sources of precipitation, and the river's flow is sustained by a combination of natural forces such as gravity, evaporation, and precipitation.

This means that, as long as these natural processes continue, the Mississippi river will continue to provide water as a resource.

Renewable natural resources are those that can be replenished over time, either through natural processes or through human management practices. They include things like forests, fish populations, and groundwater.

Unlike nonrenewable natural resources, such as fossil fuels, which are finite and will eventually run out, renewable resources can be managed sustainably, allowing us to use them while ensuring their availability for future generations.

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Bond A makes semi-annual interest payments of $30. Bond B makes an annual payment of $50. All else equal, bond A interset payment. Thus, option (a) is correct.

Bond A's annual interest payment is lower. Bond A has a lower coupon rate than Bond B because the annual interest payment is divided by the face value of the bond.

A bond's coupon rate might alter due to a number of circumstances. The coupon rate is the predetermined annual interest rate at which a bond pays the bondholder.

As a result, the significance of the one has the higher coupon rate are the aforementioned. Therefore, option (a) is correct.

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The given statmeent " A party who speaks with a reckless disregard for the truth not knowing of the falsity of his or her words cannot be liable for fraud." is false because  aparty who speaks with reckless disregard for the truth can still be liable for fraud even if they did not know of the falsity of their words.

In order for a party to be liable for fraud, they must have made a misrepresentation of fact, known the statement was false, or made the statement recklessly without regard for the truth. Reckless disregard for the truth means that the party made the statement without investigating its accuracy or with knowledge that it was likely false.

Therefore, if a party makes a statement with reckless disregard for the truth and that statement causes another party to suffer damages, they can be held liable for fraud. It is important to note that in legal cases, intent and knowledge are key factors in determining liability for fraud.

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The answer is,  the intrinsic enterprise value would be  436,598.

Once you have both terminal values, you would then take the average of the two to arrive at the intrinsic enterprise value. In this case, the intrinsic enterprise value would be (451,512 + 421,684)/2 = 436,598.

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The proposed hybrid reward system is a great way to increase cooperation and motivation within the team.

It's important to note that hybrid rewards are a combination of individual and team-based incentives. The system that Kelsey proposed is a good example of this. The third reward is another team-based incentive. By creating a bonus pool of 5-10% of everyone's salaries, it creates a sense of camaraderie and shared responsibility.

A hybrid reward system combines individual and team-based incentives to increase cooperation within a team. In the proposed idea, 50% of each team member's salary would be linked to the overall performance of the app. Individual targets specific to each member's field would be set, and if the team meets these targets, each person would receive a bonus of 5-10% of their salary.

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If the payroll tax were increased, the empirical evidence suggests that: secondary earners would change their hours worked more than would primary earners. The correct option is C.

This is because secondary earners, who often have more flexible working schedules or are in part-time roles, are generally more responsive to changes in tax rates. They may choose to adjust their working hours to compensate for the increased tax burden or to maintain a certain level of after-tax income.

On the other hand, primary earners, who usually have less flexibility in their work hours and are responsible for a larger portion of the household income, tend to be less responsive to changes in payroll tax rates. Overall, this scenario highlights the differing labor market behavior of primary and secondary earners in response to changes in tax policies. The correct option is C.

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Complete question:

If the payroll tax were increased, the empirical evidence suggests that:

a secondary earners would work more.

b. primary earners would work more.

c. secondary earners would change their hours worked more than would primary earners.

d primary earners would change their hours worked more than would secondary earners.

MPS is the proportion of additional income that a person saves rather than spends. In other words, it is the ratio of the change in savings to the change in income.

To answer this question, we need to understand the concept of MPS or Marginal propensity to save. George's MPS is given as 0.75, which means that out of every additional dollar he earns, he saves $0.75 and spends the remaining $0.25.
Now, if George earns an additional $1,000, his savings would be calculated as follows:
Savings = MPS x Change in Income
Savings = 0.75 x $1,000
Savings = $750
Therefore, the answer to the question is (b) $750. George would save $750 out of the additional $1,000 he earns based on his MPS of 0.75.

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A Freight Forwarder is a company that arranges the transportation of goods on behalf of shippers. Freight forwarders typically offer a range of services including booking cargo space on ships, planes, trains, and trucks; arranging for customs clearance; coordinating with carriers and other logistics service providers; and providing insurance and other ancillary services.

A 3PL stands for Third-Party Logistics provider. A 3PL is a company that provides outsourced logistics services to businesses. Some of the services that a 3PL may offer include transportation, warehousing, distribution, freight forwarding, customs brokerage, inventory management, and supply chain consulting.

Here are five services that a 3PL might offer:

1. Transportation management: A 3PL can help businesses to manage their transportation needs, including carrier selection, routing, and scheduling.

2. Warehousing and distribution: A 3PL can provide warehousing and distribution services, including receiving, storing, picking, and shipping products.

3. Customs brokerage: A 3PL can help businesses navigate the complex customs clearance process when importing or exporting goods.

4. Inventory management: A 3PL can help businesses to manage their inventory levels, track their stock, and optimize their supply chain.

5. Supply chain consulting: A 3PL can provide strategic advice to businesses on how to optimize their supply chain and improve their logistics operations.

Cross-docking is a logistics strategy where goods are unloaded from an inbound truck or container and immediately loaded onto an outbound truck or container with little or no storage time in between. This strategy can help to streamline logistics operations and reduce handling costs, as well as improve the speed and efficiency of transportation.

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An investor who is already owning bonds benefits when interest rates go up because the value of their existing bonds increases. When interest rates rise, newly issued bonds will offer higher yields than existing bonds, which will cause the demand for existing bonds to increase, driving up their value.

An investor who is about to buy bonds does not benefit from rising interest rates, because bond prices typically fall when interest rates rise. This means the investor will be paying a higher price for the bonds. A company about to secure a fixed-rate loan does not benefit from rising interest rates, because they will have to pay a higher interest rate on their loan, resulting in higher borrowing costs.

A company with a fixed-rate loan benefits from rising interest rates, because their interest rate remains the same, and they are not affected by the increased cost of borrowing. This gives them a competitive advantage over companies that have to secure loans at higher rates. An investor who already owns bonds does not benefit from rising interest rates, because the value of their bonds typically decreases as interest rates rise, resulting in a lower resale value for their bonds.

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False. These are not typical arguments against CSR. The idea that CSR programs are only for non-profit organizations is a misconception.

CSR, or Corporate Social Responsibility, is a concept that applies to all types of organizations, including for-profit businesses. CSR refers to a company's commitment to act in an ethical and responsible way towards its stakeholders, including customers, employees, suppliers, the environment, and society at large. Companies can engage in CSR activities in various ways, such as reducing their environmental footprint, promoting diversity and inclusion, supporting social causes, or implementing fair labor practices

The argument that CSR programs cost money and reduce a business's profits is also not entirely accurate. While it is true that implementing CSR initiatives may require financial investments, such as funding social programs or improving sustainability practices, such programs can also bring long-term benefits to a business. For instance, CSR initiatives can enhance a company's reputation, build customer loyalty, attract and retain talented employees, and improve operational efficiency. In fact, many studies have shown that companies with strong CSR practices tend to perform better financially over the long term.

Therefore, rather than being a burden, CSR can be an opportunity for businesses to create shared value and contribute to society while also creating value for their stakeholders and shareholders.

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The estimated change in mean salary (in thousands of dollars) as a result of spending an extra hour per day studying is $0.9795.

This estimate is calculated by dividing the coefficient for studying (which is 0.0009795) by 1,000. It means that for every extra hour spent studying, the average salary is expected to increase by $0.9795 thousand or approximately $979.5 per year. This estimate assumes that all other variables in the model are held constant and that there is a linear relationship between studying and salary. It is important to note that this estimate may not hold true for every individual and that other factors may influence the relationship between studying and salary.

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If a natural resource is extracted and not sold, the accounts that are debited and credited are: d. Debit accumulated depletion and credit natural resources.

When a natural resource is extracted but not sold, it is considered a depletion expense. Depletion is the process of allocating the cost of natural resources over their useful life. The depletion expense is debited to the accumulated depletion account, which is a contra asset account that reduces the value of the natural resource. The natural resource account is credited for the amount of the depletion expense.

When a natural resource is extracted, it is added to the inventory account as an asset. At the same time, the natural resource account is credited to reflect the decrease in the resource's value. This accurately represents the change in the company's assets due to the extraction of the natural resource.

Therefore, the correct answer is option d. Debit accumulated depletion and credit natural resources.

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False. Another name for relevant cost is differential cost. Unavoidable cost refers to expenses that cannot be avoided regardless of the decision taken by the company. These costs are often fixed and do not vary with the level of production or the decision being made. Examples of unavoidable costs include rent, salaries of key employees, and property taxes.

On the other hand, relevant costs are the costs that are directly affected by a particular decision. They are costs that will be incurred only if a particular decision is made. Relevant costs include variable costs, opportunity costs, and sunk costs. Variable costs are those that vary with the level of production or the decision being made.

Opportunity costs refer to the benefits that will be forgone if a particular decision is taken. Sunk costs, on the other hand, are costs that have already been incurred and cannot be recovered.

In summary, relevant costs are those costs that are directly affected by a particular decision, while unavoidable costs are expenses that cannot be avoided regardless of the decision taken. Therefore, it is important for managers to distinguish between these two types of costs when making decisions.

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False. Another name for relevant cost is differential cost. Relevant costs are those costs that are directly associated with a particular decision and will differ between the options being considered. They are future costs that are not already sunk and cannot be recovered.

For example, if a company is considering whether to make or buy a product, the relevant costs would include the cost of producing the product in-house versus the cost of purchasing it from a supplier.

Unavoidable costs, on the other hand, are costs that must be incurred regardless of the decision being made. These costs are not relevant to the decision and will not differ between the options being considered. Examples of unavoidable costs include rent, insurance, and salaries.

It is important to identify and consider relevant costs when making decisions because they can have a significant impact on the profitability of the decision. By understanding which costs are relevant, managers can make informed decisions that will maximize profits and minimize losses.

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The effect of this trade deal on the United States GDP would be an increase because net exports are positive.

Net exports refer to the value of a country's exports minus the value of its imports. In this case, the United States is exporting 200 vehicles to Germany, resulting in a total export value of $600,000. At the same time, the United States is importing 100 cars from Germany, with a total import value of $500,000.

To calculate net exports, we subtract the value of imports from the value of exports: Net Exports = Exports - Imports.

The net exports would be $600,000 - $500,000 = $100,000.

When net exports are positive, it means that the value of exports exceeds the value of imports. Positive net exports contribute positively to a country's GDP. GDP, or Gross Domestic Product, measures the total value of goods and services produced within a country's borders. Since the trade deal results in positive net exports, it would lead to an increase in the United States GDP.

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An increase in the volatility of a firm's stock returns is typically associated with an increase in the value of a call option on the firm's stock because call options allow the owner to buy the underlying stock at a predetermined price, but they are not obligated to do so.

As volatility increases, the potential range of stock prices at expiration also increases, which makes the call option more valuable. The value of a call option is affected by several factors, including the current stock price, the strike price, the time until expiration, the risk-free rate, and the volatility of the underlying stock.

An increase in volatility increases the potential range of stock prices at expiration, which increases the likelihood that the stock price will be above the strike price, making the call option more valuable.

However, it's worth noting that other factors, such as the time until expiration and the risk-free rate, can also impact the value of a call option.

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it is not accurate to categorically state that net neutrality is either bad or good for small businesses.

Some argue that net neutrality is beneficial for small businesses because it promotes a level playing field, allowing them to compete with larger established companies on equal terms. It prevents ISPs from favoring certain websites or services by providing faster or more reliable access, which could give an unfair advantage to big businesses with more resources.

On the other hand, some argue that net neutrality regulations impose additional costs and regulations on ISPs, which could potentially limit their investment and infrastructure development. This, in turn, could impact the quality of internet services available to small businesses.

Ultimately, the impact of net neutrality on small businesses depends on various factors, including the specific industry, market conditions, and the regulatory environment. It is a complex and nuanced issue with different viewpoints. Therefore, it is not accurate to categorically state that net neutrality is either bad or good for small businesses.

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By entering a project's limiting factors into a project management software system, a manager can receive valuable recommendations to optimize project performance and address challenges.

The software's analytical capabilities analyze the identified constraints, such as resource limitations, budget constraints, time restrictions, or team availability. It then suggests appropriate solutions and strategies to mitigate risks and enhance productivity.

These recommendations enable the manager to make informed decisions, prioritize tasks, allocate resources efficiently, and adjust timelines to ensure successful project completion.

By leveraging the software's insights, the manager can proactively address potential issues, foster collaboration among team members, and ultimately achieve project objectives more effectively.

Therefore, By entering a project’s limiting factors into a project management software system, a manager can receive valuable recommendations.

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The sustainable growth rate of the Crash Davis Driving School is 7.34%.
To calculate the sustainable growth rate, we can use the formula:
Sustainable Growth Rate = ROE x (1 - Payout Ratio)
Plugging in the given values:
Sustainable Growth Rate = 0.153 x (1 - 0.52)
Sustainable Growth Rate = 0.0734 or 7.34%
Therefore, the sustainable growth rate of the Crash Davis Driving School is 7.34%.

To calculate the sustainable growth rate for Crash Davis Driving School, we'll need to use the following formula:
Sustainable Growth Rate (SGR) = ROE × (1 - Payout Ratio)
Here, ROE (Return on Equity) is 15.3% or 0.153, and the Payout Ratio is 52% or 0.52.
SGR = 0.153 × (1 - 0.52)
SGR = 0.153 × 0.48
SGR = 0.07344

To express the result as a percentage, we multiply by 100:
SGR = 0.07344 × 100 = 7.34%
The sustainable growth rate for Crash Davis Driving School is 7.34%.

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All of the following items would be reported as other revenues and gains for a merchandiser except sales revenue.

In the income statement, the section for other revenues and gains includes financial transactions that are not directly related to the primary business operations.

These transactions are usually non-recurring, incidental, or peripheral to the core business activities.  Gain on disposal of plant assets is an example of an item included in this section. This occurs when a company sells or disposes of a plant asset (like machinery or equipment) for an amount higher than its carrying value. The gain represents the difference between the selling price and the asset's carrying value.

Interest revenue is another example of an item reported under other revenues and gains. It refers to the income earned from investments, loans, or other interest-bearing accounts.

Rent revenue also falls under this section. It refers to the income generated from leasing out a property owned by the company.

However, sales revenue is not reported as an other revenue or gain for a merchandiser. Sales revenue, also known as net sales, is the primary source of income for a merchandising company. It represents the total revenue generated from the sale of goods, after deducting sales returns, allowances, and discounts. Sales revenue is typically reported at the top of the income statement in the revenues section, as it reflects the core business operations.

In summary, gain on disposal of plant assets, interest revenue, and rent revenue are included in the other revenues and gains section of the income statement, while sales revenue is reported separately as the main source of income for a merchandiser. The correct option is sale revenue.

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The correct statement is: The price of gas does not tell you enough about inflation. Measurements of core inflation, which is the main gauge of inflation for consumers, exclude energy prices.

While gas prices can be an indicator of inflation, they are not sufficient on their own to determine the overall inflationary trends in the economy. Inflation refers to a general increase in the average price level across a wide range of goods and services, not just gas prices. Core inflation measures, which exclude volatile components such as energy and food prices, provide a more comprehensive assessment of inflationary pressures.

Gas prices can be influenced by various factors such as supply and demand dynamics, geopolitical events, and seasonal fluctuations. Therefore, changes in gas prices alone do not provide a complete picture of inflationary trends in the economy.

To assess inflation, it is important to consider a broader range of price indices, such as the Consumer Price Index (CPI), which tracks changes in the prices of a basket of goods and services representative of consumer spending patterns.

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The creditors' claims on Pina Colada Corp.'s assets are $2,782,000.

In order to calculate the creditors' claims on assets, we would need to know the total liabilities of the company. The formula for calculating creditors' claims is:

Total Assets = Common Stock + Retained Earnings + Creditors' Claims

In this case, we have:

$4,471,000 (Total Assets) = $1,089,000 (Common Stock) + $600,000 (Retained Earnings) + Creditors' Claims

To find the creditors' claims, we will rearrange the equation:

Creditors' Claims = Total Assets - Common Stock - Retained Earnings

Creditors' Claims = $4,471,000 - $1,089,000 - $600,000 = $2,782,000

So, the correct answer is (c) $2,782,000.

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The answer is, The control limits for an R chart are B. zero to 1.002.

To determine the control limits for an R chart, we need to use the formula: UCL = D4 R-bar and LCL = D3 R-bar. Here, R-bar is the average of all sample ranges and n = 6.

We are given that the average of all sample means is 40 cm, and the average of all sample ranges is 0.5 cm. So, R-bar = 0.5 cm. To find the values of D3 and D4, we refer to a standard statistical table.

For n = 6, D3 = 0 and D4 = 2.115. Therefore, UCL = 2.115 x 0.5 = 1.0575 and LCL = 0. Hence, the control limits for an R chart are zero to 1.0575.

Therefore, the correct answer is B. zero to 1.002.

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Mobile push notifications are especially effective when they are location sensitive because they allow for personalized and relevant messaging based on the user's current location.

For example, a retail store can send a notification to a customer when they are nearby, alerting them to a sale or promotion happening in the store.

This can increase the likelihood of the customer visiting the store and making a purchase. Location-based push notifications can also be used to provide helpful information, such as weather alerts or traffic updates.

By providing targeted and timely information, location-sensitive push notifications can increase engagement with the app and improve the overall user experience.

Hence, the answer is When they are location sensitive.

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Digital marketing most typically involves targeting a very broad segment of potential customers False

Digital marketing involves targeting specific and relevant segments of potential customers through various online channels such as social media, search engines, email marketing, and more. This approach is known as targeted marketing and is based on data and insights that help businesses identify and reach their ideal audience.

Digital marketing is a strategic approach that businesses use to promote their products or services to potential customers through online channels. One of the key advantages of digital marketing is that it allows businesses to reach a highly targeted audience, rather than a broad one. For instance, businesses can target customers based on demographics, location, interests, behavior, and other criteria. By doing so, businesses can create highly personalized and relevant campaigns that resonate with their target audience. Targeted marketing is an effective way to increase the return on investment (ROI) of digital marketing campaigns. By targeting a specific audience, businesses can reduce wastage and optimize their spending. For instance, if a business wants to promote a new product to female customers aged between 25-34 years who live in New York City, they can use digital marketing tools to reach this audience specifically. This approach can help businesses to save money and generate better results than if they had targeted a broader segment of potential customers.

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In risk management, there are four primary methods to identify, assess, and mitigate risks. These methods are risk avoidance, risk transfer, risk reduction, and risk acceptance.

Risk avoidance involves completely avoiding the activity or situation that presents a potential risk. This may be the most effective method for managing risks, but it may also limit opportunities for growth and innovation.
Risk transfer involves shifting the risk to another party, such as through insurance or contracts. This can help reduce the impact of a risk, but it does not eliminate it entirely.
Risk reduction involves taking steps to mitigate the risk, such as implementing safety procedures or investing in technology. This can help minimize the impact of a risk, but it may not eliminate it entirely.
Risk acceptance involves acknowledging the risk and deciding to proceed with the activity or situation despite the potential consequences. This method may be appropriate when the potential benefits outweigh the risks.
Overall, effective risk management requires a combination of these methods, as well as ongoing assessment and adaptation to changing circumstances. By implementing a comprehensive risk management plan, organizations can better protect themselves from potential harm and ensure long-term success.

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The rational expectations theory states that if it's clear that the government intends to trade off higher inflation for lower unemployment, the public will understand this and inflation expectations will immediately rise therefore the correct answer is option (B). This is because individuals and firms make decisions by taking all available information into account.

The rational expectations theory assumes that people are constantly updating their expectations based on the most recent information, and as a result, they will adjust their behavior accordingly. In this case, if the government's intention to trade off higher inflation for lower unemployment is clear, the public will factor this into their expectations and actions.

Consequently, inflation expectations will rise as people adjust their behavior in anticipation of the government's policy. This can potentially reduce the effectiveness of the government's attempt to lower unemployment through higher inflation, as people's anticipatory actions may counteract the intended outcome.

Overall, the rational expectations theory emphasizes the importance of considering people's ability to adapt and respond to new information in the context of economic policy and decision-making.

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