Answer:
Finger kinematics during grasp were measured on 5 cadaveric hands. To simulate finger flexion, the FDP was activated by a motor while intrinsic muscles were loaded at various levels (0, 125, 250, 375 or 500g). Finger movement was characterized by the order of metacarpophalangeal, proximal interphalangeal, and distal interphalangeal joint flexion and by the maximal fingertip-to-palm distance during finger closure.
Results
Without any intrinsic muscle contribution (0g load), FDP activation resulted in flexion of all 3 joints, whereby flexion began at the proximal interphalangeal joint, followed by distal interphalangeal joint and then metacarpophalangeal joint. With increasing intrinsic muscle load, finger flexion was initiated at the metacarpophalangeal joint, followed by the proximal interphalangeal and distal interphalangeal joints. This altered joint flexion order resulted in a larger maximal fingertip-to-palm distance during finger flexion. The difference between the 2 extreme conditions (0g vs. 500g of intrinsic muscle load) was 19mm.
Discussion
These findings demonstrate that simultaneous activation of the FDP and the intrinsic muscles results in an apparently more functional hand closing compared to FDP activation alone because of altered kinematics and larger fingertip-to-palm distances.
Clinical Relevance
These findings suggest that intrinsic muscle balancing during reconstruction of grasp in tetraplegic patients may improve function. Keywords: grasp, hand, intrinsic muscles, tendon transfer, tetraplegia
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Introduction
Regaining arm and hand function has been identified as the highest priority for persons with tetraplegia.1,2 Recovering even partial function can have an enormous impact on independence, which enhances quality of life.3 Restoration of finger flexion is an achievable goal in reconstructive surgery of many tetraplegic hands. It can be performed if both the extensor carpi radialis longus and brevis are fully innervated, in which case the extensor carpi radialis longus is transferred to the flexor digitorum profundus (FDP),4 which enables patients to grasp and hold objects. However, by restoring FDP function only, fingertips coming into full flexion approach the bases of the fingers rather than the center of the palm.5 This happens because finger flexion begins at the distal interphalangeal (DIP) joint, and fingers curl into flexion rather than following a large arc, which would provide a broad sweeping movement.6 The roll-up finger flexion tends to push large objects out of grasp5 and is therefore considered less functional in daily life.
In normal hand function, the intrinsic muscles, both the lumbricals and interosseus muscles balance finger movement7 and create this broad sweeping movement. Besides abducting and adducting the fingers, they are responsible for coupling metacarpophalangeal joint (MCP) flexion with interphalangeal joints (IP) extension.8,9 For 2-dimensional finger movement during grasp, the lumbricals and the interossei provide the same function, as shown by Leijnse et al.10 Since their function is redundant in the sagittal plane, we refer to them as 1 entity, the intrinsics. Intrinsic function is so important that even when patients have neither functional intrinsic muscle nor a sufficient number of transferable muscles to reconstruct them with an active tendon transfer, passive tenodeses are used to substitute for intrinsic muscle function.11,12
We characterize functional hand movement for tetraplegic persons as a large fingertip-to-palm distance during flexion because this enables them to grasp objects of varying sizes and shapes necessary for activities of daily life. The exact contribution of the intrinsic muscles to this function is incompletely understood. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to quantify the role of intrinsic muscle force in creating a functional grasp. We hypothesized that increasing intrinsic muscle contribution would result in a more functional grasp.
Explanation: i hope this helps plz tell me if its wrong so i can fix it :)
The intrinsic muscles, including the lumbricals and interventions ” muscles, balance hand movements and provide this broad sweeping motion in normal hand function.
Define intrinsic muscles.The intrinsic muscles define the arch of the hands, twist the knuckles, and resist with the thumbs.
The intrinsic muscles, including the lumbricals and interventions ” muscles, balance hand movements and provide this broad sweeping motion in normal hand function. They are able to bridge metacarpophalangeal joint (MCP) flex with interphalangeal joint (IP) extension, in addition to abducting and adducting the fingers.
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NEXT QUESTION.
when the moon is between the earth and the sun, what moon phase will this be??
a. full moon.
b. new moon.
c. first quarter.
d. last quarter.
Answer:
New Moon
Explanation:
The new moon phase occurs when the moon is between the Sun and the Earth.
help please!!!!!! Most Swiss starlings produce four to five eggs in each clutch. Starlings producing more than this have reduced fitness. which of the following statements best explains this situation?
A. The starling parents do not care for their young, reducing their fitness
B. The ecosystem can only support two offspring, reducing the fitness of both populations
C. The population of starlings have limited resources to care for their young
D. The starlings have fewer habits options and fewer offspring, reducing their fitness
Answer: C
Explanation: The population of starlings have limited resources to care for their young. This is why starlings can give birth to so many. The answer is C.
Hope this helps!
Most Swiss starlings produce four to five eggs in each clutch. Starlings producing more than this have reduced fitness. The statements best explains this situation is the population of starlings have limited resources to care for their young. Thus, option C is correct.
What is Stabilizing Selection?The term Stabilizing Selection is unlike disruptive selection (diversifying selection) that tends to favor extreme traits when changes occur, stabilizing selection is defined as changes in population genetics in which extreme traits are not favored, rather, traits that are of intermediate variants are most favored and selected for.
In the scenario given, traits of producing fewer starlings or more are extreme traits that are not favored and have reduced fitness. Intermediate variants of producing moderate number of starlings that have high fitness demonstrates the type of selection that is referred by the term called stabilizing selection.
Therefore, Most Swiss starlings produce four to five eggs in each clutch. Starlings producing more than this have reduced fitness. The statements best explains this situation is the population of starlings have limited resources to care for their young. Thus, option C is correct.
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A black bear in Washington may spend up to five months in hibernation, while a black bear in Florida may spend only four weeks. Which of the following explains why there is such a big difference in their hibernation periods?
A.Florida does not have a cold winter season, and food is available all year long.
B.The bear in Florida must feed more often than the bear in Washington.
C.There are more places to hibernate in Washington than in Florida.
D.It rains much more in Florida, and the bear cannot stay asleep.
PLZ HELP FAST.
Answer:
A
Explanation:
Bears hibernate in the cold, hibernating in the heat would be uncomfortable for the Floridian bear
What are the two types of biological interactions?
Answer:
Intraspecific interactions, where they are the same species, or interspecific interactions, where they are from different species.
Answer:
There are two types of biological interactions, one is harmful interactions and one is helpful interactions.
Explanation:
11. An individual who is heterozygous for rob(13;14) is at increased risk for having a child affected by Patau syndrome. Please briefly explain why.
Answer:
because of Chromosome-13 rearranges with with other chromosome.
Explanation:
To understand and be and be able to solve or tackle this question effectively, there is need to know the meaning of the important terms in this question/problem.
- Robertsonian translocation: The term "Robertsonian translocation" simply refer to some kind of disorder in the chromosome in which a different kind of chromosome attach itself to another kind of chromosome, that is to say we have more than two fusion of chromosome that are different on chromosome 13, 14,15,21 and 22.
- Patau syndrome: The syndrome known as " Patau syndrome" is also refer to as Trisomy 13. The syndrome is a kind of abnormalities on the 13th chromosome known as chromosome 13. Patau syndrome patient will have more than two[usually three] kinds of chromosome.
"An individual who is heterozygous for rob(13;14) is at increased risk for having a child affected by Patau syndrome. " is TRUE
A defect in chromosome 13, that is to say the Robertsonian translocation on the 13th chromosome is what causes Patau syndrome. The Robertsonian translocation occurs by addition and subtraction of chromosomes, when there is addition on chromosome 13 or say the rearrangement of chromosome-13 with other chromosome, then, the individual's offspring has the tendency of developing Patau Syndrome.
Which statement accurately describes the energy needs for photosynthesis and cellular respiration?
A. Solar energy is needed for cellular respiration but not for photosynthesis.
B. Chemical energy in the form of glucose is needed for both cellular respiration and photosynthesis.
C. Chemical energy in the form of glucose is needed for photosynthesis, and solar energy is needed for cellular respiration.
D. Solar energy is needed for photosynthesis, and chemical energy in the form of glucose is needed for cellular respiration.
Answer:
D. Solar energy is needed for photosynthesis, and chemical energy in the form of glucose is needed for cellular respiration.
Explanation:
what are reponsibilities only given to the executive branch
Answer:
espero te ayude
Explanation:
El poder ejecutivo es el responsable de la gestión diaria del Estado, concibe y ejecuta políticas y leyes que tienen que ser aplicadas; representa a la nación en sus relaciones diplomáticas; sostiene a las fuerzas armadas y en ocasiones aconseja con respecto a la legislación. En los estados democráticos,
In the diagram of the nitrogen cycle, which number represents nitrogen
2 points
gas?
Terrestrial
cycling
Animals
68
7
Decomposition
2
Uptake
of amino
acids
ΝΗ,
4
оо
Answer:
The illustration below shows translation in progress. The orange structure represents a ribosome and the dark grey ones labelled A and
B represent 2 tRNA. Fill in the blanks in the next sentence and answer the short essay question that follows.
A
5'-AGGGACUAUGAACAUUUACCAACUACGGUGGCGUUAGAC
Explanation:
A __________________ is a place holder or object where you can store a value or piece of data named by you
Plz help it’s due tomorrow
One of the favorites to win a marathon to be held at sea level has been invited by a sponsor to train in Bolivia (very high altitude place) for three weeks before the race. The sponsor has promised to fly him to the race a day before the race. Based on your understanding of hemoglobin function, would you advice the athlete to accept the invitation or continue with his/her plans to train at low altitude
Answer: At high altitude the body will get prepared for marathon.
Explanation:
The human body is able to adapt the high altitude by long-term and immediate acclimatization. At high altitude the lack of oxygen is sensed at the carotid arteries. It causes the increase in rate of breathing or hyperpnea.
In addition at high altitude the heart beats faster, gradually the body will also compensate itself for low availability of oxygen and get prepared for marathon.
what do plant cells do?
Answer:
Create glucose
Explanation:
they go through photosynthesis and create glucose
Identify your favorite meal and explain where each of the four molecules of life can be found.
Answer:
Spaghetti. Wheat is in the noodles and is found it a field. Tomatoes is the sauce and is grown at a farm. Cows or chicken is used for the meatballs and the are on a farm. And these all have mass, atoms, and nutrients to help your body grow and be strong.
Explanation:
Carbon is getting stuck in reservoirs (atmosphere and ocean) which is leading to climate
change. Which of the following is not a reason for this issue?
O Decrease in plants means more carbon in the atmosphere
Increase in plants means more carbon in the atmosphere
O Less organisms in the oceans prolongs decomposition trapping carbon in the ocean
O Increased use of factories and burining of fossil fuels increases amount of carbon in the
atmosphere
Answer:
Increase in plants means more carbon in the atmosphere
Explanation:
The second option is not a reason for the issue. This is because plants remove carbon from the atmosphere for their life processes.
During the process of photosynthesis, green plants manufacture their food in the presence of sunlight using water and carbon dioxide.
Plants do not trap carbon. They ensure the movement of carbon in nature. Other choices shows how carbon get trapped in the atmosphere and ocean.Which of the following is not a step in the process of natural selection
A. Individuals who have favorable traits survive and reproduce more than those individuals lacking such traits.
B. Members of a population possess heritable variations.
C. People select which individuals breed and which ones do not.
D. Over multiple generations of reproducing, a larger proportion of the population will have those favorable traits and thus adaptation has occurred.
F. The population produces more offspring than the environment can support.
Answer:
A step that is not part of natural selection is people select which individuals breed and which ones do not.
Explanation:
Natural selection is a process in which favorable or unfavorable environmental conditions determine the evolution of species, producing differences in their genotype over a long period of time.
As its name indicates, it is a natural selection, in which no intervention by people is contemplated, so that people cannot determine which individuals breed.
Natural selection implies that the characteristics on which the environment influences are inheritable, that there is genetic variability in the population and that the variability of these characteristics implies the ease of reproduction and survival capacity.
The other options do form part of natural selection, since they are based on the three premises of this process:
Inheritable characteristics. Genetic variability. The variability of characteristics influences reproduction and survival.For what can we use the doppler effect to deduce in astronomy
A. the shape of orbital path of an object
B. whether the object is traveling toward or away from us
C. the Chemical composition of the objects
D. the type of spectrum the object emits
Answer:
B
Explanation:
Whether the object is travelling toward or away from us for PLATO.
Answer:
b whether the object is traveling toward or away from us
Explanation:
i just got the answer right on the test
If I have 12 neutrons and 11 protons what is the total atomic mass?
Answer:
23
Explanation:
Mass number is the total of the protons and neutrons together, and it is given the symbol A. Example: A sodium atom contains 11 protons and 12 neutrons; its mass number A is 23.
Answer:
23
Explanation:
atomic mass is the total of protons and neutrons therefore it's 23
Question 20 of 25
Einstein's theory of general relativity was published in 1916. It became fully
accepted by scientists in the 1960s and is currently the best explanation of
gravity. Why did it take so long to become an accepted scientific theory?
A. The scientific community requires a certain amount of time before
a theory can be accepted.
B. No scientific laws could be found to validate the theory.
C. More evidence needed to be gathered to validate the ideas in the
theory.
D. Einstein's theory was difficult for many people to understand.
SUBMIT
Answer:
D. Einstein's theory was difficult for many people to understand.
Explanation:
Einstein’s theory of general Relativity was largely Ignored for three decades because scientists at the time thought the theory was too complex compared to Newton's.
Therefore, it took long before the general science community accepted Einstein's theory of general relativity because Einstein's theory was difficult for many people to understand.
"D. Einstein's theory was difficult for many people to understand."
The water cycle describes how water moves through the earth's crust atmosphere and
oceans. Heat from the Sun causes liquid water to evaporate from rivers, lakes and oceans
and it becomes a gas called water vapour.. As the gas rises, it condenses and
to create droplets.
Water returns to the ground as solid hail and snow or liquid rain and sinks into the earth.
Below the ground it forms
where water is held between grains in rock
layers, and
Where aquifers intersect or cut the surface of the ground
the liquid water flows out to form
and
Differences in
elements, such as oxygen, can be used to estimate the and
of
water. A process is an event or series of events that cause a change to occur.
Answer:
nose picks
Explanation:
lol
Answer:
see the answer above
Explanation:
With respect to proteins, the quaternary structure refers to the
Answer:
refers to the number and arrangement of protein subunits
Mitosis occurs in all the cells of the organism.
Answer:
Mitosis is the process in cell division by which the nucleus of the cell divides (in a multiple phase), giving rise to two identical daughter cells. Mitosis happens in all eukaryotic cells (plants, animals, and fungi). It is the process of cell renewal and growth in a plant, animal or fungus.
10. According to Bohr's model of the atom, electrons behave like....
A. Waves on a vibrating string
B.Planets orbiting the
C.sun light energy in a vacuum
B.Planets orbiting hiiiiii
If you have 11 neutrons and 6 protons what is the total mass?
Why would lysosomes help a cell MORE THAN the Golgi Body? Think about the functions of the two organelles.
A.
lysosomes pack up proteins that the cells needs and transports them to different parts of the cell
B. lysosomes move throughout the cell and keeps the cell healthy by breaking down waste and toxins
Ο Ο Ο
C.
lysosomes control the activity of the rest of the cell
D. lysosomes storage water and nutrients that the cell needs in order to survive
QUESTION 6
Which statement is true about graded potentials?
a. They always produce action potentials.
b. They always depolarize a neuron.
c. They change the voltage of a neuron by different amounts.
od. They are "all-or-none."
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TEHS 2020-2021
Section 1
3 of 103 of 10 Items
Item 3
The organelle shown consists of a stack of flattened membranes.
What is the primary function of this organelle?
attaching amino acids to tRNA molecules
attaching amino acids to tRNA molecules
long-term storage of molecules in the cell
long-term storage of molecules in the cell
production of large and small ribosomal subunits
production of large and small ribosomal subunits
repackaging proteins for export from the cell
repackaging proteins for export from the cell
TEHS 2020-2021
Section 1
3 of 103 of 10 Items
Item 3
The organelle shown consists of a stack of flattened membranes.
What is the primary function of this organelle?
attaching amino acids to tRNA molecules
attaching amino acids to tRNA molecules
long-term storage of molecules in the cell
long-term storage of molecules in the cell
production of large and small ribosomal subunits
production of large and small ribosomal subunits
repackaging proteins for export from the cell
repackaging proteins for export from the cell
TEHS 2020-2021
Section 1
3 of 103 of 10 Items
Item 3
The organelle shown consists of a stack of flattened membranes.
What is the primary function of this organelle?
attaching amino acids to tRNA molecules
attaching amino acids to tRNA molecules
long-term storage of molecules in the cell
long-term storage of molecules in the cell
production of large and small ribosomal subunits
production of large and small ribosomal subunits
repackaging proteins for export from the cell
repackaging proteins for export from the cell
What is the primary function of this organelle?
attaching amino acids to tRNA molecules
attaching amino acids to tRNA molecules
long-term storage of molecules in the cell
long-term storage of molecules in the cell
production of large and small ribosomal subunits
production of large and small ribosomal subunits
repackaging proteins for export from the cell
Question:
The organelle shown consists of a stack of flattened membranes.
What is the primary function of this organelle?
attaching amino acids to tRNA moleculeslong-term storage of molecules in the cell production of large and small ribosomal subunits repackaging proteins for export from the cellAnswer:
repackaging proteins for export from the cellExplanation:
The organelle consisting of a stack of flattened membranes is the Golgi apparatus.
The Golgi apparatus is like the packaging centre of the cell. It modifies, sorts, and packages proteins and from the endoplasmic reticulum to be stored in the cell or released outside the cell
Biology help pleaseeeeee
Answer:
The last 2
Explanation:
right?
Which of the following is the most obvious sign of cluster distribution in termites? a. They are insects. b. They are detritivores. c. They are social insects. d. Many species of termites are considered pests.
Answer:
C
Explanation:
The most obvious sign of cluster distribution in termites is they are social insects. The correct option is c.
What is cluster distribution?In cluster sampling, a population is divided into clusters, which are smaller groups. They then choose a sample at random from these clusters. Often employed to investigate huge populations, particularly those that are extensively geographically distributed, cluster sampling is a probability sampling technique.
Termite colonies can contain anywhere between 100 and 1,000 individuals, with the larger species typically having a larger colony size. However, some termite colonies, including those with a large population, can reach millions of members.
Therefore, the correct option is c. They are social insects.
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How do your interactions with nonliving systems affect your environment?
Answer:
Some examples of important nonliving things in an ecosystem are sunlight, temperature, water, air, wind, rocks, and soil. Living things grow, change, produce waste, reproduce, and die. These living things interact with the nonliving things around them such as sunlight, temperature, water, and soil.
Explanation:
Nonliving factors determine what living things can be supported in an ecosystem. The living creatures in a habitat affect the nonliving elements within the community. For example, plants can affect soil chemistry or certain algae can influence water chemistry.
Which activities would best target a key muscle in her cool down routine?
Answer:
The answer is "Calf stretch".
Explanation:
hope this helps!
Which answer best explains how most scientists think that planets form? A. Large chunks of matter break off a star that collides with another star; these chunks then become planets orbiting the star. B. Large chunks of matter break off a planet that collides with a smaller body; these chunks gradually clump together to become a new planet. C. A rotating cloud of space dust and gases begins to flatten and condense, forming a new star; the remaining matter forms an accretionary disc around the star, gradually coalescing to form planets. D. A rotating cloud of space dust and gases begins to condense, forming a protoplanet; if the protoplanet is massive enough, its gravity will attract nearby matter until the protoplanet becomes large and round enough to be considered a planet.
Answer: B
Explanation:
Thats what the teacher told me
The scientists believe that planets form when a rotating cloud of space dust and gases flattens and condenses, forming a new star; the remaining matter forms an accretionary disc around the star, gradually coalescing to form planets, as described in Option C, also known as the "nebular hypothesis."
What is the nebular hypothesis?The nebular hypothesis is the most widely accepted scientific theory for the planetary systems, such that the solar system and, as per this theory, a cloud of gas and dust, called a nebula, collapse due to gravitational forces; the nebula contracts, and it rotates faster, flattening into a disk, which eventually cools and condenses, forming a protoplanetary disk.
Hence, the scientists believe that planets form when a rotating cloud of space dust and gases flattens and condenses, forming a new star; the remaining matter forms an accretionary disc around the star, gradually coalescing to form planets, as described in Option C, also known as the "nebular hypothesis."
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