Answer:
There are 0.5 moles
Explanation:
According to avogadro's law, 1 mole of every substance occupies 22.4 L at STP and contains avogadro's number of particles.
To calculate the moles, we use the equation:
Thus there are 0.5 moles
Explanation:
The standard free energy of formation of AgCl (S) is -110. kJ/mol. Delta G degree for the reaction 2 AgCl (s) rightarrow 2 Ag(s) +Cl2(g) is:
a. 110 kJ
b. 220 kJ
c. -110 kJ
d. -220 kJ
e. -55 kJ
f. 55 kJ
The standard free energy of formation of AgCl (S) is -110. kJ/mol. The Delta G (ΔG) degree for the reaction 2 AgCl (s) → 2 Ag(s) +Cl₂(g) is 220 kJ option - b is correct answer.
How do you define standard Gibbs free energy?The standard Gibbs free energy of a compound's formation is the change in Gibbs free energy that occurs when 1 mole of that substance is made up of its constituent elements in their standard states, which is the form of the element that is most stable at 25 °C and 100 kPa. Its logotype is fG.
The standard Gibbs free energy for any reaction is simply the difference between the sum of the standard Gibbs free energies for the formation of the products and the reactants.
The ΔG of chlorine(gas) and silver(solid) is 0 as it is standard free energy because it is the most stable form of the element at 1 bar of pressure and the specified temperature, usually 298.15 K or 25°C.
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liquid octane(CH3)(CH2)6CH3) reacts with gaseous oxygen gas(O2) to produce gaseous carbon dioxide(CO2) and gaseous water(H2O). If 5.18 g of carbon dioxide is produced from the reaction of 3.43 g of octane and 19.1 g of oxygen gas, calculate the percent yield of carbon dioxide. Round your answer to 3 significant figures.
The percent yield of carbon dioxide will be 49.0 %.
Percent yieldFirst, let's look at the equation of the reaction:
[tex]2C_8H_1_8 + 25O_2 -- > 16CO_2 + 18H_2O[/tex]
The mole ratio of octane to oxygen is 2:25.
Mole of 3.43 g octane = 3.43/114.23 = 0.03 mol
Mole of 19.1 g oxygen = 19.1/32 = 0.60 mol
Thus, octane is limiting.
Mole ratio of octane to carbon dioxide = 2:16.
Equivalent mole of carbon dioxide = 0.03 x 8 = 0.24 mol
Mass of 0.24 mol carbon dioxide = 0.24 x 44.01 = 10.5624 grams
Percent yield of carbon dioxide = 5.18/10.5624 = 49.0 %
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Na + CuO → NaO + Cu
Answer the hypothesis :
If the reaction is a single replacement reaction, then __ will form __.
Answer:
...then product will form reactant
Explanation:
Na is more reactive than Cu, so Na will join up with O2 and leave Cu by itself
TRUE/FALSE. the heat capacity is typically ignored when deriving boundary conditions for the thermal energy equation
This assertion is false. When determining the boundary conditions for the thermal energy equation, the heat capacity is typically taken into consideration.
The proportion of heat a material can absorb to a change in temperature is known as heat capacity. In terms of the actual amount of material being taken into account, which is most frequently a mole, it is typically stated as calories per degree (the molecular weight in grams).
Specific heat is the heat capacity expressed in calories per gram. The definition of a calorie is based on the fact that one calorie is equal to one degree Celsius of water's specific heat.
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2-hexyne will produce a single product upon mercury(ii)-catalyzed hydration.
A. True
B. False
Balance the following reaction: NH3 + I2 --> N2I6 + H2
The balanced equation will be [tex]2NH_3 + 3I_2 -- > N_2I_6 + 3H_2[/tex]
What are balanced equations?They are chemical equations that obey the law of conservation of atoms.
In other words, they are equations in which the number of atoms before and after reactions are the same.
Thus, the balanced equation for the reaction will be [tex]2NH_3 + 3I_2 -- > N_2I_6 + 3H_2[/tex]
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When 50 electrons drop from energy level 4 to energy level 2, how many photons of light are given off?
1 photon
100 photons
2 photons
50 photons
The number of photons given off will be 50 photons.
To find the answer, we need to know about the plank's equation.
How to find the number of photons emitted?We have the expression for energy of a single electron in eV as,[tex]E=-13.6(\frac{1}{(n_f)^2}- \frac{1}{(n_i)^2})eV\\[/tex]
We have,[tex]n_f=4\\n_i=2\\N=50[/tex]
Substituting values, we get,[tex]E=-13.6(\frac{1}{(4)^2}- \frac{1}{(2)^2})eV\\\\E=-13.6*-0.188=2.55eV[/tex]
For N electrons,[tex]E=50*2.55eV=127.5eV[/tex]
We have the plank's equation,E=nhf
From this, the number of photons emitted from 50 electrons will be,[tex]n=\frac{E}{h*f} =\frac{127.5*1.67*10^{-19}J}{(6.63*10^-34)Js} \\[/tex]
To find n, we have to find the frequency f. For that, we have the equation,[tex]\frac{1}{wave length}=R_H(\frac{1}{(n_i)^2}- \frac{1}{(n_f)^2})\\\\1/wv= 1.1*10^5(\frac{1}{(2)^2}- \frac{1}{(4)^2})=20625cm^{-1}.\\wavelength=486nm.[/tex]
Thus, frequency will be,[tex]f=\frac{c}{wavelength} =\frac{3*10^8}{486*10^{-9}} =6.172*10^{14}s{-1}[/tex]
Then, the number of photons will be,[tex]n=\frac{E}{h*f} =\frac{127.5*1.67*10^{-19}J}{(6.63*10^-34)Js*6.17*10^{14} s^{-1}} \\\\n=52.05 photons[/tex]
Thus, we can conclude that, the number of photons given off will be 50 photons.
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What is the mass of 3.40 x 10^35 formula units of KCl??
Answer: it is either 34x or it is 0 im not sure how you do the math or what your question is asking exactly sorry
Explanation:
Mass of 3.40 x 10^35 formula units of KCL is calculated to be 4.20 * 10^13.
What is formula unit?In chemistry, formula unit is the empirical formula of ionic or covalent network solid compound which is used as an independent entity for stoichiometric calculations. It is also the lowest whole number ratio of ions represented in ionic compound.
Convert molecules into moles.
6.02 x 1023 molecules = 1 mole
1 = (1 mole)/(6.02x1023 molecules)
(3.40x10^35 molecules KCL)*(1 mole KCL)/(6.02x1023 molecules KCL)
5.647 *10^11 moles Na2SO4
Molar mass of KCL = 74.55 g/mol
Mass of KCL= 5.647 *10^11 * 74.55
Mass of KCL = 4.20 * 10^13
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For any spontaneous process, universe entropy intensifies is known as the __________ law of thermodynamics.
Group of answer choices
fourth
second
tenth
For any spontaneous process, universe entropy intensifies is known as the second law of thermodynamics.
What is entropy?Entropy is defined as the degree of randomness or disorderliness of a system.
The entropy of a system generally increases for any spontaneous process.
This is according to the second law of thermodynamics.
In conclusion, the entropy of a system is the a measure of randomness of the system.
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b) Explain why Carbon (IV) oxide and water are removed before liquefaction of air
Answer:
Before air is liquefied, water vapor and carbon dioxide are removed, because these substances solidify when cooled and would clog the pipes of the air liquefaction plant.
The diagram shows the setup of an experiment. A few observations of the experiment are listed in table below the diagram.
Experimental Observations
1. Color of solution turned blue
2. Shiny hair like crystals deposited on the copper strip
Which of the following is the correct explanation for one of the given observations?
Observation 1 is a result of silver ions moving into the solution.
Observation 2 is a result of nitrate ions moving into the solution.
Observation 1 is a result of silver ions changing their oxidation state.
Observation 2 is a result of silver ions changing their oxidation state.
Answer:
Observation 2 is a result of silver ions changing their oxidation state.
Explanation:
Silver is reduced and forms silver precipitate. Observation 1 is a result of coppe being oxidized and forming copper nitrate
The molecular orbitals depicted below are derived from 2p atomic orbitals in F2+, (a) Give the orbital designations. (b) Which is occupied by at least one electron in F2+,? (c) Which is occupied by only one electron in F2+,?
a) Orbital designation of F₂⁺ is shown below:
b) σ(2p) is occupied by at least one electron in F₂⁺
c) π*(2p) is occupied by only one electron in F₂⁺
What is Molecular orbital diagram?The molecular orbital diagram can be used to show the bonds inside a diatomic molecule. The magnetic characteristics of a molecule and their ionization-related changes can be determined using MO diagrams. The number of bonds shared between the two atoms, or the bond order of the molecule, is likewise shown by them.
The structure A represents an anti-bonding MO of side-wise overlapping of 2p-orbital. Thus designation of this orbital diagram is: π*(2p).
The structure B represents a bonding MO of head-on overlapping of 2p-orbital. Thus designation of this orbital diagram is: σ(2p)
The structure C represents a bonding MO of side-wise overlapping of 2p-orbital. Thus designation of this orbital diagram is: π(2p)
The structure D represents an anti-bonding MO of head-on overlapping of 2p-orbital. Thus designation of this orbital diagram is: σ*(2p)
a) Thus, orbital designation of F₂⁺ is shown below:
b) σ(2p) is occupied by at least one electron in F₂⁺
c) π*(2p) is occupied by only one electron in F₂⁺
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The complete question is as follows:
The molecular orbitals depicted below are derived from 2p atomic orbitals in F₂⁺, (a) Give the orbital designations. (b) Which is occupied by at least one electron in F₂⁺? (c) Which is occupied by only one electron in F₂⁺?
Describe how to prepare 500ml of a approximately 0.20 mole of soduim hydroxide (NaOH) using solid sodium chloride
Answer:
To prepare 500ml of a approximately 0.20 mole of soduim hydroxide (NaOH) using solid sodium chloride, you will need to:
Obtain the necessary materials: 500ml of distilled water, 0.20 moles of solid sodium chloride (NaCl) and a container.
Slowly add the solid sodium chloride to the distilled water while stirring the solution.
Use a thermometer to monitor the temperature and stop adding the solid sodium chloride when the temperature reaches 90-100 °C.
The solution will become cloudy and will start to release heat. Allow it to cool down, and then measure the final volume of the solution.
The obtained solution will be a approximately 0.20M of sodium hydroxide.
Please note that this method is called "precipitation method" and it is not the only method to prepare sodium hydroxide solution, and also this method is not safe to handle and should only be done by trained person with proper lab equipment and safety measures.
Stibnite, Sb2S3, is a dark gray mineral from which antimony metal is obtained. If you have 2.00 kg of an ore that contains 15.1% antimony, what mass of Sb2S3 (in grams) is in the ore?
Answer: 421.264 grams.
Explanation: This problem is essentially testing you on your knowledge of percent mass except with one extra step.
We are given that there are 2kg or 2000 grams of ore. This ore is %15.1 Antimony. We can multiply 2000 grams by .151 to find the amount of Antimony which is 302 grams. We don't want the amount of Antimony though, we want the amount of Stibnite. To find the amount of Stibite, we can multiply the amount of Antimony by 1/(the percent mass of Antimony in 1 molecule of Stibnite. To find the percent mass we divided 2(molar mass of Sb) by the molar mass of one molecule of Stibnite. This calculation is 2(121.67)/339.69. This is the percent mass of Antimony in Stibnite. We take the inverse because we want to find out how much Stibite there is per amount of Antimony. We do 1/(((2(121.67))/339.69) and multiply that by 302 to find the total amount of Sb2S3.
Hope this helps!
how much is 5 moles of lithium phosphide in grams
Answer:
we are given that mass of lithium four spade that is equal to 77.7 grams
C3H8 (g) + 5 O2 (g) → 3 CO2 (g) + 4 H2O (g) Which atoms are being oxidized and which are being reduced?
C₃H₈ (g) + 5 O₂ (g) → 3 CO₂ (g) + 4 H₂O oxygen atoms are being oxidized and propane are being reduced.
What is redox reaction ?The term redox reaction is defined as when oxidation and reduction takes place simultaneously.
The loss of electron is called as oxidation, it increases the oxidation state. The gain of electron is called as reduction, it decreases the oxidation state.
The oxidation state of the oxygen is decreased hence it gets reduced while that of propane oxidation state is increased hence it gets oxidized.
Thus, C₃H₈ (g) + 5 O₂ (g) → 3 CO₂ (g) + 4 H₂O oxygen atoms are being oxidized and propane are being reduced.
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What is the molecular formula for the compound?
Enter the answer as YwBaxCuyOz where w, x, y, and z represent the coefficients.
The general formula for many YBCO compounds, also known as Y123, is YBa2Cu3O7x. However, materials with other Y: Ba: There are Cu ratios like YBa2Cu4Oy (Y124) and Y2Ba4Cu7Oy (Y247).
What is a Compound?A compound is a substance composed of two or more distinct chemical elements arranged in a predetermined ratio in chemistry. Chemical bonds that are difficult to break form when the elements combine and react with one another. Atomic electron sharing or exchanging results in the formation of these bonds.
compound Include in the list Share When a problem is compounded, something is added to make it worse, like pouring water on a grease fire. The combination is a compound word; A compound is a mixture or combination of at least two things.
A substance in science that is made by chemically joining two or more distinct elements. Table salt (NaCl), which is made from the elements sodium and chloride, and water (H2O), which is made from the elements hydrogen and oxygen, are examples of compounds.
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What compound exhibits only two signals in its 1H NMR spectrum, a triplet and a quintet? A) BrCH2CH2CH2Br B) BrCH2CH2CH2C C) (CH3)2CHCH(CH3)2 D) CH3CH2CH2CH3 E) (CH3)2CHOCH(CH32
BrCH2CH2CH2Br exhibits only two signals in its 1H NMR spectrum, a triplet and a quintet.
What is NMR spectrum?Nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy, often known as NMR spectroscopy or magnetic resonance spectroscopy, is a spectroscopic method used to study the magnetic fields around atomic nuclei. Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy is an abbreviation for Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy. The study of molecules using nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy involves recording the interaction of radiofrequency (Rf) electromagnetic radiations with the nuclei of molecules put in a high magnetic field. Nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy (NMR spectroscopy) or magnetic resonance spectroscopy (MRS) is a spectroscopic method used to study the magnetic fields around atomic nuclei.
Here,
BrCH2CH2CH2Br's 1H NMR spectrum contains just two signals, a triplet and a quint.
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What osmotic pressure (in atmospheres) would you expect for each of the following solutions
5.18g of NaCl in 342.5mL of aqueous solution at 58C
and
5.95g of sodium acetate, CH3CO2Na, in 52.5mL of aqueous solution at 20?C
The osmotic pressure of solution 5.18g of NaCl in 342.5mL of aqueous solution at 58°C is 14.077 atm and 5.95g of sodium acetate, CH₃CO₂Na, in 52.5mL of aqueous solution at 20°C is 66.441 atm
What is an easy way to define osmotic pressure?Osmotic pressure is the amount of force required to stop fluid flow on the solution side of a semipermeable membrane when a solution is being separated from pure water.
Moles NaCl = 5.18 g/ 58.44 g/mol= 0.0886
Molarity = 0.0886 mol / 0.3425 L=0.259M
i ( Vant'Hoff factor) = 2
Osmotic pressure = CRTi = 0.259 x 0.08206 x 331 K x 2 = 14.077 atm
Moles CH₃COONa = 5.95 g/ 82.036 g/mol= 0.0725
M = 0.0725 / 0.0525 L=1.381
i = 2
osmotic pressure = 1.381 x 0.08206 x 293 K x 2 = 66.441 atm.
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hydrogen bonds between the orange and red strands are not shown but are implied by the model. t/f
"hydrogen bonds between the orange and red strands are not shown but are implied by the model" - True
What is hydrogen bonds?When a hydrogen atom bound to a highly electronegative atom is present close to another electronegative atom with a single pair of electrons, a hydrogen bond forms between the two molecules. This unique sort of dipole-dipole attraction is known as a hydrogen bond. Between molecules, there are intermolecular forces.
The unequal distribution of the electron between a hydrogen atom and a negatively charged atom is the source of hydrogen bonding. While a stable electron pair requires two electrons, hydrogen in a bond still only has one electron.
Thus, the given statement is true.
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Below is the SN2 reaction between (S)-2-chlorobutane and cyanide (CN–). In the first box, draw the curved arrows to reflect electron movements. In the second box add the organic product. In both boxes, add all lone pairs of electrons and non-zero formal charges.
SN2 reaction between (S)-2-chlorobutane and cyanide (CN–) proceeds by a nucleophilic substitution mechanism.
How the reaction works?In this reaction, a nucleophile (CN–) attacks the carbon atom in the chloroalkane (S)-2-chlorobutane, which is bearing a leaving group (chlorine), pushing off the leaving group and forming a new carbon-nitrogen bond.
The curved arrows can be used to depict the flow of electrons in the reaction:
The nucleophile (CN–) donates a pair of electrons to the carbon atom in (S)-2-chlorobutane, forming a new carbon-nitrogen bond and pushing off the chlorine atom.
The electrons from the carbon-chlorine bond move to the chlorine atom, which forms a chloride ion (Cl–).
The organic product of the reaction would be (S)-2-cyanobutane
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When the soil is saturated in a gently sloping area, any additional rainfall in the area will most likely
When the soil is saturated in a gently sloping area, any additional rainfall in the area will most likely become surface run off.
What is super saturation?
Super saturation occurs with a chemical solution when the concentration of a solute exceeds the concentration specified by the value equilibrium solubility.
Additional water into the soil will cause the soil to be super saturated and eventually runs off due to the steepness of the area.
Thus, when the soil is saturated in a gently sloping area, any additional rainfall in the area will most likely become surface run off.
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(E)-1,2-dibromo-3-isopropyl-2-hexene Draw the molecule on the canvas by choosing buttons from the Tools (for bonds), Atoms, and Advanced Template toolbars. The single bond is active by default.
Image of (E)-1,2-dibromo-3-isopropyl-2-hexene is shown as in the diagram.
What is meant by stereochemistry?In organic chemistry, structure is not the only thing that matters because the positions of the groups are also very important. This is because, stereochemistry of the compound can be used to determine if the compound is susceptible to certain reaction or not.
Stereochemistry is a subdiscipline of chemistry that involves the study of the relative spatial arrangement of atoms that form the structure of the molecules and their manipulation.
Stereochemistry is the study of three‐dimensional structure of molecules. The cis and trans isomers are forms of stereoisomers, differing in structure only in the location of atoms of the molecule in three‐dimensional space.
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Which of these compounds is the ester formed from the reaction of acetic acid and 1-propanol? O 1
O 2
O 3
O 4
O 5
The ester formed from the reaction of acetic acid and 1-propanol is O3, which is propyl acetate.
What is ester of acetic acid ?The chemical compound ethyl acetate, also known as ethyl ethanoate or EtOAc or EA, has the formula C4H8O2 and is an organic compound. This clear liquid is used to decaffeinate tea and coffee as well as in glues and nail paint removers. It has a distinctive sweet scent akin to pear drops. The ester of ethanol and acetic acid, ethyl acetate is produced in huge quantities for use as a solvent.
Due to its affordability, low toxicity, and pleasant smell, ethanol acetate is mostly employed as a solvent and diluent. It is frequently utilized, for instance, to clean circuit boards and in some nail polish removers (acetone is also used). This solvent is used to decaffeinate tea leaves and coffee beans. Additionally, it serves as a hardener or activator in paints. Fruits, colognes, and confections all contain ethyl acetate. In perfumes, it swiftly evaporates, leaving the fragrance on the skin.
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Name the organic product of the following reaction
The organic product of the following reaction is called benzene which has chemical formula C₆ H₆
What is benzene?The organic compound benzene has the molecular formula C6H6 and is made up of six carbon atoms joined together in a planar ring by one hydrogen atom. Benzene is a hydrocarbon because it only contains carbon and hydrogen atoms.
At room temperature, benzene is a chemical that is either colorless or a light yellow liquid. It is highly flammable and has a pleasant scent. Benzene quickly dissipates into the air. Its vapor can sink into low-lying areas because it is heavier than air.
What is benzene commonly known by?The organic compound benzene, also known as phenylene, has the molecular formula C6H6. Each of the six carbon atoms in the benzene molecule is attached to a hydrogen atom in a planar ring. Benzene is a hydrocarbon because it only has carbon and hydrogen atoms.
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4. Compare the conductivity observations of dilute and concentrated NiCl₂ and NaOH.
Explain why you observed this.
NiCl₂ and NaOH are both electrolytes, which means that they dissociate in water to form ions, which are charged particles that can conduct electricity.
When NiCl₂ is dissolved in water, it dissociates into Ni²⁺ ions and Cl⁻ ions. The conductivity of a dilute solution of NiCl₂ is relatively low because there are fewer ions present in the solution, and thus fewer ions available to conduct electricity.
When the concentration of NiCl₂ is increased, the conductivity of the solution also increases. This is because as the concentration of the solution increases, there are more ions present in the solution, which results in a greater ability to conduct electricity.
Similarly, when NaOH is dissolved in water, it dissociates into Na⁺ ions and OH⁻ ions. As with NiCl₂, the conductivity of a dilute solution of NaOH is relatively low because there are fewer ions present in the solution. As the concentration of NaOH is increased, the conductivity of the solution increases because there are more ions present in the solution.
In summary, the conductivity of dilute solutions of NiCl₂ and NaOH is low because there are fewer ions present in the solution. As the concentration of these solutions increases, the conductivity increases because there are more ions present in the solution.
Chemistry A (SA) # 3606 / Module 6: Covalent Compounds
1. Ionic compounds and polar molecules can both dissolve in water. Which statement correctly describes what will occur when they dissolve?
Neither the ionic compound nor the polar molecule will dissociate in water.
Both the ionic compound and the polar molecule will dissociate in water.
The ionic compound will dissociate, but the polar molecule will not.
The polar molecule will dissociate, but the ionic compound will not.
Ionic compounds dissolve readily in water because the polar water molecules are able to interact and stabilize the charged ions.
How can water dissolve ionic compounds?Polar solvents, particularly water, help ionic molecules dissolve. This happens when the negative anion of the ionic solid is drawn to the positive end of the water molecule and the positive cation of the ionic solid is drawn to the negative end of the water molecule (oxygen) (hydrogen). An ionic substance separates into positive and negative ions during dissolution. For these ions to remain distinct and soluble in the solution, they need to interact with other charges. If the covalent bonds are a component of a polyatomic ion, a molecule can contain both ionic and covalent bonds. Ammonium ions, NH4+, sulphate ions, SO42-, hypochlorite ions, and ClO- are a few examples of polyatomic ions.To learn more about ionic compounds refer to:
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Caprylic acid is an 8-carbon saturated fatty acid. Draw the structure of caprylic acid. Draw the molecule on the canvas by choosing buttons from the Tools (for bonds), Atoms, and Advanced Template toolbars. The single bond is active by default. Include all hydrogen atoms.
Caprylic acid is a saturated molecule with eight electrons and the COOH functional group.
What about hydrogen atoms?The initial element and primary component of stars, hydrogen, makes up nine out of every ten atoms in the cosmos. Helium makes up the other 10% of all atoms. Already 100 percent of that. On a cosmic scale, the remaining elements of the periodic table—Elements 3 through 118, lithium through ununoctium—barely register.
What makes hydrogen so crucial?Hydrogen may be utilized to heat our homes and places of work in addition to powering vehicles and producing energy. To reach net zero, it will be crucial to reduce our carbon emissions significantly.
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Which of the following arranges the bonds in order of decreasing bond length?
The order of decreasing bond length is; C- P > C - N > C=N. Option B
What is bond length?A chemical bond is formed when two compounds combine together. We know that the strength of a bond is shown by the bond length and the bond order. Clearly, bonds that have shorter bond lengths tend to be stronger than longer bonds that have a longer bond distance.
This explains why triple bonds are shorter and stronger bonds. This stems for the high s contribution (50%) in the formation of the bond. Therefore, the order of decreasing bond lengths is single bonds > Double bonds > triple bonds.
Now applying this background to the case in point, we can see that the decreasing order of bond energy must have to do with increasing bond order and decreasing bond distance.
Hence, the order of decreasing bond length is; C- P > C - N > C=N.
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Be sure to answer all parts. Outline a synthesis of the following Wittig reagent from Ph3P and an alkyl bromide.
The Wittig reaction is a chemical reaction used to synthesize alkenes from aldehydes or ketones using a phosphonium ylide (also known as a Wittig reagent) as the nucleophile.
What is Wittig reagent?When an aldehyde or ketone reacts chemically with a triphenyl phosphonium ylide (often referred to as a Wittig reagent), an alkene and triphenylphosphine oxide are produced. This reaction is known as the Wittig reaction or Wittig olefination.
The synthesis of the Wittig reagent from Ph3P and an alkyl bromide can be outlined as follows:
1. Start with Ph3P (triphenylphosphine) and an alkyl bromide (R-Br) in a suitable solvent, such as dichloromethane (CH2Cl2).
2. Add a strong base, such as n-butyllithium (n-BuLi) or potassium tert-butoxide (t-BuOK), to the mixture. This will deprotonate Ph3P to give the phosphonium cation Ph3P+.
3. The alkyl bromide will act as a nucleophile and will react with the Ph3P+ cation to give the phosphonium ylide intermediate: Ph3P+-R-Br.
4. The intermediate will then lose a molecule of Br- to give the final Wittig reagent which is a phosphonium ylide : Ph3P=CHR
5. This reagent can be used as a nucleophile in the Wittig reaction to form an alkene.
Note that this reaction is not suitable for all types of Alkyl Bromides, and some may not be able to form the ylide intermediate or may form by products.
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