Natural selection leads to adaptation, that is, to a population dominated by organisms that are anatomically, behaviorally, and physiologically well suited to survive and reproduce in a specific environment.
The study of any species, human included, is aided by comparison of fossil structures to modern ones of known function. In addition, we infer human activities and abilities from the objects they leave behind. In this laboratory, you will make inferences from the various sources of evidence we have for the history of human form and behavior.
Human ancestors are the study of any species, human included and is aided by the comparison of fossil structures to modern ones of known function. In addition, we infer human activities and abilities from the objects they leave behind.
Although paleontologists, the study of ancient human ancestors is a subfield of evolutionary biology, it is more commonly known as paleoanthropology since, for a large portion of the evolution of humans, cultural evolution followed biological evolution.
Researchers and students can examine the variations in brain and body size, locomotion, food, and other characteristics of the early human species way of life during the last 6 million years thanks to thousands of human ancestors' fossils. The oldest undisputed hominid, anamensis, has fossils that date back as far as 4.2 million years.
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Exfoliating agents found in pedicure scrubs are made of sea sand, ground apricot kernels, pumice, quartz crystals, jojoba beads, and:
Exfoliating agents found in pedicure scrubs are made of sea sand, ground apricot kernels, pumice, quartz crystals, jojoba beads, and polypropylene beads.
What are Exfoliating agents?These are substances which are characterized by their gritty texture and are applied on the skin for the purpose of removal of old portions so as to enable new ones reemerging.This process in referred to as skin renewal and makes people look younger and healthy.
Polypropylene beads is referred to as a common thermoplastic resin and is also used as an exfoliating agent in pedicure scrubs due to its gritty nature and zero side effects when applied on the skin of individuals.
Other substances which are used as pedicure scrubs include sea sand, ground apricot kernels etc thereby making it the most appropriate choice.
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• explain how the nervous system controls muscle tension
Your nerves somehow allow this signal to pass through and, like magic, it causes that large muscle to contract. If it's okay, we'll concentrate on it as the question directly refers to the muscular contraction. We move ahead to the motor neuron, where the brain's action potential has already reached the muscle. Motor units, which are made up of an upper and a lower motor neuron, are used to control muscles. The top motor neurons, or the neuron that transmits signals from the brain, are represented by the tracts above. After connecting to lower motor neurons, upper motor neurons link to the muscle. The basic structure of your muscles is fibers inside fibers inside fibers. Sarcomeres, the smallest unit, are made up of sections that are separated by Z-lines. We have two filaments, actin and myosin, between the Z-lines. The M-line is where Myosin is connected, while Actin is a long, thin filament attached to the Z-line. The actin will be pulled by the myosin, which will cause the Z-lines to constrict inward toward the M-line. The bigger structures will follow if many of these tiny fibers do this at once, triggering the contraction of the entire muscle. The Sliding Filament Model of contraction is used to describe this.
A single Actin and Myosin pair appears quite similar if we zoom in on it. Myosin and actin do not contact when your muscles are at rest, yet they have a strong attraction for one another (they really want to touch). If not for two proteins (tropomyosin and troponin) linked to the Actin filament, they would touch. As we are still awaiting a signal, we slightly zoom out.
An action potential is sent by the lower motor neuron, which causes Acetylcholine to be released into the synapses. This results in an inflow of sodium, which changes the voltage and spreads the signal.
The action potential is no longer in the neuron but rather within the muscle. The Sarcolemma is struck by the action potential as it travels through the muscle cells.
The Sarcolemma has tubes that penetrate the cell deeply (T-Tubules). The Action Potential is sent at the Sarcomeres via these tubes.
Calcium is continually being pumped out of the cell by the Sarcoplasmic Reticulum, which houses the sarcomeres (these pumps use ATP as energy). Additionally, it has voltage-gated calcium channels that are still closed that line it.
The Voltage Gated Calcium channels open when the T-Tubules produce an action potential, allowing calcium to flood the cell.
The two proteins that surround the actin are now activated by calcium. When calcium attaches to troponin, a shape shift occurs (as proteins do when they bind). The active strands are revealed as the troponin pulls tropomyosin in its direction.
Now that the Actin sites are revealed, the Myosin is free to bind to them. However, myosin, which used some ATP and broke it down into ADP and phosphate, is the only protein that can actually do this. This myosin, which has been "charged," extends. It remains put, clinging to ADP+Phosphate like a loaded weapon.
The myosin unleashes its energy and rushes toward the exposed Actin now that it is primed and prepared. Once more, it alters form by dragging the acting and moving it inside.As soon as the bullet was shot, all of the energy necessary to divide ATP into ADP and phosphate was used up, and the split chemicals were released back into the cell (the release occurs because myosin changed it shape and in this state no longer has a strong affinity for them). The mitochondria will reuse them at this location and transform them back into ATP.Myosin does have a high affinity for ATP in this condition, which causes ATP to attach to it once again. Myosin is released from Actin by this binding, which results in another shape shift. Myosin is therefore brought back to its primed and prepared condition. Actin may be drawn in little further if it fires once more.As a result, the two Z-lines are pulled toward the centre by the Myosin, and the sarcomere contracts.
Since the Sarcoplasmic Reticulum's calcium pumps are actively pumping calcium out, calcium ultimately dissociates from Troponin. Actin is rendered unavailable to myosin as a result of the protection being reset. The fun is gone now because Myosin can no longer link to the actin, and when an action potential occurs, the cycle restarts.
And that’s how a signal from the nervous system, an action potential, can cause a muscle to contract. Isn’t nature cool?
Which type of tissue is strong in one direction, but can rupture if lots of force is applied to the opposite direction of the fibers
Answer: I think it is Bone
Explanation:
A plant is 15 inches tall and grows at a rate of 0. 5 inches per week. Write a function h that models the height of the plant, in inches, as it grows per week,
Answer:
h(x)=0.5x+15.
Explanation:
Given that the first differences remain constant, this function is linear. Thus, we can use y=mx+b.
'b' in this case is 15 inches, as that is the original height of the plant.
The slope (m) would be 0.5, such that time is the independent variable and height is the dependent variable (which should always be the case).
Using this information, we can create a function to model height:
h(x)=0.5x+15, where x represents each week.
Hope this helps!
Why does the invasive brown treesnake have a negative effect on the biodiversity of guam?
If brown tree snake or Boiga irregularis was introduced to Guam it can caused the mass extinction of most of the island's native bird and native lizard species. with the decrease in native pollinators their will be a huge decline in plant species in guam.
The brown tree snake is considered as ecological threat on the island of Guam, where it has swallow up nearly all the native birds since its accidental introduction more than 70 years ago. These brown tree snake was introduced to Guam in the mid of 1940's and has caused the functional extinction of all native forest birds and lizard species. To save the Guam's remaining birds, researchers placed nests on top of smooth poles so that no snake could climb.
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Internal respiration refers to the exchange of gases:
Question 1 options:
Between the atmosphere and the lungs
Between the lungs and the heart
Between blood cells and body cells (excluding alveoli)
Between blood cells and the alveoli
Within body cells
Which of the following options best depicts the flow of information when a gene directs the synthesis of a cellular component.
That depicts the flow of information when a gene directs the synthesis of a cellular component is DNA → RNA → protein.
The pathway for the flow of genetic information-
In biological systems, the basic flow of genetic information is sometimes represented with a diagram known as "the central dogma". According to this model, transcription converts DNA information into RNA, which is then translated into proteins.Which of the following best describes the flow of information in cells?
Gene-specific DNA sections are copied to create mRNA. mRNA provides a code that specifies the order of amino acids in a protein, and ribosomes employ this code as instructions.The correct order for the flow of information in cells-
According to the core dogma, the information pattern that occurs in our cells the most commonly is: From existing DNA to produce new DNA (DNA replication) New RNA is created from DNA (transcription) to create new proteins from RNA (translation).
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Tons of biodegradable soild waste are produced each day in cities suggest some ways to change waste into energy.
Explanation:
l if you produce by the graduable waste you can send it for recycling into composed you can delete by the industrial scale by composting and idhar composting and array big digestion a d composting is more suitable for 5 days material 8 is more suitable for which basis and sliding is
A 5-year-old child is at the pediatric clinic for a well-child visit. which symptom alerts the health care provider that this child might have acute lymphoblastic leukemia (all)?
Bone marrow aspiration symptom alerts the health care provider that this child might have acute lymphoblastic leukemia (all)
Acute lymphocytic leukemia (ALL) is a kind of blood and bone marrow malignancy. Blood cells are generated in the spongy tissue inside the bones. Acute lymphocytic leukemia gets its name from the fact that it advances quickly and produces immature blood cells rather than mature ones.Acute lymphoblastic leukemia in children is more frequent than other cancers, however it is curable in a significant portion of cases. Adult survival rates are lower, although they are rising. ALL has a 5-year relative survival rate of 68.8%. 90 percent of children and 30 to 40 percent of adults are included in the statistics, respectively.
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The body in an erect posture, facing forward, arms at the side, palms facing forward, legs apart, feet pointing forward describes what term?
Anatomical position, or standard anatomical position, refers to the positioning of the body when it is standing upright and facing forward with each arm hanging on either side of the body, and the palms facing forward. The legs are parallel, with feet flat on the floor and facing forward.
The benefit of the palms facing forward is that it makes the radius, and ulna, the bones of the forearm run parallel to each other from the elbow to the wrist.
The term is used in medicine and related fields when referring to the position of body parts in relation to each other. There are four main anatomical positions which are:- supine, prone, right lateral recumbent, and left lateral recumbent. Each position is used in different medical circumstances.
The prone is defined as "lying flat with the face downward" and supine as "lying on the back."
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Examine the picture below. 1. Draw out the segments of normal eukaryotic cell cycle. 2. What stage of the cell cycle is represented below? What is the percentage of cells in each stage of the cell cycle? What parts of the cell cycle are not present in the image? What is the percentage of cells that you cannot identify? Explain how you answered the question.
The two main phases of cell cycle are the interphase and the mitotic phase.
What is a cell cycle?Cell cycle is an ordered series of events that involve cell division producing two new daughter cells.The 2 phases of cell cycle are interphase (G1, S, G2) and mitotic phase (Prophase, Prometaphase, Metaphase, Anaphase, Telophase).During interphase, the cell grows in size and replication of DNA takes place. In G1 cell growth and protein synthesis occurs, in S phase DNA is replicated and in G2 there is further growth and protein synthesis. During Mitosis, nucleus divides and the duplicated chromosomes are distributed into daughter nuclei. Usually after mitosis, the cell will divide (Cytokinesis) which involves the division of cytoplasm and two daughter cells are formed.The following events occur during different phases of mitosis: Sister chromatids line up in a plane at the equatorial plate (Metaphase). Sister chromatids separate and move to opposite poles (Anaphase). The nucleus reforms (Telophase) and the cell divides.The given diagram represents Metaphase stage of cell cycle.
During metaphase, all of the chromosomes are aligned in a single plane at the equator (equatorial plane). During this phase the chromosomes are most condensed. The sister chromatids are joined to each other via the centromere.To calculate the percentage of cells during each stage, first count the number of cells in each phase. Then, divide the total number of cells in each phase by the total number of cells present and multiply by 100.
There are 28 cells in total.
Out of which 21 are in Metaphase and 7 cannot be identified.
Percentage of cells in metaphase= (21/28)* 100 = 75%
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A researcher collects what appears to be a new species in a freshwater stream. Microscopic analysis shows the presence of chloroplasts, mitochondria, a defined nucleus, and a cellulose-based cell wall. Individual cells cluster to form colonies, but the colony lacks any true tissue or organ formations. This new species most likely belongs in which of the following kingdoms
According to the research, this new species most likely belongs to the Protista kingdom since it has a defined nucleus.
What is the Protista kingdom?They are unicellular or multicellular microorganisms that, for the most part, feed autotrophically, and that, on the other hand, cannot be included in the remaining three kingdoms of eukaryotes.
It can be both autotrophic and heterotrophic by photosynthesis, although many of them combine both forms of nutrition and have chloroplasts, mitochondria, a defined nucleus, among other structures.
Therefore, we can conclude that according to the research, this new species most likely belongs to the Protista kingdom since it has a defined nucleus.
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NMDA receptors multiplicatively scale visual signals and enhance directional motion discrimination in retinal ganglion cells
The given statement that NMDA receptors multiplicatively scale visual signals and enhance directional motion discrimination in retinal ganglion cells holds True
What is the role of NMDARs in synaptic processing?Postsynaptic responses in many CNS neurons are typically small and variable, often making it difficult to distinguish physiologically relevant signals from background noise. To extract salient information, neurons are thought to integrate multiple synaptic inputs and/or selectively amplify specific synaptic activation patterns. Here, we present evidence for a third strategy: directionally selective ganglion cells (DSGCs) in the mouse retina multiplicatively scale visual signals via a mechanism that requires both nonlinear NMDA receptor (NMDAR) conductance in DSGC dendrites and directionally tuned inhibition provided by the upstream retinal circuitry. Postsynaptic multiplication enables DSGCs to discriminate visual motion more accurately in noisy visual conditions without compromising directional tuning. These findings demonstrate a novel role for NMDARs in synaptic processing and provide new insights into how synaptic and network features interact to accomplish physiologically relevant neural computations.
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Mike takes lithium to regulate his affect. this drug is particularly used to treat:________
The drug lithium is particularly used to treat bipolar disorder and severe depression.
Chronic mood disorders like bipolar disorder lead to abrupt changes in mood, energy, and behavior.
The primary symptoms of bipolar disorder are manic and hypomanic episodes, and the majority of those who have them also experience depressed periods.
One of the most popular and well-researched drugs for treating bipolar disorder is lithium.
The frequency and intensity of mania are both lessened by lithium.
Additionally, it might lessen or shield against bipolar depression.
Lithium can considerably lower the risk of depression, according to studies.
Hence, The drug lithium is particularly used to treat bipolar disorder and severe depression.
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With respect to a hypothetical rabies investigation conducted among veterinary workers (Dr. Spot, 2003), researchers found that rabies was almost always fatal. This finding refers to:
This finding refers to Virulence of Rabies Virus (RV).
What is virulence?Virulence is a pathogen's or microorganism's ability to cause damage to a host. Factors that are produced by a microorganism and evoke disease are called virulence factors. Examples are toxins, surface coats that inhibit phagocytosis.Rabies is caused by a lyssavirus .The major factors that determine the virulence of RV are virus uptake, cell-to-cell spread, rate of virus replication and the expression of the RV glycoprotein (G).Human rabies is 99% fatal. It can be prevented by vaccinating pets, avoiding contact with wildlife and seeking medical care as soon as possible in case of being bitten by animals.Learn about pathogenicity and virulence here:
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Conventional genetic analyses of rrna sequences is not possible for prions because:_______
Conventional genetic analyses of rRNA sequence is not possible for prions because they don't contain nucleic acid.Prions do not contain genetic material such as - DNA and RNA.
The unique traits and genetic material information are encoded with the conformation structure and modification of protein.Prions which are responsible for transmissible sponginess encephalitis is mammals which all known prion disease affect the neural tissues.
There are 253 amino acids exist in multiple conformations and isoform which is found in healthy organisms, most extensively studied proteins. Prions are not destroy easily and remains intact in the presence of radiation , disinfectant and extreme heat.
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Phase Two: Match neurodevelopmental and neurocognitive disorders term to patient scenarios Patient photo Janet Burk lives at Fairview group home and is unable to perform her activities of daily living independently. She requires close supervision.
Intellectually Disabled-Profound. So, she requires close supervision.
What about intellectually disabled profound?Delays in development that are significant.It has limited communication skills but can understand speech. Capable of picking up daily habits perhaps learn very basic self-care. In social settings, needs close monitoring. Piaget's Sensorimotor Stage.Four categories—mild intellectual disability, moderate intellectual disability, severe intellectual disability, and profound intellectual disability—are used by experts to group the different types of cognitive impairment.These people need constant monitoring, assistance with self-care, and are unable to live freely. They frequently have physical restrictions and a very restricted capacity for communication.Learn more about intellectually disabled profound here:
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Which of the situations is an example of the crowding-out effect on investment as it pertains to macroeconomics?
The crowding out effect is an economic theory arguing that rising public sector spending drives down or even eliminates private sector spending. Crowding out of investment is defined as a situation when increased interest rates lead to a reduction in private investment spending such that it dampens the initial increase of total investment spending is called crowding out effect. The impact of crowding out can be increased government borrowing and spending causing a reduction in private spending. Because government borrowing increases the cost of private loans and uses up capital that may have been deployed elsewhere, businesses and individuals don't borrow or spend as much money.
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Answer: Jack wants to borrow money to create a cowboy-themed inflatable bounce house for kids called "Wild Wild West." However, the government is running a deficit which has increased interest rates so much that Jack can no longer afford to borrow the money.
How are bacteria and fungus penicillium similar?
The fact that both bacteria and the fungus Penicillium are cells with cell walls and membranes is one of the ways in which they are similar. The fact that both bacteria and the fungus penicillium are microorganisms is another commonality between them.
What are bacteria and fungus?Bacteria are common, largely free-living organisms that frequently only have one biological cell. They make up a significant portion of the prokaryotic microbial kingdom. Bacteria, which are typically a few micrometers long and were among the first life forms to appear on Earth, are found in the majority of its habitats.
Any member of the eukaryotic group of organisms, which also includes the more well-known mushrooms and microbes like yeast and mold, is referred to as a fungus.
The Penicillium and bacteria have a relationship that is The secretion known as penicillin, which is produced by Penicillium fungus, is exceedingly hazardous to bacteria. This discovery served as the inspiration for penicillin, the first real antibiotic.
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Describe the pressures in the atria and ventricles that would cause the opening of the AV valves. Pressures in the atria and ventricles would be equal. Pressure in the ventricles would be greater than in the atria. Pressure in the atria would be greater than the pressure in the ventricles.
The pressures in the atria and ventricles that would cause the AV valves to open. This is when the pressure in the atria would be greater than the pressure in the ventricles.
What does pressure in the atria cause?The pressure drops below 120 mmHg as the ventricles relax, causing the semilunar valves to close. As the pressure continues to fall, the atrial pressure exceeds that of the ventricles, and the atrioventricular valves open. Meanwhile the blood is being pumped around the body.
With this information, we can conclude that the pressure in the atria would be greater than the pressure in the ventricles.
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In a common reflex arc, after a sensory nerve signal is processed by interneurons in the integration center, where does the signal go next?
In a reflex arc, after a sensory nerve signal is processed by interneurons in the integration center, the signal goes to the motor neuron. The answer is motor neurons.
What is the reflex arc?
The reflex arc refers to the sequence of events since the body receives an external stimulus until it reacts.
In general terms,
1) A stimulus of varying nature reaches the body.
2) The peripheric nervous system -PNS- receives the stimulus and sends this information to the central nervous system -CNS-.
3) The CNS processes the information and sends another signal as a response to the stimulus.
Five elements compose the reflex arc, which are receptors, three types of neurons, and effectors.
The neurons involved in the mechanism are:
• Afferent or sensorial neurons
• Interneurons
• Efferent or motor neurons
Mode of Action:
Ascending branchThe stimulus reaches the body and is received by the specialized sensory receptors.
Afferent neurons, placed in the dermis and epidermis, receive this information from receptors, react and send it to the central nervous system as nerve impulses.
Descending branchInterneurons in the CNS, process the information and send a motor response.
Efferent neurons carry the response from the CNS to the effector organs, which might be either a muscle or a gland.
Finally, the target tissue responds to the stimulus as a contraction -muscle-,or as hormones release -gland-.
A motor neuron is formed by a cellular body, dendrites (cytoplasmic extensions that receive stimuli from other cells), and a long axon that is capable of conducting the electrochemical signals.
The axon brunches out into several extensions when it approaches the muscle.
At the end of each brunch, the axon is inserted in the muscle fiber surface, composing neuromuscular join.
This is the last part of the NS involved in the process before the muscle contracts.
After a sensory nerve signal is processed by interneurons in the integration center, the signal goes to the motor neuron, and from there to the effector.
The corrct answer is motorneuron.
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question 4: an atom with 7 protons, 6 neutrons, and 7 electrons, has an atomic mass of blank amu. (Enter a whole number)
The thin skin that appears to form on water’s surface occurs because of
The thin skin that appears to form on the water’s surface occurs because of capillarity.
What is capillarity?Capillarity is a physical property of water (H2O) associated with the movement of its molecules.
Capillarity refers to the propensity of water molecules to ascend and decay due to surface tension.
In conclusion, the thin skin that appears to form on the water is due to capillarity.
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In the months preceding birth, the hormone which causes pelvic ligaments to become more flexible to enable widening of the pelvis during delivery is ________.
In the months preceding birth, the hormone which causes pelvic ligaments to become more flexible to enable widening of the pelvis during delivery is relaxin.
What is relaxin hormone?The ovary and placenta both generate the hormone relaxin, which has significant effects on the female reproductive system and on pregnancy. It loosens the ligaments in the pelvis and softens and opens the cervix in order to prepare for childbirth.Progesterone starts to come out of the corpus luteum, and it combines with relaxin to thicken the uterine lining, aiding in the implantation of the fertilized egg.In both pregnant and nonpregnant females, the corpus luteum is principally responsible for producing relaxin. During pregnancy, its plasma levels are at their peak. The decidua and placenta both manufacture relaxin during this state. Relaxin is produced in the prostate and released into the seminal fluid in males.Learn more about hormone here:
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Blood from the GI tract within the hepatic portal system must travel through the liver so that ______.
Answer:
digested nutrients can be absorbed and processed
harmful agents can be detoxified.
Explanation:
D. when considering the comfort and safety of passengers, why are women ignored in this case?
When considering the comfort and safety of passengers, women ignored because of inequalities.
Why are women ignored in this case?When considering the comfort and safety of passengers, women ignored in this case because our society give more preference to men. Our society has dominated by men while on the other hand, women are ignored many times. We did not give more jobs to women or other comforts and safety which is a dark side of our society.
So we can conclude that when considering the comfort and safety of passengers, women ignored because of inequalities.
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The cosmetologist must receive _____ instruction in order to properly perform extraction of clogged pores and comedones.
Cosmetologist should get hands on instruction in order to properly perform extraction of clogged pores and comedones.
Because providing skin care requires knowledge of facials, cosmetologists should study this subject.services assist consumers in unwinding, and having a fundamental understanding of skin care will let you to give guidance.Knowing the fundamentals will enable you to identify situations where a prescription may be necessary when requested.
understanding the fundamentals will enable you to provide the foundational services in medical care, andYou might find it so enjoyable that you decide to focus on skin care.The most crucial component of facial treatment is skin analysis, which establishes the skin type,ailment, and suggested medical care.
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How would the sensory homunculus of the giraffe be different than a human's?
Homunculi of various morphologies can be seen in several species as a result of their divergent evolutionary histories. So there are differences in the sensory homunculus between giraffes and humans.
The structural properties of sensory homunculus
The sensory homunculus, which is located in the cerebral cortex, is a topographic representation of the sensory acuity of the body.Typically, this topograph contains body components depicted along the parietal lobe's postcentral gyrus surface. The sensory homunculus' topology matches the body's opposite side. This region corresponds to the sensory region of the lower extremities and genitalia, starting from the medial aspect of the postcentral gyrus. The superior to superolateral portions of the postcentral gyrus, which run farther laterally along the gyrus, correspond to the neck, shoulder, and torso. This region corresponds to the upper extremities and hand and is located on the lateral side of the postcentral gyrus. The inferolateral region of the postcentral gyrus corresponds to the facial and bulbar structures. Surprisingly, the face is the part of the sensory homunculus that occupies the most significant space.To know more about sensory homunculus
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Transfusion reactions are the result of antibody reaction to foreign antibodies. MHC molecules on red blood cells. MHC molecules on white blood cells. plasma proteins. glycolipids and glycoproteins on the surface of red blood cells.
Correct answer-
Glycolipids and glycoproteins on the surface of red blood cells- This is the correct answer because the glycolipids present on the surface of red blood cells have to be compatible to the blood being transfused or received by the donor. If the blood received is not compatible it leads to transfusion reactions.Incorrect answers-
MHC molecules on red blood cells- This is incorrect because MHC molecules are not present on the surface of red blood cells.MHC molecules on white blood cells- This is also incorrect because MHC molecules attach themselves to pathogenic peptides. These molecules are not responsible for transfusion reactions.Plasma proteins- This is incorrect because the proteins present in plasma are not responsible for transfusion reactions.Learn more about transfusion reactions here-
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