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Electromagnetic radiation consists of particle called photons, each of which has a discrete amount, or quantum, of energy, however, since electromagnetic radiation also has wave properties, each particle is also characterized by a specific wavelength and frequency.
Electromagnetic radiation is a type of energy that travels through space in the form of waves. This radiation is composed of massless particles called photons, which are the fundamental unit of electromagnetic radiation.
Each photon has a discrete amount of energy, which is directly proportional to the frequency of the wave it represents. This relationship is given by the equation E = hf, where E is the distance between two consecutive peaks or troughs of the wave. The frequency of a wave is the number of cycles it completes in a unit of time.
Complete questions:
Electromagnetic radiation consists of particle called ____ each of which has a discrete amount, or quantum, of energy, however, since electromagnetic radiation also has wave properties, each particle is also characterized by a specific wavelength and ____.
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Related Questions
what is the multiplicity of the indicated carbon in an off resonance decoupled c 13 nmr spectrum in off resonance decoupled spectra, direct 13 ch coupling is observed
Answers
There will be two results observed by 13C-NMR spectrum- First at 31 ppm signal is for the more shielded and electron-rich carbon atoms and is upfield. And second at 70 ppm signal is directed downfield and pertains to the carbon atom, which is more exposed and has an environment poor in electrons.
What is 13C- NMR?
The use of nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy on carbon is known as carbon-13 (C13) nuclear magnetic resonance, often known as carbon-13 NMR spectroscopy or 13C NMR spectroscopy, or simply as carbon NMR.
Similar to proton NMR (1 H NMR), it enables the identification of carbon atoms in an organic molecule in the same way that proton NMR identifies hydrogen atoms. The only isotope that 13C NMR can detect is 13 C. The predominant carbon isotope, 12 C, is not found.
Therefore 13C NMR spectroscopy is widely used for characterizing organic and organometallic compounds.
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iron(III) chromate lithlumn nitrate
iron(III) nitrate + lithium chromate
Answers
The reaction you have written is a chemical equation for a precipitation reaction between iron(III) nitrate and lithium chromate, which results in the formation of iron(III) chromate and lithium nitrate. Precipitation reactions occur when two solutions are mixed and a solid product is formed, which typically settles at the bottom of the container. The equation is balanced, meaning that the number of atoms of each element is equal on both sides of the arrow. This is an important aspect of chemical reactions, as the law of conservation of mass states that matter cannot be created or destroyed in a chemical reaction.
Which of the following salts would give you the highest concentration of phosphate ions in solution if you placed 1 mole of the salt in a liter of water?
Select one:
a. Ba³(PO⁴)²K³p =1.3 x 10–²⁹
b. Pb³(PO⁴)² K³p= 3.0 x 10–⁴⁴
c. Ca³(PO⁴)² K³p = 1.0 x 10–²⁵
d. Sr³ (PO⁴)² K³p = 1.0 x10—³¹
Answers
The salt that would give you the highest concentration of phosphate ions in solution if you placed 1 mole of the salt in a litre of water is the one with the highest Kₛp value. i.e. option B
The Kₛp value indicates the solubility product constant, which is a measure of the solubility of a salt in water.
The higher the Kₛp value, the more soluble the salt is in water, and therefore the higher the concentration of ions in solution.
Out of the given options, the salt with the highest Kₛp value is Pb³(PO⁴)² with a Kₛp value of 3.0 x 10–⁴⁴.
Therefore, this salt would give you the highest concentration of phosphate ions in solution if you placed 1 mole of the salt in a litre of water.
Therefore the correct option is (b.) Pb³(PO⁴)² K³p= 3.0 x 10–⁴⁴
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Which of these would be considered a basic nucleophile for reaction with an epoxide? (Select all that apply) O HBr O H20, H2SO4 O LiAlH4 O RMgBr O HCN D O CH3ONa, CH3OH O NaOH, H20O HCI O CH3OH, H2SO4 O KCN, DMF O CH3CC- (alkynyl anion)
Answers
The following nucleophiles would be considered basic for reaction with an epoxide: NaOH, H2O, CH3ONa, CH3OH, LiAlH4, RMgBr and CH3CC- (alkynyl anion).
Which are more reactive- acidic or basic nucleophiles?Basic nucleophiles are typically more reactive towards epoxides than acidic nucleophiles due to their electron-rich nature, which allows them to attack the highly electrophilic carbon centre of the epoxide ring. Acidic nucleophiles are species that can donate electrons to form a new bond with an electron-deficient center, such as a carbocation or an electrophilic carbon atom.
What do these basic nucleophiles do?These nucleophiles can attack the carbon centre of the epoxide and open the ring to form a new alkoxide or alkyne product, depending on the specific conditions and reagents used.
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According to this week's lecture materials, scientists estimate that sea levels will rise between approximately 1 and 5 meters. There are many factors that contribute to this global change. Which of the following choices is NOT one of them?
-Melting glaciers
-None of the other choices are correct.
-Man-made CO2 emissions
-The release of methane and carbon dioxide stored in the earth's biosphere
Answers
None of the other choices are correct. Because all the other choices are the factors which contribute to the sea level rise.
What are the major contributors to sea level rises?Sea level rise is caused mainly by two factors linked to global warming, those are: the added water from the melting ice sheets and the glaciers, and the expansion of seawater as it is getting warm. The ice melting from land into the ocean, warming waters which expand, the slowing Gulf Stream, and the sinking land are all contribute to sea level rise.
How do the scientists determine if sea levels are rising?Sea level is mainly measured by using the tide stations and the satellite laser altimeters. Tide stations around the world tell us what is occurring at a local level, that is the height of the water as measured along the coast relative to a specific point on land.
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What is the total number of atoms in the following formula? CaBr₂ 4 3 1 2
Answers
Answer:
3 atoms
Explanation:
There is one calcium atom (Ca) and two Bromine atoms (Br2)
Choosing the best term in science writing means choosing the term with (I)____ It is better to (II) ___ the chosen term rather than sacrifice (III)___Some of the best terms are long and (IV)___be abbreviated.Choices IO the most visual interpretationO the largest number of syllablesO the most precisely correct definitionChoices IIO repeatO VaryO ignoreChoices IIIO short phrasesO correct meaningO vivid imageryChoices IVO can alwaysO can appropriatelyO can never
Answers
Choosing the appropriate phrase for a scientific essay is selecting one that Choosing the preferred course is preferable to making a sacrifice. The best phrases can sometimes be shortened despite their length.
What is meant by visual interpretation?Analyzing satellite and aerial photos visually is called visual interpretation. Digital interpretation is the process of performing interpretation with the use of computer software.Over the course of more than 150 years, the fundamentals of picture interpretation have been developed scientifically. The most fundamental are the factors that affect how we understand images: site/situation/association, height/depth, position, size, shape, shadow, tone/color, texture, and pattern.To interpret what is on the ground, many image attributes, like object features and context, can be used (e.g., land cover and land use). Images from various times allow us to track changes to the Earth's surface and examine them.To learn more about visual interpretation, refer to:
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A covalent bond between two atoms is___
A. Formed when each atom shares one of its inner-orbit electrons with the other atom
B. Formed when each atom shares one of its outer-orbit electrons with the other atom
C. The strongest of the chemical bonds
D. Formed when each atom shares one of its inner-orbit electrons with the other atom and the strongest of the chemical bonds
E. Formed when each atom shares one of its outer-orbit electrons with the other atom and the strongest of the chemical bonds
Answers
Option (B) Formed when each atom shares one of its outer-orbit electrons with the other atom.
In a covalent bond, two atoms share a pair of electrons to complete their outermost (valence) electron shell. This sharing of electrons results in a stable electronic configuration for both atoms. Covalent bonds can be polar or nonpolar, depending on the electronegativity difference between the atoms. They are generally weaker than ionic bonds, but stronger than intermolecular forces. Option (B) Formed when each atom shares one of its outer-orbit electrons with the other atom is the correct answer for this question. This sharing of electrons results in a stable electronic configuration for both atoms.
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What is the molecular formula for a compound that is 92.24% carbon and 7.76% hydrogen and has a molar mass of 78.12g?
Answers
The empirical formula of a compound gives the whole number ratio of atoms of various elements. The molecular formula of the compound is C₆H₆.
What is Molecular formula?The molecular formula of a compound is defined as the formula which gives the actual number of atoms of various elements present in one molecule of the compound.
Here 92.24 % 'C' = 92.24 g
7.76 % 'H' = 7.76 g
Number of moles (n) = Given mass / Molar mass
'n' of 'C' = 92.24 / 12 = 7.68 moles
'n' of 'H' = 7.76 / 1 = 7.76 g
Number of atoms of 'C' = 7.68 / 7.68 = 1
Number of atoms of 'H' = 7.76 / 7.68 = 1
So empirical formula is CH.
The molecular weight of CH = 13
Number of atoms of each element = 78.12 / 13 = 6
Thus the molecular formula is C₆H₆.
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How many moles are present in 64.7 g of NaNO3?
Answers
0.76 moles are present in 64.7 g of NaNO[tex]_3[/tex]. a mole is a proper scientific unit used to measure significant amounts.
What is mole?In chemistry, a mole is a proper scientific unit used to measure significant amounts of extremely small things such as atom, molecules, as well as other designated particles. It is also spelt mol.
The mole denotes a massive amount of units, 6.02214076 1023. The mole was established by the General Conference on Measurement and Weights as this amount again for International System of Units (SI).
mole = mass/ molar mass
= 64.7 /84.99
=0.76moles
Therefore, 0.76 moles are present in 64.7 g of NaNO[tex]_3[/tex].
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Please Help
Inorganic Chemistry
Answers
1) The equilibrium constant is K< 10^-3
2) The reaction makes more lime at higher temperatures.
3) The equilibrium lies to the far left
4) The equilibrium lies to the far right
What is the equilibrium constant?The equilibrium constant, also known as the reaction quotient, is a value that describes the relative concentrations of reactants and products in a chemical reaction at equilibrium. It is denoted by the symbol "Kc" and is defined as the ratio of the product of the concentrations of products raised to their stoichiometric coefficients to the product of the concentrations of reactants raised to their stoichiometric coefficients.
In mathematical terms, the equilibrium constant can be expressed as:
Kc = [C]^c [D]^d / [A]^a [B]^b
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The process of photosynthesis produces which of the following? HELP
oxygen
carbon dioxide
energy
glucose
Answers
Answer:
Explanation:
glucose and oxygen
If the equilibrium constant for the reaction is greater than 1.0, and equal amounts of Q and Rare mixed together, then the reaction will proceed to generate more ___. If the equilibrium constant for the reaction is between 0 and 1, and equal amounts of Q and Rare mixed together, then the reaction will proceed to generate more ___If Keq = 4, and the starting concentrations of Q and Rare both 1.4 uM, then the equilibrium concentration of Q is ____ uM and the equilibrium concentration of R is ____uM
Answers
The concentration of R at Equilibrium is 2.24 microMolar and the concentration of Q at Equilibrium is 0.56 microMolar.
What is Equilibrium constant ?
The equilibrium constant (K) is a measure of the extent to which a chemical reaction has proceeded towards equilibrium, and is defined as the ratio of the concentrations of products to the concentrations of reactants at equilibrium, with each concentration raised to the power of its stoichiometric coefficient. In other words, for a chemical reaction of the form:
aA + bB ⇌ cC + dD
The equilibrium constant is given by:
K = [C]^c [D]^d / [A]^a [B]^b
Where [X] represents the concentration of species X, and a, b, c, and d are the stoichiometric coefficients of species A, B, C, and D, respectively. The equilibrium constant is a dimensionless quantity, and its value depends only on the temperature and pressure at which the reaction is taking place. A larger value of K indicates that the reaction has proceeded further towards the product side at equilibrium.
K = R/Q
4=1.4+x/1.4-x
Therefore, x =0.84
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calculate the ph of 500 ml of water to which 15 ml of 1.0 m koh has been added. give your answer to 1 decimal point.
Answers
The pH of 500 ml of water to which 15 ml of 1.0 M KOH has been added is 12.4.
The volume of the water = 500 mL
The volume of the KOH = 15 mL
The total volume = 500 + 15
= 515 mL
= 0.515 L
The moles of the KOH = molarity × volume in L
The moles of the KOH = 1 × 0.015
= 0.015 mol
The molarity = 0.015 / 0.515
Molarity = 0.029 M
The KOH dissociates is completely, the added [OH] is equal to the [KOH]
pOH = - log ( 0.029 + 10⁻⁷ )
The Hydroxide ion concentration in the water is 1.0 x 10-7M, is ignored because it is much smaller .
pOH = - log (0.029)
pOH = 1.52
pH = 14 - pOH
pH = 14 - 1.52
pH = 12.4
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A liquid has a PH of1 what type of liquid is it?
Answers
Answer:
A liquid with a pH of 1 is a very acidic liquid. It has a high concentration of hydrogen ions (H+) and a low concentration of hydroxide ions (OH-). Examples of such liquids include hydrochloric acid (HCl) and battery acid. It is important to handle such liquids with caution as they can be corrosive and harmful to human health.
Observe the diagram of the water cycle. Fill in the state changes with each step. Then, in the space provided, explain the change of state that occurs as water moves from one part of the water cycle to another.
Answers
According to the forces of attraction , as water passes on in water cycle its state changes from liquid to vapor and solid in form of ice and then back to liquid.
What are forces of attraction?Forces of attraction is a force by which atoms in a molecule combine. it is basically an attractive force in nature. It can act between an ion and an atom as well.It varies for different states of matter that is solids, liquids and gases.
The forces of attraction are maximum in solids as the molecules present in solid are tightly held while it is minimum in gases as the molecules are far apart . The forces of attraction in liquids is intermediate of solids and gases.
The physical properties such as melting point, boiling point, density are all dependent on forces of attraction which exists in the substances.
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If the mass of the solid increases or decreases, then the volume will increase or decrease
Answers
We can say that the volume of the object is directly proportional to its mass. As the volume increases the mass of the object increases in direct proportion.
A designated driver is one who, in a group of two or more people that will be drinking, agrees to drink only one or two alcoholic beverages and then drive the others home safely.
True or False?
Answers
The given statement is false.
What is alcoholic beverages ?
Any fermented beverage that contains the intoxicating ingredient ethanol (CH3CH2OH), such as wine, beer, or distilled spirits, is considered to be an alcoholic beverage. The discussion on alcoholic beverages is brief.
What is drive ?
Driving refers to controlling or riding in a motor vehicle. Drive a go-kart, a bus, or a car. Drive is one of those multipurpose words with several applications. In a broad sense, it has to do with pushing or pushing in a certain direction; drive and go go hand in hand.
Therefore, given statement is false.
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you would expect human red cells to shrink in which of the following solutions: 0.2m nacl 0.2m surcrose 0.2m urea
Answers
You would expect human red cells to shrink in 0.2 M NaCl. The correct answer is A.
Red blood cells have an ion concentration of roughly 300mM, or 300 milliosmolality. Essentially, it indicates that the concentration of all the dissolved ions in a red blood cell is roughly 300 mM, or 0.3M.
Where there is a higher concentration of water, it moves toward a lower concentration. Water flows from lower osmolarity to higher osmolarity, or put another way (since water is higher in concentration in a lower osmolarity solution).
Since a solution of 0.2M NaCl has an osmolarity of 0.4M, the water concentration in red blood cells is higher. This implies that the red blood cell will shrink and shrivel when water flows OUT of it.
Urea 0.2M is a dissolved solute even though it is not ionic. Water will somewhat enter the red blood cell since it is less concentrated than the red blood cell. (assumes red blood cells with 0.3M osmolarity).
In a hypotonic condition, a red blood cell will enlarge and go through hemolysis (burst). A red blood cell will crenate and lose water when it is placed in a hypertonic solution (shrivel). Animal cells typically function best in an isotonic environment, in which the rate of water flow into and out of the cell is equal.
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Which of the following statements regarding a correlation coefficient of 0.60 for two variables Y and X is most accurate? This correlation:
A) is significantly different from zero.
B) indicates a positive causal relation between the two variables.
C) indicates a positive covariance between the two variables.
Answers
The most accurate statement regarding a correlation coefficient of 0.60 for two variables Y and X is significantly different from zero. Option A is the correct answer.
A correlation coefficienb of 0.60 indicates a moderate positive relationship between the two variables, which is significantly different from zero. This means that there is a statistically significant association between the two variables, but it does not necessarily indicate a causal relationship or the direction of the relationship between the two variables.
Additionally, the correlation coefficient measures the strength and direction of a linear relationship between two variables, and does not capture non-linear relationships or other types of associations between the variables.
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The qualitative analysis experiment you did is actually an abbreviated version of a much larger analysis scheme in which many different cations are separated and identified. Suppose a mixture contains Ag+, K+, NH4+, Hg22+, Pb2+, Mg2+, Sr2+, Ba2+, Cu2+, Al3+ and Fe3+.
(a) Which of the following ions could you separate, by causing them to precipitate, with the addition of HCl? (Hint: HCl is a source of chloride ions. Select all that apply.)
Ag+ K+ NH4+
Hg22+ Pb2+ Mg2+
Sr2+ Ba2+ Cu2+
Al3+ Fe3+
Answers
By inducing them to precipitate, the following ions could be separated by adding HCl:
Ag+, Hg22+, Pb2+
What is HCl?Hydrochloric acid, sometimes known as HCl, is a potent, extremely acidic mixture of hydrogen chloride (HCl) and water. It is a liquid that is colorless, corrosive, and has a strong odor. It is frequently used in industrial and laboratory settings for tasks like metal cleaning, pickling, and pH control.
Ag+, Hg22+, and Pb2+ ions would precipitate from the mixture with the addition of HCl because they produce insoluble chlorides. Hg22+, Pb2+, and Ag+ all produce a white precipitate of AgCl, a yellow precipitation of Hg2Cl2, and a white precipitate of PbCl2. Due to the fact that they either do not create chlorides or their chlorides are soluble in water, the other ions in the combination would not precipitate with the addition of HCl.
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Stainless steel, type 304 having a density of 7.86 g/cm^3 has been used in some reactors. The nominal composition by weight of this material is as follows: carbon, 0.08%, chromium, 19%, nickel, 10%, iron, the remainder. Calculate the macroscopic absorption cross-section of SS-304 for 0.0253 eV neutrons assuming the following absorption cross sections: C, 0.0034 b; Cr, 3.1 b; Ni, 4.43 b; Fe, 2.55 b. On average, how far will a neutron travel in this material before being absorbed
Answers
The macroscopic absorption cross-section of SS-304 is 5.34*10^-2 cm^-1 and a neutron will travel 18.7 cm in SS-304 before being absorbed.
The macroscopic absorption cross-section of SS-304 can be calculated using the equation:
Σa = Nσa
Where N is the number density of the material and σa is the microscopic absorption cross-section.
First, we need to calculate the number density of each element in SS-304:
N₍c₎ = (0.08/100) * (7.86 g/cm^3) / (12.011 g/mol) * (6.022*10^23 atoms/mol) = 1.57*10^21 atoms/cm^3
N₍cr₎ = (19/100) * (7.86 g/cm^3) / (51.996 g/mol) * (6.022*10^23 atoms/mol) = 1.44*10^22 atoms/cm^3
N₍ni₎ = (10/100) * (7.86 g/cm^3) / (58.693 g/mol) * (6.022*10^23 atoms/mol) = 8.08*10^21 atoms/cm^3
N₍fe₎ = (71.92/100) * (7.86 g/cm^3) / (55.845 g/mol) * (6.022*10^23 atoms/mol) = 4.88*10^22 atoms/cm^3
Next, we can plug in the values for the number density and the absorption cross-sections into the equation:
Σa = (1.57*10^21 atoms/cm^3) * (0.0034 b) + (1.44*10^22 atoms/cm^3) * (3.1 b) + (8.08*10^21 atoms/cm^3) * (4.43 b) + (4.88*10^22 atoms/cm^3) * (2.55 b)
Σa = 5.34*10^-2 cm^-1
To find the average distance a neutron will travel in this material before being absorbed, we can use the equation:
l = 1/Σa
l = 1/(5.34*10^-2 cm^-1)
l = 18.7 cm
Therefore, on average, a neutron will travel 18.7 cm in SS-304 before being absorbed.
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Part A Identity the reactants and products in this chemical equation Drag the appropriate labels to their respective targets. Reset Help reactant 4 NH3(g) + 5 O2(g) 4 NO(g) + 6 H2O(8) product
Answers
In the reaction: 4 NH₃ + 5 O₂ → 4 NO + 6 H₂O, the reactants are NH₃ and O₂ and the products are NO and H₂O.
The balanced chemical reaction is given as,
4 NH₃ + 5 O₂ → 4 NO + 6 H₂O
The substance present in the left of the arrow in a chemical equation are called reactants. Basically, a reactant is a substance that is present at the start of a chemical reaction. The substance(s) present in the right of the arrow are called products. Basically, a product is defined as a substance that is present at the end of a chemical reaction.
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Which of the following statements is FALSE?
The enthalpy of sublimation is a combination of the enthalpies of vaporization and fusion
A compound with stronger intermolecular forces will have a higher boiling point
When a substance melts, some - but not all - of the intermolecular forces are disrupted
When a substance evaporates, a small fraction of the intermolecular forces are disrupted
The enthalpy of vaporization for a compound is greater than the enthalpy of fusion
Answers
The statement which is false is option 4, when a substance evaporates, a major fraction of the intermolecular forces are disrupted. Because, evaporation needs higher energy.
What is intermolecular force?Intermolecular forces are the forces of attraction that held the molecules of a compound together. There are various types of intermolecular forces, such as hydrogen bonding, dipole - dipole forces, dispersion forces etc.
To melt or boil a compound, energy have to absorbed by the molecules to weaken the intermolecular forces. The enthalpy change of a phase change is the change in heat absorbed or released during the phase transition.
All the statements are correct, except the fourth one which says evaporation leads to disruption of small fraction of intermolecular forces. But in fact, evaporation of a compound, affect the entire intermolecular forces in the compound.
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Alcoholic beverages are a mixture of water, ethanol, and natural flavoring. Describe why placing an alcoholic beverage in a freezer will not result in a solid, frozen product. (For context, we just finished talking about colligative properties and freezing point depression. :))
Answers
Placing an alcoholic beverage in a freezer will not result in a solid, frozen product because the freezing point of ethanol is very low.
Alcoholic beverages are defined as any fermented liquor, such as wine, beer, or distilled spirits, that contains ethyl alcohol, or ethanol (CH₃CH₂OH), as an intoxicating agent.
When we place alcohol in a freezer it often does not get frozen. This happens because we can't get it cold enough. Generally the freezing point of ethanol (the main component of alcohol) is -114 C or (-173 F). And our home freezer probably doesn't go below -20 F at its best.
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5. Perform the following operations. Express each answer in scientific notation.
a. (1.54 x 10-2 g) + (2.86 x 10 -¹ g)
b. (7.023 x 109 g)-(6.62 x 10 Ig)
c. (8.99 × 10 -4 m) x (3.57 x 104 m)
d.2.17 × 10 -³ g /5.002 x 10 4 mL
Answers
The results of the given operations expressed in scientific notation are:
a. 3.01 * 10⁻¹ g
b. 6.957 x 10⁹ g
c. 3.21 * 10¹ m
d. 4.338 * 10⁻⁸ g/mL
What are the results of the following operations expressed in scientific notation?The results of the following operations expressed in scientific notation are as follows:
a. (1.54 x 10⁻² g) + (2.86 x 10⁻¹ g)
= 0.154 x 10⁻¹ g + 2.86 x 10⁻¹ g
= 3.01 * 10⁻¹ g
b. (7.023 x 10⁹ g) - (6.62 x 10⁷g)
= 7.023 x 10⁹ g - 0.0662 x 10⁹ g
= 6.957 x 10⁹ g
c. (8.99 × 10⁻⁴ m) x (3.57 x 10⁴ m)
= 3.21 * 10¹ m
d. 2.17 × 10⁻³ g / 5.002 x 10⁴ mL
= 4.338 * 10⁻⁸ g/mL
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michael is being discharged home with his parents. the parents are concerned about recurrent infection with rsv and ask what can be done to lessen the chance of a reinfection.
Answers
By limiting contact and doing routine sanitization, RSV infection can be avoided.
What is RSV infection?Respiratory syncytial virus, also called human respiratory syncytial virus and human orthopneumovirus, is a common and contagious virus that causes infections of the respiratory system. It is a negative-sense RNA, single-stranded virus. Although the majority of people recover within a week or two, RSV can be devastating, especially for young children and the elderly. RSV is the most common cause of pneumonia (lung infection) and bronchiolitis (inflammation of the small airways of the lung) in infants under one in the United States.
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For each of the following compounds, predict the energy barrier to rotation (looking down any one of the C—C bonds). Draw a Newman projection and then compare the staggered and eclipsed conformations. Remember that we assigned 4 kJ/mol to each pair of eclipsing H’s and 6 kJ/mol to an H eclipsing a methyl group:
(a) 2,2-Dimethylpropane
(b) 2-Methylpropane
Answers
(a) The steric hindrance brought on by the large methyl groups in 2,2-dimethylpropane results in a rather high energy barrier to rotation.
The lowest amount of energy necessary for a chemical reaction to take place is referred to as the energy barrier, also known as the activation energy. It is the amount of energy needed for the reactants to reach the transition state or the reaction's maximum energy location. The size of the energy barrier controls how quickly a reaction happens; a higher barrier causes a slower rate of reaction. Catalysts are frequently utilised to offer an alternate pathway that takes less energy to move forward in order to lower the energy barrier. Grasp chemical kinetics and creating chemical reactions with appropriate reaction rates require an understanding of the energy barrier concept.
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sodium has 11 electrons arranged in three energy levels. the outer level has only one electron. in order to become stable, the atom loses an electron thus exposing the previous level with 8 electrons and subsequently becomes an ion with
Answers
The atom loses an electron in order to reach a stable state, revealing the level with 8 electrons previously, and transforms into an ion with one positive charge.
How can you determine an atom's ground state?When all of the electrons in an atom are at their lowest energy levels, this is known as the ground state. The energy level with the least energy out of the four that are visible is level K.
What is sodium's energy in its ground state?The electron configuration in sodium's ground state is 1s22s22p63s1. The primary quantum number (n), the orbital (s, p, d, or f), and the total number of electrons are used to represent electron configurations. The total number of electrons is expressed as a superscript.
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Complete the electron-pushing mechanism for the reaction by drawing the necessary organic structures and curved arrows for each step. Make sure to include all nonbonding electron pairs.Consider the following reaction: Complete the electron-pushing mechanism for the reaction by drawing the necessary organic structures and curved arrows for each step. Make sure to include all nonbonding electron pairs. Step 1: treatment with NaBH 4 Add curved arrows for the first step. Treat Na + as a spectator ion. Step 2: treatment with D 2 O Add curved arrows for the second step. Do not show Na + counter ion. Final products Draw the products of the last step (hint: one organic and one inorganic species), including all nonbonding electron pairs. Do not show Na + counter ion.
Answers
The given reaction involves the reduction of a ketone using NaBH4 and subsequent exchange of a proton with deuterium in D2O.
In the first step, NaBH4 donates a hydride ion (H-) to the carbonyl carbon of the ketone, forming an alkoxide intermediate. The hydride ion acts as a nucleophile, attacking the electrophilic carbon of the carbonyl group. In the second step, the alkoxide intermediate is protonated by D2O, leading to the formation of the corresponding alcohol and release of NaOD. The proton exchange with D2O results in the replacement of a proton by a deuterium atom. The final products are the deuterated alcohol and NaOD. The curved arrows in the mechanism represent the flow of electrons, and it is essential to show all the nonbonding electron pairs involved in each step. The given reaction involves the reduction of a ketone using NaBH4 and subsequent exchange of a proton with deuterium in D2O.
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