Essay Question- Lesson 12 - Compare and contrast the features of the east and west coasts of the United States. What erosional and depositional features are more common on each coastline

Sand is injected into shale beds along with fracking fluid to serve as a proppant.

During the hydraulic fracturing process, high-pressure fluid is used to create fractures in the shale formation, releasing the trapped natural gas or oil. However, these fractures have a tendency to close once the pressure is relieved, hindering the flow of hydrocarbons. By injecting sand, or other proppants, into the fractures, they are held open, allowing the hydrocarbons to flow more freely.

The sand particles, chosen for their small size and high permeability, provide structural support and prevent the fractures from closing. This technique enhances the overall effectiveness of hydraulic fracturing and improves the extraction of resources from shale formations.

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Answer:

Logging, urbanization, and dam building

Explanation:

dam building are a few ways people have significantly altered natural river ecosystems

Human activities change river flow through deforestation, agriculture, urbanization, dam construction, and groundwater extraction. Deforestation reduces the capacity of the soil to absorb water, increasing surface runoff and altering flow patterns. Agriculture involves irrigation and altering land contours, affecting the water cycle and river flow.

Urbanization leads to increased impermeable surfaces, causing more runoff and flash floods.

Dam construction changes natural flow patterns, impacting ecosystems and sediment transport.

Groundwater extraction lowers water tables and reduces baseflow, affecting overall river flow.

These activities impact water quality by introducing pollutants, altering temperature, and changing flow patterns, which can harm aquatic life and ecosystems.

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Karst terrain could form in areas where the metamorphic rock calcite is prevalent because the rock contains the mineral quartz

Karst terrain is a unique landscape formed by the dissolution of soluble rocks such as limestone, dolomite, and gypsum. These rocks are composed of minerals such as calcite, which can be easily dissolved by water. Therefore, the formation of karst terrain is closely related to the type of rock present in an area.

Metamorphic rock is a type of rock that has been subjected to high pressure and temperature, causing it to undergo significant changes in its mineral composition and texture. In particular, the presence of certain minerals in metamorphic rock can affect the formation of karst terrain.Calcite marble, which is formed from limestone or dolomite that has undergone metamorphism, is a common rock type that can form karst terrain.

This is because calcite is highly soluble in water and can be easily dissolved, creating voids and cavities in the rock that eventually lead to the formation of sinkholes, caves, and other karst features.Other types of metamorphic rocks such as quartz marble and quartzite are less likely to form karst terrain because they do not contain significant amounts of soluble minerals. Calcite schist, on the other hand, may contain enough calcite to potentially form karst terrain, but the presence of other minerals such as mica and quartz can hinder the dissolution process

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The biome that shows the highest biodiversity is the tropical rainforest. Among the options you provided (temperate rainforest, tropical dry forest, tropical rainforest, taiga, and tundra), tropical rainforests stand out due to their diverse range of plant and animal species.

Tropical rainforests are characterized by consistently high temperatures and rainfall throughout the year. This creates an ideal environment for various species to thrive in, promoting high levels of biodiversity. The abundant resources and diverse range of microhabitats within the forest allow for numerous species to coexist, leading to complex food webs and interdependent relationships.

In comparison, temperate rainforests experience lower biodiversity due to cooler temperatures and seasonal variations in precipitation. Tropical dry forests, while still relatively diverse, have less biodiversity than tropical rain forests as they experience seasonal droughts.

Taiga, or boreal forests, have long, cold winters and short growing seasons, limiting the number of plant and animal species that can survive in these conditions. Tundra, with its harsh climate and limited vegetation, supports the lowest biodiversity among the listed biomes.

In conclusion, tropical rain forests exhibit the highest biodiversity among the given biomes due to their favorable climate, abundant resources, and variety of microhabitats that support a diverse range of plant and animal species.

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The loosening and lifting of blocks of rock by glaciers is a process known as glacial plucking. This phenomenon occurs when a glacier moves over bedrock and the ice sheet exerts pressure on the rocks beneath it. This pressure causes the rocks to break apart and become dislodged from their original position.

Glacial plucking is a significant geological process that can shape the landscape in various ways. As the glacier moves, it carries these loosened rocks with it, and the blocks of rock can be carried over long distances. The rocks can also be ground down and eroded into smaller particles, which can be transported by the glacier to new locations.Glacial plucking can also lead to the formation of glacial valleys and U-shaped valleys. As glaciers move over mountains, they can carve out deep valleys, leaving behind steep walls. The rocks that are plucked from the bedrock are often deposited in the valley floor, creating moraines.Overall, glacial plucking is an important process that contributes to the erosion and shaping of the Earth's surface. It has played a significant role in shaping many of the landscapes we see today, from the mountains to the valleys and beyond.

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Temp differences due to specific heat & wind patterns.  The ocean's specific heat is higher than land, so its temperature changes slower.

During this nor'easter, it is dropping water or other substance on Martha's Vineyard but snowing in Boston on account of distinctnesses in temperature precipitated by heat required to raise temperature and wind patterns.

This wealth that in spite of the ocean off the coast of Martha's Vineyard grant permission be colder than the land, it is still warmer than the air over the land.  The warm sea air over Martha's Vineyard results in precipitation, while the cold air over Boston causes snowfall.

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Question you are answering: Why is it raining on Martha's Vineyard but snowing in Boston during this nor'easter? Use AND UNDERLINE the terms specific heat, wind, cold air, warm air, snow, rain, water, and ocean in your response.

Hint: Recall from 7th grade that an object's specific heat is how many joules of energy it takes to heat up 1 cubic centimeter of that object by 1 degree celsius. Water has a very high specific heat, meaning it takes a lot of energy to heat it up. If this nor'easter occurred in January, think about how the ocean and the air over/just off the coast of the ocean compared to the land and the air over the the land would play a role in whether your town gets rain or snow from the nor'easter.

The vine species would most likely be found in the understory layer of the forest.

The forest consists of different layers or vertical zones, each with its unique characteristics and environmental conditions. The understory layer, also known as the sub-canopy layer, is located beneath the canopy layer and above the forest floor. It is characterized by reduced sunlight due to the shade created by the canopy, moderate temperature, and humidity levels.

Given that the particular vine species requires sunlight and a moderate level of temperature and humidity to survive, it would be best suited for the understory layer of the forest. The canopy layer above provides some shade but still allows a certain amount of sunlight to penetrate through the gaps in the foliage. This allows the vine to receive the necessary sunlight for photosynthesis while benefiting from the relatively moderate temperature and humidity levels found in the understory.

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For the last three decades, population shifts in North Africa and Southwest Asia have been primarily from the rural areas to the urban areas.

This has led to rapid urbanization in these regions, with large numbers of people moving to cities in search of better job opportunities and improved living standards.

This trend has been driven by a combination of factors, including economic development, political instability, and environmental challenges such as drought and desertification.

As a result, many cities in North Africa and Southwest Asia have experienced significant population growth, which has put pressure on infrastructure and services, and created new social and economic challenges for policymakers to address.

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The width of the Atlantic Ocean is separating at a rate about the same as the growth of human fingernails.

The growth rate of human fingernails is often used as a relatable comparison to describe the relatively slow rate at which the width of the Atlantic Ocean is separating due to plate tectonics.

The Atlantic Ocean is widening due to the process of seafloor spreading, which occurs along the Mid-Atlantic Ridge.

This ridge is a divergent plate boundary where the Eurasian Plate and the North American Plate are moving away from each other. As the plates separate, molten material rises from the Earth's mantle, solidifies, and forms new oceanic crust, pushing the existing crust apart.

The rate of seafloor spreading in the Atlantic Ocean is estimated to be around 2.5 centimeters (1 inch) per year on average. This rate is relatively slow in terms of human perception or geological timescales. To provide a relatable comparison, it is often stated that the growth rate of human fingernails is approximately the same as the rate of Atlantic Ocean widening.

The growth rate of human fingernails can vary, but on average, it is about 3 to 4 millimeters (0.1 to 0.15 inches) per month. This rate corresponds to approximately 3 to 4 centimeters (1.2 to 1.6 inches) per year. Since the rate of seafloor spreading in the Atlantic is around 2.5 centimeters per year, it is often said to be roughly equivalent to the growth rate of human fingernails.

By using this analogy, it helps to put the relatively slow process of seafloor spreading and the widening of the Atlantic Ocean into a relatable perspective for better understanding.

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In five billion years, the peak of the spectrum emitted from the cosmic microwave background radiation (CMB) will continue to redshift until it reaches infinitely long wavelengths. This is because the expansion of the universe causes light to stretch out, resulting in a longer wavelength and lower frequency.

As the universe continues to expand, the wavelength of the CMB will continue to stretch out and shift towards longer wavelengths. In five billion years, the peak of the spectrum emitted from the cosmic microwave background radiation (CMB) will continue to shift to longer wavelengths due to the ongoing expansion of the universe.

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B. Ozone in the troposphere is harmful, and ozone in the stratosphere is beneficial is true about ozone layer.

Ozone is a gas made up of three oxygen atoms. Ozone exists in both the high and lower atmospheres of the Earth. Ozone can be beneficial or harmful depending on where it is found.

Good ozone, also known as stratospheric ozone, exists naturally in the upper atmosphere, where it forms a protective layer that protects us from the sun's harmful UV rays.

Man-made chemicals have partially destroyed this beneficial ozone, resulting in what is frequently referred to as a "hole in the ozone." The good news is that this gap is closing.

Because of its impact on people and the environment, ozone at ground level is a dangerous air pollutant, and it is the principal component of "smog." Learn more about the sources of air pollution.

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The correct answer is differential weathering. Delicate Arch in Utah is an iconic geological feature and is a prime example of differential weathering.

This natural arch is formed through the selective erosion and weathering of the Entrada Sandstone. Over time, the forces of wind, water, and ice have sculpted the rock, creating the distinct arch shape. The process of differential weathering occurs when certain parts of the rock are more resistant to erosion than others. In the case of Delicate Arch, the more resistant portions of the sandstone have remained intact, while the less resistant areas have been gradually eroded away, resulting in the formation of the arch.

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It is False that The total quantity of water on earth is constantly changing, as shown by rising sea level over the last two billion years.

The total quantity of water on Earth is relatively constant over time, as the water cycle maintains a balance between the amount of water that evaporates from the surface and the amount that falls back to the surface as precipitation.

While there have been fluctuations in sea level over the last two billion years due to factors such as tectonic activity and climate change, these fluctuations do not represent a net gain or loss of water on the planet.

It is estimated that the Earth's total water supply is approximately 1.386 billion cubic kilometers, with 97% of this water being found in the oceans. The remaining 3% is freshwater, with most of it being locked up in glaciers, ice caps, and underground aquifers.

The water cycle, which involves the continuous movement of water between the atmosphere, land, and oceans, is driven by solar radiation and gravity.

This cycle ensures that the total amount of water on Earth remains relatively constant, with only minor changes due to factors such as volcanic activity and meteorite impacts.

While rising sea levels can be observed over shorter timescales due to factors such as thermal expansion and melting glaciers, these changes do not represent a net increase in the total amount of water on the planet.

Instead, they reflect the redistribution of water from one location to another. Overall, the total quantity of water on Earth remains relatively constant over time due to the water cycle's natural balance.

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If an imbalance occurs between incoming and outgoing energy at the Earth's surface, it results in changes in the Earth's energy budget and can lead to various environmental effects.

When the incoming energy from the Sun exceeds the outgoing energy from the Earth, it leads to a net energy gain and contributes to global warming and climate change. This energy imbalance is primarily caused by human activities such as the burning of fossil fuels, which release greenhouse gases into the atmosphere and trap heat. The increased greenhouse effect results in the retention of more heat in the Earth's system, leading to rising temperatures, melting ice caps, sea-level rise, and altered weather patterns.

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If you are a sailor navigating the coast of Maine, you would use a nautical chart or a maritime map.

These maritime charts offer comprehensive data on water depths, hazards like shoals and rocks, and crucial navigation details for safe sailing. They cover currents, tides, and other vital information that aids sailors in navigating coastal waters.

Access to accurate and updated charts is essential to ensure the safety of both sailors and their vessels, as it helps them anticipate potential risks and plan their routes accordingly.

By relying on these detailed maps, sailors can make informed decisions and navigate with confidence, mitigating the chances of accidents or mishaps at sea.

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All deserts are c). dry. Deserts are defined by their lack of precipitation and extreme aridity, which is not necessarily related to their temperature, sand composition, or location.

Deserts are arid regions characterized by low precipitation and sparse vegetation. They typically receive less than 250 millimeters (10 inches) of rainfall annually. Deserts can be found in various parts of the world, including Africa, Asia, Australia, North America, and South America.

Deserts are often associated with extreme temperature fluctuations, with scorching hot temperatures during the day and cooler temperatures at night. The lack of vegetation and moisture in deserts contributes to sandy or rocky terrain, often marked by sand dunes, rocky outcrops, and barren landscapes.

There are different types of deserts, including hot deserts, such as the Sahara Desert in Africa, which experience high temperatures throughout the year. Cold deserts, such as the Gobi Desert in Asia, have colder winters and relatively mild summers.

Therefore, the correct answer is c). dry.

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The correct answer is A. Native Americans produced petroglyphs by etching into rocks that had been coated with desert varnish.

Desert varnish is a dark, natural coating that forms on the surface of rocks over time due to various mineral and biological processes. Native American cultures often used tools to carefully etch or carve images and symbols onto the desert varnish layer, creating petroglyphs as a form of artistic expression, communication, or cultural representation.

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Despite having a partially molten iron-rich core like Earth, Venus does not have a magnetic field.

The lack of a magnetic field on Venus despite having a partially molten iron-rich core can be attributed to several factors. One key factor is the difference in rotation rates between Earth and Venus. Earth rotates relatively quickly, completing one rotation in about 24 hours, which generates the dynamo effect responsible for generating its magnetic field. In contrast, Venus has an extremely slow rotation, taking around 243 Earth days to complete a single rotation. This slow rotation limits the generation of a strong magnetic field.

Additionally, the presence of a magnetic field requires the convection of molten material in the core. On Earth, this convection is driven by the combination of the core's high temperature and the heat generated from radioactive decay.

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Answer: the answer is true

Explanation: I put false and it was wrong

True. The areas surrounding mid-oceanic ridges have alternating peaks and valleys.

Mid-oceanic ridges are underwater mountain ranges that run along the ocean floor. These ridges form as a result of tectonic plate divergence, where two plates are moving away from each other. The process of seafloor spreading occurs at mid-oceanic ridges, where new crust is generated as magma rises and solidifies, creating a continuous chain of volcanic activity.

The formation of mid-oceanic ridges leads to a distinctive topography in the surrounding areas. The ridge itself consists of a central elevated portion, often referred to as the axial ridge or crest, which runs along the length of the ridge. Flanking this ridge are alternating peaks and valleys that extend on either side. These peaks and valleys are known as abyssal hills and abyssal valleys, respectively.

The alternating nature of the peaks and valleys is a result of the volcanic activity and spreading process occurring at the mid-oceanic ridge. As the crust is created and pushed away from the ridge, it cools and contracts, forming a series of fault blocks. These fault blocks create the characteristic pattern of peaks and valleys. The peaks represent the upthrown blocks, while the valleys correspond to the downthrown blocks.

The presence of alternating peaks and valleys around mid-oceanic ridges is a defining feature of these geological formations. This topography provides valuable insights into the processes of seafloor spreading and plate tectonics, as well as the formation of new oceanic crust.

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Since the fall of the Soviet Union, restrictions on religious freedom have significantly diminished, allowing multiple religions including New Wave Christianity, Jehovah's Witnesses, and Buddhism to be practiced.

Following the dissolution of the Soviet Union in 1991, there has been a notable relaxation of restrictions on religious practices in many former Soviet countries. Today, individuals in these countries enjoy greater religious freedom compared to the Soviet era. As a result, a variety of religions are now allowed to be practiced, including New Wave Christianity, Jehovah's Witnesses, and Buddhism.

Overall, the fall of the Soviet Union brought about significant improvements in religious freedom, allowing for the practice of various religions, including New Wave Christianity, Jehovah's Witnesses, and Buddhism, among others, in the formerly Soviet countries.

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In the time it takes the moon to make one complete orbit around Earth, there are approximately 12.37 spring tides.

A spring tide occurs when the sun, moon, and Earth are aligned in a straight line, creating a gravitational pull that results in higher than normal tides.

The time it takes for the moon to complete one orbit around Earth is approximately 27.32 days, known as the sidereal month.

However, due to Earth's rotation around the sun, it takes slightly longer for the moon to return to the same phase in relation to the sun, known as the synodic month, which is approximately 29.5 days.

During this time, the position of the moon in relation to the sun and Earth changes, resulting in varying gravitational pulls that affect the tides. Spring tides occur twice a month, during the full and new moon phases, when the sun, moon, and Earth are in alignment.

Therefore, there are approximately 24.74 spring tides in a year, or 12.37 spring tides in the time it takes for the moon to make one complete orbit around Earth.

It's important to note that while spring tides result in higher than normal tides, they do not necessarily cause flooding or other coastal hazards. Other factors, such as storms and local topography, can also play a role in the severity of coastal events.

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This statement refers to a geological process that occurred billions of years ago, before the Paleozoic, Proterozoic, and even the Archean eon. Therefore, the correct answer is the Hadean eon.

During the Hadean eon, which lasted from approximately 4.6 billion to 4 billion years ago, the Earth was still forming and undergoing intense geological activity. It is believed that during this time, the Earth's interior became partially molten, allowing denser metallic elements to sink towards the center and form the planet's core. This process, called differentiation, created a metallic core distinct from the rocky mantle, which is a defining feature of the Earth's structure today.

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Edwin Hubble recognized that the Andromeda nebula was a separate "island universe" rather than a component of our own galaxy because he used Cepheid variables to find it was a tremendous distance away and determined that the nebula was moving away from our galaxy.

Edwin Hubble's observations and discoveries played a significant role in our understanding of the cosmos. Regarding the Andromeda nebula, Hubble used Cepheid variables, a type of variable star with a known brightness, to estimate its distance. By measuring the apparent brightness of the Cepheids in the Andromeda nebula, Hubble concluded that it was located at a tremendous distance from our own galaxy, indicating that it was not a part of the Milky Way but a separate "island universe."

Furthermore, Hubble observed the phenomenon of redshift in the light emitted by the Andromeda nebula. Redshift occurs when the wavelength of light is stretched due to the expansion of the universe, indicating that objects are moving away from each other. Hubble measured the redshift in the light coming from the Andromeda nebula and determined that it was moving away from our galaxy, further supporting the idea that it was a separate galaxy rather than a component of the Milky Way.

Hence, Hubble's use of Cepheid variables to measure the distance and his observation of redshift confirmed that the Andromeda nebula was a distinct "island universe" independent of our own galaxy.

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High tides are known as "flood tides," whereas low tides are known as "ebb tides."

Flood tides refer to the period when the water level is at its highest point during the tidal cycle. This occurs when the gravitational pull of the Moon and Sun align, causing a bulge in the ocean's surface. As a result, water is pushed toward the shore, leading to higher tides. Ebb tides, on the other hand, occur when the water level is at its lowest point.

During this phase, the gravitational forces of the Moon and Sun are not aligned, causing water to recede from the shore and resulting in lower tides. The alternating pattern of flood and ebb tides is responsible for the rhythmic rise and fall of water levels along coastlines.

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India typically experiences the greatest cumulative rainfall during the month of c). July.

During this period, the southwest monsoon reaches its zenith, leading to copious precipitation across the nation, with specific regions like the Western Ghats, Northeast India, and the northern plains experiencing significant rainfall.

This month marks the peak of the monsoon season, characterized by the arrival of moisture-laden winds from the Arabian Sea and the Bay of Bengal. As these moist air masses collide with landmasses and encounter geographic features like mountains, they ascend, cool, and release moisture as rainfall.

The resulting heavy downpours play a vital role in replenishing water sources, sustaining agriculture, and shaping the ecological landscape in these regions..

Therefore, option answer correct is c). July.

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Relative dating establishes a relative sequence of events, while chronometric dating provides numerical ages. Both techniques contribute to our understanding of past cultures and geological processes.

Relative dating and chronometric dating are both methods used to determine the age of an object or artifact.

However, the main difference between the two is that relative dating provides an estimate of the age based on the location of the object in relation to other objects, while chronometric dating provides an actual age in years or a range of years based on scientific methods.

An example of a relative dating technique is stratigraphy, which involves analyzing the layers of rock or soil in which the object is found. By examining the order and characteristics of the layers, archaeologists can determine a relative age for the object.

An example of a chronometric dating technique is radiocarbon dating, which involves analyzing the amount of carbon-14 in a sample to determine its age. This method is useful for dating organic materials up to around 50,000 years old.

Overall, while relative dating provides a general idea of an object's age based on its location, chronometric dating provides a more precise measurement of age based on scientific analysis.

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When making a forecast, it is essential to examine output from more than one computer model for the following reasons:

1. Accuracy: Different models may have varying levels of accuracy in their predictions. By comparing outputs from multiple models, you can get a more reliable and precise forecast.

2. Model limitations: Each computer model may have its own set of assumptions and limitations. Examining multiple models allows you to consider a wider range of possible outcomes and account for any potential biases or inaccuracies in a single model.

3. Uncertainty: Weather and climate systems are complex and inherently uncertain. Comparing the output from multiple models can help you better understand and quantify the uncertainty in your forecast, leading to more informed decision-making.

In summary, examining output from more than one computer model is crucial to making a well-informed and accurate forecast. It helps to account for model limitations, improve the overall accuracy, and better quantify the uncertainty associated with the forecast.

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In an H-R diagram, the spectral type of a star can be seen on the horizontal axis, also known as the temperature axis. This is because spectral type is directly related to the surface temperature of a star. The spectral type classification is based on the star’s absorption lines, which are produced by the elements in the star's atmosphere.

These absorption lines are characteristic of different temperature ranges, and thus different spectral types.
The spectral type classification is arranged in alphabetical order, with O-type stars being the hottest and M-type stars being the coolest. O-type stars have surface temperatures of around 30,000 Kelvin, while M-type stars have surface temperatures of around 3,000 Kelvin.  Therefore, if you look at the H-R diagram, you can easily determine the spectral type of a star by finding its position on the temperature axis. The position of a star on the temperature axis will determine its spectral type and its luminosity class, which can then be used to gather more information about the star's characteristics, such as its size, mass, and age.

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