Explanation:
Genetics has taught us a great deal about disorders in which the underlying cause is complex and, thus, often relegated to the catch all “sporadic” diseases. However, the gap between identifying genes and understanding their pathogenic pathways remains enormous. In this context, the new study by Mazzulli et al. (2011) in the current issue of Cell uncovers a tractable biochemical relationship between two complex diseases, the neurodegenerative disorder Parkinson's disease and the lysosomal disorder Gaucher disease, in which lipids accumulate in central organs.
Parkinson's disease is characterized by two pathological features. First, neurons die in regions of the brain, which control the normal fluidity of movement. This leads to the clinical picture of tremor, stiffness, slowness, and difficulties with posture. Second, proteins and lipids accumulate into structures, called Lewy bodies, inside surviving neurons (Gai et al., 2000). The synaptic protein α-synuclein is one key component of Lewy bodies, and variations in its gene, SNCA, are associated with inherited and sporadic Parkinson's disease (Hardy, 2010). When present in Lewy bodies, α-synuclein is aggregated; however, it is unclear which species causes cell death, the aggregated form or some intermediate in the aggregation pathway, such as soluble oligomers.
Gaucher disease is an autosomal recessive disorder caused by mutations in the GBA gene, which encodes the enzyme glucocerebrosidase (GCase). Parents and grandparents of patients with Gaucher disease have unusually high rates of Parkinson's disease, suggesting that these mutations are risk factors for Parkinson's disease (Velayati et al., 2010). Although mutations underlying Gaucher disease are loss of function, patients with Parkinson's disease always carry one wild-type GBA allele and thus possess at least 50% of normal enzyme function. Furthermore, there is no obvious correlation between the type of GBA mutation (i.e., completely inactive or one with some residual enzyme activity) and the risk of Parkinson's disease (Velayati et al., 2010). Thus, the genetic mechanism by which GBA mutations promote Parkinson's disease is still not clear.
GCase catalyzes the conversion of glucocerebroside to glucose and ceramide inside the lysosome. One possible link between GCase function and Parkinson's disease risk is α-synuclein. The main degradation pathway of α-synuclein is via lysosomal processing, and GCase interacts with α-synuclein in acidic environments, such as the lumen of the lysosome (Yap et al., 2011). Interestingly, α-synuclein has been shown to inhibit vesicle transport between the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) and the Golgi apparatus, the main trafficking route for GCase to reach the lysosome. Thus, increased expression of α-synuclein should decrease levels of GCase in lysosomes. As an aside, mutant α-synuclein can inhibit chaperone-mediated autophagy, a process by which some substrates are imported into and degraded by the lysosome . Therefore, lysosomal dysfunction could increase α-synuclein levels, and α-synuclein could inhibit lysosomal function in multiple ways.
Indeed, the central idea in the paper by Mazzulli et al. is that this exact type of positive feedback loop occurs in Parkinson's disease patients carrying GBA mutations. To model the loss of enzyme function seen in these patients, the authors decrease the expression of GBA in mouse neurons to ∼50% of control conditions. Over a few days in culture, the neurons loose lysosomal turnover of long-lived proteins, including α-synuclein. The author observe this phenotype in primary neurons and in neurons reprogrammed from induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs), with the latter having both copies of GBA mutated, as found in neurons from patients with Gaucher disease.
The authors then characterize the formation of α-synuclein oligomers in cells, in mice, and in brains from people who had mutations in GBA. Soluble oligomers are found in neuronopathic forms of Gaucher disease, as well as Parkinson's disease patients heterozygous for GBA mutations. This observation suggests that the emergence of oligomers is not correlated with Lewy bodies but rather is a more fundamental consequence of GBA mutations. Mazzulli and colleagues also show that expression of α-synuclein impacts the trafficking of GCase from the ER-golgi to the lysosome, indicating that α-synuclein affects lysosomes irrespective of the presence of GBA mutations.
Simplistically, the data by Mazzulli and colleagues suggest the following model: a rise in α-synuclein levels through mutation, response to stress, or neuronal maturation (Li et al., 2004) inhibits the normal negative feedback loop of degradation by the lysosome, leading to more α-synuclein and more inhibition . Then the system would transition from one stable state to a second one that is self-sustaining, unless another pathway intervenes to stop it.
Which type of plant life would be present in a climax community but would NOT be present in the early stages of succession?
Grasses
Trees
Wildflowers
Shrubs
A climax community is composed of a wide variety of plant species, among which many of them are trees of varying heights. The correct option is B. Trees.
What is the climax community?
The climax community is the designation used to name communities at their maximum level of stability. It is also the highest level in ecological succession.
These communities have a wide diversity of species and complex trophic nets. However, they do not have extents in the production of organic matter. This is because most of it is consumed by the community. This makes them stable.
Vegetable species composing these communities are usually big-sized, and they characterize by their long life cycle, slow growth, and high survival that make them resist many adverse situations. These species exhibit stratification of canopy cover, existing different levels such as herb plants, shrubs, and trees of varying heights.
Trees are the type of plants that usually compose the climax community but are hardly a component of the early stages.
The correct option is B. Trees.
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What are the logical target organs for cancer related to coal mining? Can you think of other organs that may be affected by the coal dust?
Answer:
Lungs
Explanation:
Due to coal debris this may effect your respritory system causing someone to develop COPD or lung cancer.
why does a 5 year old child need more energy than a teenager?
Answer:
Because a 5 year old child can't take care of himself or herself. So, a 5 year old child needs more energy to fight with disease than a teenager. A teenager can take care of himself or herself to prevent him or her suffer from disease. Hence, small child needs more energy
Hope it helps
Which artery supplies blood to the external genitalia?.
Answer:
Internal pudendal arteries are in charge of supplying blood to the external genitalia.
What is the speed of a wave with a frequency of 2 Hz and a wavelength of 87 m?
Group of answer choices
0.023 m/s
43.5 m/s
89 m/s
174 m/s
The speed of a wave with a frequency of 2 Hz and a wavelength of 87 m will be 174 m/s. Thus, the correct option will be D.
What is Wave speed?Wave speed can be defined as the magnitude of distance which the wave travels in a given amount of time, such as the number of meters which it travels per second of time.
Wave speed is a scalar quantity as it has only magnitude and no direction. Speed of a wave depends upon the medium in which the wave travels.
The wave speed is directly proportional to the wavelength of the wave and the frequency of the wave. Speed of a wave is the product of its wavelength and frequency. The expression for wave speed is as follows:
Speed of wave = Wavelength × Frequency
Speed of wave = 87 × 2
Speed of a wave = 174 m/s.
Therefore, the correct option will be D.
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what is cladistic, i need help
Answer:
Cladistics refers to a biological classification system that involves the categorization of organisms based on shared traits.
Explanation:
Hope this helps! Please let me know if you need more help, or if you think my answer is incorrect. Brainliest would be MUCH appreciated. Have a great day!
The littoral and limnetic zone are similar in that they both?
Answer:
they both have something to do with the sea but they both are at the edge of the sea
Explanation:
ima dance my pain away
An anatomist needs to cut a skull open with a transverse cut. Which of the diagrams correctly shows how the cut should appear?
PLZ HALP ASAP
The current answer would be C.
I took the test I am 100% positive this is the answer
Bruhhhhh im so stuck!!!
Answer:
d) There is a bigger pool of knowledge to pull from to help you create a hypothesis.
Explanation:
Collaborative discussion allows you to gain more information/ideas from different people.
true or false all of the elements in the periodic table are naturally occuring
Answer: False
Explanation:
A number of the elements have been created in recent years using particle accelerators.
They are nihonium, moscovium, tennessine, and oganesson for elements 113, 115, 116 & 117 on the periodic table of elements.
Describe how the available energy in the marine ecosystem of the Pacific Northwest could be different than that of African savanna.
Answer:
Savannah is located near the equator has more energy availability.
Explanation:
Maine ecosystem of the pacific northwest consists of open ocean and is influenced by the seasonal upwelling events and has freshwater and saline water bodies. It has an average temperature of 39 °F but is warmer near the equator. While the African savanna is a tropical grassland ecosystem and has warm temperature year-round is characterized by grasses and dispersed trees. The sunlight easily reaches the ground and the vegetation is dense and the climate usually warm with 20 to 30° C with an annual rainfall of 30 inches per year.The African savanna has more available energy than the marine ecosystem of the Pacific Northwest.
The African Savannah is an ecosystem that is characterized by:
warm temperatures throughout the year,grasses and small or dispersed trees that do not form a closed canopy, andhighest seasonal rainfall in the summer.The Pacific Northwest is a marine ecosystem that is characterized by:
mixture of climates andabundance of mountain ranges.The African Savannah has more available energy than the marine ecosystem of the Pacific Northwest because it is closer to the equator than the marine ecosystem of the Pacific Northwest.
Therefore, the African savanna has more available energy than the marine ecosystem of the Pacific Northwest.
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Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of Global Positioning Systems?
O Indicating where planting should begin
O Establishing accurate level lines across long distances
Keeping rows straight and accurate
O Precisely planting seeds in rows
Answer: indicating where planting should begin
Explanation:
I don’t know if I’m right though
but I think that is right
Which test tubes were used to determine the optimal ph for pepsin activity?.
Answer:
tubes 2,5, & 6
Explanation:
Which of the processes is not part of plant defenses against pathogens?.
The defense that forms the first line of protection in plants is the physical defense.
What are the defense mechanisms in plants?The defense that forms the first line of protection in plants is the physical defense. Some examples of physical defense include the thorns and spikes present in certain plants like rose and hawthorn. These defensive mechanisms help plants to protect themselves from herbivores and stop them from eating plants.
Apart from this plants also produce a variety of proteins like thionin, plant defensins, ribosome-inactivating proteins, acrylics, cyclotides, canatoxin, urease, alpha-amylase inhibitors, protease inhibitors, and lectins
Among the secondary metabolites, the most common and widespread defensive compounds are plant phenols. They not only provide protection against herbivores but also against microorganisms.
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Name three ways human caused rocks to break
Answer:
Weathering causes the disintegration of rock near the surface of the earth. Plant and animal life, atmosphere and water are the major causes of weathering. Weathering breaks down and loosens the surface minerals of rock so they can be transported away by agents of erosion such as water, wind and ice.
Explanation:
1. Which of the following statements is part of the cell theory?
a. Cells are composed mostly of empty space.
b. Cells are generally large enough for the unaided eye to see.
c. All cells are produced from existing cells.
d. Only animals are made up of cells
All cells are produced from existing cells statement is a part of the cell theory.
What is cell theory?In biology, cell theory is a scientific theory first formulated in the mid-nineteenth century, that living organisms are made up of cells, that they are the basic structural/organizational unit of all organisms, and that all cells come from pre-existing cells.
A component of the cell theory is that all living things are composed of one or more cells. A component of the cell theory is that the cell is the basic unit of life. A component of the cell theory is that all new cells arise from existing cells.
All known living things are made up of cells. The cell is structural & functional unit of all living things. All cells come from pre-existing cells by division.
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I need help with this question (don’t need the evidence part)
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why is cell division and motosis important for maintaining complex organism?Because Cell division is fundamental to all living organisms and required for growth and development. As an essential means of reproduction for all living things, cell division allows organisms to transfer their genetic material to their offspring. And Cell division plays an important role in all living organisms, as it is essential for growth, repair and reproduction. This process helps in Renewing of damaged cells. Production of new cells from older ones. And motosis is a process that helps cell devide and grow. It is important for organisms because it allows them to survive and grow. Motosis is also important for the development of embryos, as it helps them to develop into different types of cells.
Cell division:Cell division is the process in which a parent cell divides, giving rise to two or more daughter cells. It is an essential biological process in many organisms. It is the means used by multicellular organisms in order to grow, replenish (repair), and reproduce.
Motosis:The mitosis is a part of the cell cycle in which replicated chromosomes are separated into two new nuclei. Cell division gives rise to genetically identical cells in which the total number of chromosomes is maintained. Therefore, mitosis is also known as equational division.
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Explanation:
#Carry on learning(ノ^_^)ノ
2. A peacock spreading its tail to attract a mate is sending a(n)
stimulus.
Answer:
the answer is external
Explanation:
hope this helps
To increase the strength of a nerve signal, neurons will
A. increase the frequency of the action potential.
B. increase the voltage of the action potential.
C. decrease the frequency of the action potential.
D. decrease the voltage of the action potential.
To increase the strength of a nerve signal neurons will : ( A ) Increase the frequency of the action potential
What is a nerve signal
A nerve signal is a charge that runs through a nerve fiber and travels down to another neuron. As the strength of a nerve signal increases there is a proportionate increase in the frequency of the action potential because the strength of a nerve signal ( stimulus strength ) is directly proportional to the frequency of the action potential.
Hence we can conclude that To increase the strength of a nerve signal neurons will : ( A ) Increase the frequency of the action potential.
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summarize how energy is made available by chemical reactions and describe what happens to usable energy
Answer:
Chemical reactions release energy when bonds are formed or broken. For example, in ice, energy in the form of heat is released. ... Enzymes decrease the amount of activation energy necessary for a chemical reaction.
i hope it helps u:)
have a great day ahead
The extra energy is the minimum amount of extra energy which required by reacting molecule to convert into the product and it is also known as activation energy.
What is activation energy?The extra energy is the minimum amount of extra energy which required by reacting molecule to convert into the product.
Factor at which activation energy depends are as follows:-
1: Activation energy depends upon the nature of reactant if reactant is ionic then required activation energy is less and if reactant is covalent then required activation energy is high.
2: Nature of catalyst if catalyst is positive then required activation energy is less and if catalysts is negative then required energy is high.
3: Activation energy doesn't depend on pressure, temperature, volume etc.
Temperature is one the important factor at which any reaction is depend. In any reaction if temperature is increases the rate of reaction is increases and if temperature is decreases the rate of reaction is decreases.
Here, is the Arrhenius Equation which shows the temperature dependence of the rate of a chemical reaction.
k=Ae^−EaRT
Where,
k= rate constant of the reaction
A= Arrhenius Constant
Ea= Activation Energy for the reaction (in Joules mol^-1)
R= Universal Gas Constant
T= Temperature in absolute scale (in kelvins)
Therefore, The incident that happen before a chemical reaction can begin the activation energy must be reached. The extra energy is the minimum amount of extra energy which required by reacting molecule to convert into the product and it is also known as activation energy.
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What is a food chain ?
A food chain shows the sequence of how organisms obtain their energy.
A food chain usually starts with a plant and ends with an animal. To complete the cycle, decomposers come in to clean up the waste and return nutrients to the soil.
Simply stated that food chain represents the series of events in which food and energy are transferred from one organism to another in an ecosystem.
The climate of Houston, Texas is humid subtropical, with a temperature
range of 94.5 F to 42.2 F. For two weeks in February 2021, the temperature
range was 5 F to 40 F. How is this possible? Write a response in complete
sentences, and use the terms weather and climate accurately in your answer.
The culprit is an "arctic outbreak" that originated just above the US-Canada border, which is freezing temperatures across much of the US territory.
Arctic outbreak"Bursts" of cold air like this are usually confined to the Arctic region thanks to a series of low-pressure systems, says the NWS. However, one of these waves advanced through Canada and "escaped" to the US.
According to experts heard by Reuters, it is a vast mass of icy air in the atmosphere, which brings with it frigid temperatures - which can be prolonged if storms form.
From this information we can conclude that according to the US Weather Service (NWS), the culprit is an "arctic outbreak" that originated just above the US-Canada border, which is freezing temperatures across much of the US territory.
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Tia and Trey want to study the effect of fertilizer on cherry tomato growth. They set up fifteen Husky Cherry plants in the same pots with 500 mL of the same soil. They make 5 groups of three plants. Group 1 gets no fertilizer and the other four groups receive different amounts of fertilizer (1-4 teaspoons). Each day the plants get 300 ml of water. After two months they count the number of tomatoes that have turned red.
That pot which recieves suitable amount of fertilizer will have more number of red tomatoes as compared to other plants.
Which pot has large number of tomatoes?Application of optimum dose of fertilizers enhance the vegetative growth of plants which results in the production of large number of fruits on that plant.
So we can conclude that that pot which recieves suitable amount of fertilizer will have more number of red tomatoes as compared to other plants.
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Feedback interactions in the human body are important because they ____.
A.
determine the diversity necessary for evolution to occur
B.
direct the synthesis of altered genes that are passed on to every cell in the body
C.
regulate the shape of molecules involved in cellular communication
D.
keep the internal body environment within its normal range
Answer:
The answer is D
Explanation:
D. keep the internal body environment within its normal range.
Hope it helps :)!
Feedback interactions in the human body are important because they keep the internal body environment within its normal range. Thus, the correct option for this question is D.
What is Feedback interaction?Feedback interaction may be defined as a type of interaction within a system in the human body that significantly influences the prolonged and continued activity or productivity of that system in order to meet the requirement of the body.
A feedback interaction is a type of mechanism that involves the physiological regulation of systems in the human body that togetherly function to return the environment of the internal body to its normal state. This process is commonly known as homeostasis.
Therefore, feedback interactions in the human body are important because they keep the internal body environment within its normal range. Thus, the correct option for this question is D.
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Engineers use pieces of metal, called heat sinks, to conduct heat away from computer chips so that the chips do not melt. A newly designed computer chip produces too much heat and requires a new type of heat sink to remove the excess heat. What type of heat sink could the engineer build to keep the new chip cool?
Answer:
the engineer should build a water-cooled heatsink
Explanation:
If a regular full metal heatsink is not working due to the computer chip producing too much heat then the engineer should build a water-cooled heatsink. These are usually metal heatsinks that are filled with water. Since water has a great heat capacity it is able to retain heat very efficiently without actually warming up the water (to a certain degree). Therefore, a water heat sink is able to take the heat produced from the CPU and cool down the CPU by dissipating that heat in the water.
Multiple choice answers! has to be turned in 3 mins!!!!!
Answer:
Bro, what are the questions?
Explanation:
BRAINLYEST QUESTION A drug company performed a study to test the effectiveness of a new headache medicine. The researchers grouped the patients into two different groups. One group was given the pills that contained the new medicine. The other group were given pills that did NOT contain the new medicine. Why did the researchers NOT tell the patients which pill they were given?
A) to make sure they didn't get angry
B) to prevent errors in data collection
C) to keep people from leaving the study
D) to prevent bias in the data collection
Answer:
D) to prevent bias in the data collection
Explanation:
If the researchers told the patients of the pill they took, it could create bias.
Bias can make the experiment's outcome end in a different way because of the way it influences the people taking the pill.
Bias can create another factor in an experiment, making your results unreasonable due to the addition of another factor.
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Marsha places a sealed plastics bottle of water in the freezer. The next day she discovers that the water has frozen and split the sides of the bottle.What process does this phenomen best represent? A chemical weathering b deposition C mountain building D physical weathing
Answer:
D. physical weathering
Explanation:
The geological process that initiates and leads to the breaking of the rocks is termed as the physical weathering. In this process, the chemical composition of the rocks do not undergo any change. The process of breaking of the rocks is both gradual and sudden. The movement of the earth, the change in the temperature, the rise and fall of the water level, the presence of ice rocks for longer duration of the time, and the melting of the snow are some of the reasons which causes the physical weathering.
The phenomena in the given expert represents the physical weathering.
Throughout the day, both the direction and the length of this shadow will change in a predictable pattern because of the A) season of the year. B) rotation of the Earth on its axis. orbit of the Earth around the Sun. D) movement of the Sun around the Earth.
According to the rotation movements of the Earth, the direction and the length of this shadow will change in a predictable pattern because of the Rotation of the Earth on its axis. Option B).
What is rotation of the Earth on its axis?
The Earth rotates on its rotation axis, which passes through the geographical north and south poles.
It takes 24 hours for the Earth to complete this rotation movement turn. During this time there are different consequences of the rotation movement. One of them is the succession of days and nights.
Day and night succession occurs when the sun illuminates half of the planet while the other half remains dark. As the Earth rotates, the dark side gets illuminated, while the other half begins to be in darkness.
This pattern affects the direction and the length of the shadow. As the Earth rotates, the object's shadows modify. Its shape and size vary according to the position the sun is concerning the object.
Option B is correct. Rotation of the Earth on its axis.
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The Correct Answer is B: Rotation of Earth On Its Axis
what would most likely happen if an error occurred when RNA was recieving coding information
Answer:
Proteins won't be made or are made improperly. If the mutations occur in the gametes, the offspring's DNA will be affected positively, negatively, or neutrally.