(a) Find the values of p for which the following integral converges:
∫[infinity]e 1/(x(ln(x))^p)dx
Input youranswer by writing it as an interval. Enter brackets or parentheses in the first and fourth blanks as appropriate, and enter the interval endpoints in the second and third blanks. Use INF and NINF (in upper-case letters) for positive and negative infinity if needed. If the improper integral diverges for all p, type an upper-case "D" in every blank.
The values of p for which the integral converges is (1, ∞).
To determine the convergence of the integral, we can use the integral test. For the integral to converge, the function inside the integral (i.e., 1/(x(ln(x))^p)) must be integrable, and hence, it must be positive, continuous, and decreasing for all x greater than some constant N.
Let f(x) = 1/(x(ln(x))^p). Then, we have:
f'(x) = -(ln(x))^(p-1)/(x^(p+1))
For f to be decreasing, f'(x) must be negative. Thus, we have:
p > 1
Also, f(x) is continuous and positive for x > 1. Hence, the integral converges for p > 1.
Therefore, the values of p for which the integral converges is (1, ∞).
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A sample of helium gas occupies 12. 4 L at 23oC and 0. 956 atm. What volume will it occupy at 40oC and 0. 956 atm?
The helium gas will occupy approximately 13.09 L at 40°C and 0.956 atm.
To solve this problem, we can use the combined gas law equation, which states:
(P1 * V1) / (T1) = (P2 * V2) / (T2)
Where:
P1 = Initial pressure
V1 = Initial volume
T1 = Initial temperature (in Kelvin)
P2 = Final pressure
V2 = Final volume (what we need to find)
T2 = Final temperature (in Kelvin)
First, let's convert the temperatures to Kelvin:
Initial temperature T1 = 23°C + 273.15 = 296.15 K
Final temperature T2 = 40°C + 273.15 = 313.15 K
Now, let's substitute the given values into the equation:
(0.956 atm * 12.4 L) / (296.15 K) = (0.956 atm * V2) / (313.15 K)
Now we can solve for V2:
(0.956 atm * 12.4 L * 313.15 K) / (0.956 atm * 296.15 K) = V2
Simplifying the equation, we find:
V2 ≈ 13.09 L
Therefore, the helium gas will occupy approximately 13.09 L at 40°C and 0.956 atm.
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evaluate the line integral, where c is the given curve. xyeyz dy, c: x = 3t, y = 2t2, z = 3t3, 0 ≤ t ≤ 1 c
The line integral simplifies to: ∫(c) xyeyz dy = 18t^6e^(3t^3)
To evaluate the line integral, we need to compute the following expression:
∫(c) xyeyz dy
where c is the curve parameterized by x = 3t, y = 2t^2, z = 3t^3, and t ranges from 0 to 1.
First, we express y and z in terms of t:
y = 2t^2
z = 3t^3
Next, we substitute these expressions into the integrand:
xyeyz = (3t)(2t^2)(e^(3t^3))(3t^3)
Simplifying this expression, we have:
xyeyz = 18t^6e^(3t^3)
Now, we can compute the line integral:
∫(c) xyeyz dy = ∫[0,1] 18t^6e^(3t^3) dy
To solve this integral, we integrate with respect to y, keeping t as a constant:
∫[0,1] 18t^6e^(3t^3) dy = 18t^6e^(3t^3) ∫[0,1] dy
Since the limits of integration are from 0 to 1, the integral of dy simply evaluates to 1:
∫[0,1] dy = 1
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derive an expression for the specific heat capacity of the metal using the heat balance equation for an isolated system, equation (14.2). your final expression should only contain variables
The specific heat capacity of the metal can be expressed as the ratio of the product of the specific heat capacity and mass of the surroundings to the mass of the metal which is c = (ms) / m.
The specific heat capacity of a metal can be derived using the heat balance equation for an isolated system, given by equation (14.2), which relates the heat gained or lost by the system to the change in its temperature and its heat capacity.
According to the heat balance equation for an isolated system, the heat gained or lost by the system (Q) is given by:
Q = mcΔTwhere m is the mass of the metal, c is its specific heat capacity, and ΔT is the change in its temperature.
For an isolated system, the heat gained or lost by the metal must be equal to the heat lost or gained by the surroundings, which can be expressed as:
Q = -q = -msΔT
where q is the heat gained or lost by the surroundings, s is the specific heat capacity of the surroundings, and ΔT is the change in temperature of the surroundings.
Equating the two expressions for Q, we get:
mcΔT = msΔT
Simplifying and rearranging, we get:
c = (ms) / m
Therefore, the specific heat capacity of the metal can be expressed as the ratio of the product of the specific heat capacity and mass of the surroundings to the mass of the metal.
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31. show that any matrix of rank r can be written as the sum of r matrices of rank 1.
To show that any matrix of rank r can be written as the sum of r matrices of rank 1, we will use the concept of matrix decomposition.
Let's consider an arbitrary matrix A of size m x n with rank r. By definition, the rank of a matrix is the maximum number of linearly independent rows or columns. This means that we can express A as a sum of r matrices of rank 1.
We start by performing the singular value decomposition (SVD) of matrix A:
A = U * Σ * V^T
where U is an m x r matrix, Σ is an r x r diagonal matrix with non-negative singular values on the diagonal, and V^T is the transpose of an r x n matrix V.
We can rewrite the singular value decomposition as:
A = σ1 * u1 * v1^T + σ2 * u2 * v2^T + ... + σr * ur * vr^T
where σ1, σ2, ..., σr are the singular values of A, and u1, u2, ..., ur and v1, v2, ..., vr are the corresponding left and right singular vectors, respectively.
Each term in the above expression is a rank 1 matrix, as it is an outer product of a column vector and a row vector. The rank 1 matrices are of the form x * y^T, where x and y are column vectors.
Thus, we have expressed matrix A as the sum of r matrices of rank 1.
In summary, any matrix of rank r can be written as the sum of r matrices of rank 1, where each term in the sum is a rank 1 matrix obtained from the singular value decomposition of the original matrix.
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Show that the symmetric property follows from euclid's common notions 1 and 4.Things which are equal to the same thing are also equal to one another. If equals be added to equals, the wholes are equal. If equals be subtracted from equals, the remainders are equal. Things which coincide with one another are equal to one another. The whole is greater than the part.
The symmetric property states that if A equals B, then B must also equal A. Euclid's common notions 1 and 4 can be used to prove this property.
First, if A equals B, then they are both equal to the same thing. This satisfies the first common notion.
Next, if we add equals to equals (A plus C equals B plus C), then the wholes are equal according to the fourth common notion. Therefore, we can conclude that B plus C equals A plus C.
Similarly, if equals are subtracted from equals (A minus C equals B minus C), then the remainders are equal. This implies that B minus C equals A minus C.
Finally, if A coincides with B, they are in the same location and are thus equal according to the fourth common notion.
Taken together, these common notions demonstrate that if A equals B, then B must also equal A, proving the symmetric property.
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An engineer created a scale drawing of a building using a scale in which 0.25 inch represents 2 feet. The length of the actual building is 250 feet. What is the length in inches of the building in the scale drawing? A - 7 ft3 | B - 7.25 ft3 | C - 8.5 ft3 | D - 10.5 ft3
The length of the building in the scale drawing is 31. 25 Inches
We have,
Scale: 0.25 inch = 2 feet
So, 1 inch = 8 feet
Now, the length of building is 250 feet.
Then, the length of budling in inch is
= 250/ 8
= 31.25 inches
Thus, the length of the building in the scale drawing is 31. 25 Inches
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Suppose the mean fasting cholesterol of teenage boys in the US, is μ = 175 mg/dL with σ = 50 mg/dL. An SRS of 39 boys whose fathers had a heart attack reveals a mean cholesterol 195 mg/dL. If we want to know whether the mean fasting cholesterol of the sample is significantly different than the population mean, a. Should this be a one-sided or two-sided test? How do you know? b. Perform the hypothesis test. Show all steps. (Significant level a-0.05)
a. If we want to know whether the mean fasting cholesterol of the sample is significantly different than the population mean, this should be a one-sided test because we are only interested in determining if the sample mean is significantly higher than the population mean.
b. The hypothesis test shows below
a. This should be a one-sided test because we are only interested in determining if the sample mean is significantly higher than the population mean. We are not interested in determining if the sample mean is significantly lower than the population mean.
b. We will perform a one-sample z-test to test the null hypothesis that the sample mean is not significantly different from the population mean. Our alternative hypothesis is that the sample mean is significantly greater than the population mean.
Null hypothesis: H0: μ = 175
Alternative hypothesis: Ha: μ > 175
Significance level: α = 0.05
Sample size: n = 39
Sample mean: x = 195
Population standard deviation: σ = 50
Test statistic:
z = (x - μ) / (σ / √n)
z = (195 - 175) / (50 / √39)
z = 2.19
Critical value:
Using a one-tailed z-table with a significance level of 0.05, the critical value is 1.645.
The test statistic (z = 2.19) is greater than the critical value (1.645), so we reject the null hypothesis. This means that the sample mean (195 mg/dL) is significantly higher than the population mean (175 mg/dL) at the 0.05 significance level.
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The Minitab output includes a prediction for y when x∗=500. If an overfed adult burned an additional 500 NEA calories, we can be 95% confident that the person's fat gain would be between
1. −0.01 and 0 kg
2. 0.13 and 3.44 kg
3. 1.30 and 2.27 jg
4. 2.85 and 4.16 kg
We can be 95% confident that the person's fat gain would be between 0.13 and 3.44 kg.
So, the correct answer is option 2.
Based on the Minitab output, when an overfed adult burns an additional 500 NEA (non-exercise activity) calories (x* = 500), we can be 95% confident that the person's fat gain (y) would be between 0.13 and 3.44 kg.
This range is the confidence interval for the predicted fat gain and indicates that there is a 95% probability that the true fat gain value lies within this interval.
In this case, option 2 (0.13 and 3.44 kg) is the correct answer.
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evaluate the line integral over the curve c: x=e−tcos(t), y=e−tsin(t), 0≤t≤π/2 ∫c(x2 y2)ds
The value of the line integral over the curve c is 1/3 (1 - e^(-3π/2)).
The given line integral is:
∫c(x^2 + y^2)ds
where c is the curve given by x = e^(-t)cos(t), y = e^(-t)sin(t), 0 ≤ t ≤ π/2.
To evaluate this integral, we first need to find the parameterization of the curve c. We can parameterize c as follows:
r(t) = e^(-t)cos(t)i + e^(-t)sin(t)j, 0 ≤ t ≤ π/2
Then, the length of the curve c is given by:
s = ∫c ds = ∫0^(π/2) ||r'(t)|| dt
where ||r'(t)|| is the magnitude of the derivative of r(t):
||r'(t)|| = ||-e^(-t)sin(t)i + e^(-t)cos(t)j|| = e^(-t)
Therefore, the length of the curve c is:
s = ∫c ds = ∫0^(π/2) e^(-t) dt = 1 - e^(-π/2)
Now, we can evaluate the line integral:
∫c(x^2 + y^2)ds = ∫0^(π/2) (e^(-2t)cos^2(t) + e^(-2t)sin^2(t))e^(-t) dt
= ∫0^(π/2) e^(-3t) dt
= [-1/3 e^(-3t)]_0^(π/2)
= 1/3 (1 - e^(-3π/2))
Therefore, the value of the line integral over the curve c is 1/3 (1 - e^(-3π/2)).
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. prove that f1 f3 ⋯ f2n−1 = f2n when n is a positive integer
The equation holds for k+1, completing the induction step. Therefore, we can conclude that the equation f1 f3 ⋯ f2n−1 = f2n is true for all positive integers n.
To prove that f1 f3 ⋯ f2n−1 = f2n when n is a positive integer, we need to use mathematical induction.
First, we need to establish the base case. When n=1, we have f1=f2, which is true.
Now, assume that the equation is true for some positive integer k, meaning f1 f3 ⋯ f2k−1 = f2k.
We need to show that it is also true for k+1.
f1 f3 ⋯ f2k−1 f2k+1 = f2k+2
Using the definition of Fibonacci sequence, we know that:
f1 = 1, f2 = 1, f3 = 2, f4 = 3, f5 = 5, f6 = 8, f7 = 13, f8 = 21, and so on.
Substituting these values, we get:
1*2*5*...*f(2k-1)*f(2k+1) = f(2k+2)
Rearranging the left side:
f(2k)*2*5*...*f(2k-1)*f(2k+1) = f(2k+2)
We know that f(2k) = f(2k+1) - f(2k-1) and f(2k+2) = f(2k+1) + f(2k+1).
Substituting these values, we get:
(f(2k+1) - f(2k-1))*2*5*...*f(2k-1)*f(2k+1) = f(2k+1) + f(2k+1)
Dividing both sides by f(2k+1):
(2*5*...*f(2k-1) - f(2k-1)) = 1
Simplifying:
f(2k+1) = 2*5*...*f(2k-1)
Therefore, f1 f3 ⋯ f2k+1 = f(2k+1) and f2k+2 = f(2k+1) + f(2k+1), so we have:
f1 f3 ⋯ f2k+1 f2k+2 = f(2k+1) + f(2k+1) = 2f(2k+1) = 2(2*5*...*f(2k-1)) = f(2k+2)
This proves that the equation holds for k+1, completing the induction step. Therefore, we can conclude that the equation f1 f3 ⋯ f2n−1 = f2n is true for all positive integers n.
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In a repeated-measures ANOVA, the variability within treatments is divided into two components. What are they?
a.between subjects and error
b.between subjects and between treatments
c.between treatments and error
d.total variability and error
In a repeated-measures ANOVA, the variability within treatments is divided into two components: between subjects and error .(A)
To explain further, a repeated-measures ANOVA is used to analyze the differences in means of scores for the same subjects under different conditions.
The variability within treatments can be broken down into two components: 1) between subjects, which accounts for individual differences in subjects and 2) error, which represents unexplained variance that is not accounted for by between subjects or treatment effects.
By separating the variability into these two components, researchers can better understand the sources of variation and isolate the true effects of the treatments being studied.(A)
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A kicker's extended leg is swung for 0.4 seconds in a counterclockwise direction while accelerating at 200 deg/'s2. What is the angular velocity of the leg at the instant of contact with the ball?
The answer to the question is that the angular velocity of the kicker's leg at the instant of contact with the ball can be calculated using the formula:
ωf = ωi + αt
Where:
ωi = initial angular velocity (0 rad/s)
α = angular acceleration (200 deg/s^2 converted to rad/s^2 = 3.49 rad/s^2)
t = time (0.4 seconds)
ωf = final angular velocity (what we're solving for)
To solve for ωf, we plug in the values:
ωf = 0 + (3.49 rad/s^2 x 0.4 s)
ωf = 1.396 rad/s
Therefore, the angular velocity of the kicker's leg at the instant of contact with the ball is 1.396 rad/s.
The problem provides us with the time and acceleration of the kicker's leg, but we need to find the angular velocity at the instant of contact with the ball. To do this, we use the formula for angular velocity, ω = Δθ/Δt, where Δθ is the change in angle and Δt is the change in time. However, we don't have the angle information, only the acceleration and time. So, we use the formula for angular acceleration, α = Δω/Δt, to find the change in angular velocity over time. We know that the initial angular velocity is 0 because the kicker's leg is starting from rest. Finally, we solve for the final angular velocity using the equation ωf = ωi + αt.
The problem involves the calculation of angular velocity at the instant of contact between the ball and the kicker's extended leg. The solution involves using the formula for angular acceleration to find the change in angular velocity over time. The problem statement provides us with the time taken for the leg to swing and the acceleration of the leg during that time.
The first step in the solution is to identify the relevant formulae that can be used to calculate the angular velocity of the kicker's leg at the instant of contact with the ball. The formula for angular velocity, ω = Δθ/Δt, involves the change in angle over time. However, we don't have the angle information in the problem statement. So, we use the formula for angular acceleration, α = Δω/Δt, to find the change in angular velocity over time.
The second step in the solution is to identify the values of the parameters in the formulae. The problem statement provides us with the time taken for the leg to swing, which is 0.4 seconds. The problem also provides us with the acceleration of the leg, which is 200 deg/'s². However, we need to convert this to radians per second squared because the formula for angular acceleration requires angular velocity to be in radians per second. We know that 1 revolution is equal to 2π radians. So, 200 deg/'s². is equal to (200/360) x 2π radians/s². = 3.49 rad/s².. The initial angular velocity is 0 because the kicker's leg is starting from rest.
The third step in the solution is to use the formula for angular acceleration to find the change in angular velocity over time. The formula is α = Δω/Δt, which can be rearranged as Δω = αΔt. Substituting the values, we get:
Δω = 3.49 rad/s² x 0.4 s
Δω = 1.396 rad/s
The fourth and final step is to use the formula ωf = ωi + Δω to find the final angular velocity at the instant of contact between the ball and the kicker's extended leg. The initial angular velocity is 0 because the kicker's leg is starting from rest. Substituting the values, we get:
ωf = 0 + 1.396 rad/s
ωf = 1.396 rad/s
Therefore, the angular velocity of the kicker's leg at the instant of contact with the ball is 1.396 rad/s.
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Consider the following.
T is the reflection through the origin in
R2: T(x, y) = (−x, −y), v = (2, 5).
(a) Find the standard matrix A for the linear transformation T.
(b) Use A to find the image of the vector v.
(c) Sketch the graph of v and its image.
(a) the standard matrix A for the linear transformation T: [ 0 -1 ].
(b) the image of v under T is the vector (-2, -5).
(c) To sketch the graph of v and its image, plot the vector v = (2, 5) starting from the origin (0, 0) and ending at the point (2, 5).
(a) To find the standard matrix A for the linear transformation T, we apply T to the standard basis vectors e1 = (1, 0) and e2 = (0, 1):
T(e1) = T(1, 0) = (-1, 0)
T(e2) = T(0, 1) = (0, -1)
Now, we form the matrix A using these transformed basis vectors as columns:
A = [T(e1) | T(e2)] = [(-1, 0) | (0, -1)] = [ -1 0 ]
[ 0 -1 ]
(b) To find the image of vector v = (2, 5) under the transformation T, we multiply the matrix A by v:
Av = [ -1 0 ] [ 2 ] = [-2]
[ 0 -1 ] [ 5 ] = [-5]
So, the image of v under T is the vector (-2, -5).
(c) To sketch the graph of v and its image, first draw a coordinate plane. Then, plot the vector v = (2, 5) starting from the origin (0, 0) and ending at the point (2, 5). Next, plot the image of v, which is (-2, -5), starting from the origin (0, 0) and ending at the point (-2, -5).
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PLEASE HELP!!!!!!!!!!!!!
A basketball player shoots a free throw, where the position of the ball is modeled by x = (26cos 50°)t and y = 5.8 + (26sin 50°)t − 16t^2. What is the height of the ball, in feet, when it is 13 feet from the free throw line? Round to three decimal places.
11.892
11.611
10.214
10.563
The height of the ball when it is 13 feet from the free throw line is approximately 10.214 feet. Rounded to three decimal places, the answer is 10.214.
To find the height of the ball when it is 13 feet from the free throw line, we need to determine the value of y when x is equal to 13.
Given:
x = (26cos 50°)t
y = 5.8 + (26sin 50°)t -[tex]16t^2[/tex]
We can set x = 13 and solve for t:
13 = (26cos 50°)t
t = 13 / (26cos 50°)
t ≈ 0.683
Now, substitute this value of t into the equation for y:
y = 5.8 + (26sin 50°)(0.683) - 16(0.683[tex])^2[/tex]
Calculating this expression:
y ≈ 10.214
Therefore, the height of the ball when it is 13 feet from the free throw line is approximately 10.214 feet. Rounded to three decimal places, the answer is 10.214.
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Let y= matrix1x2[4][3] and u = matrix1x2[2][-6] Write y as the sum of two orthogonal vectors, one in Span fu and one orthogonal to u
To write y as the sum of two orthogonal vectors, one in Span fu and one orthogonal to u, we first need to find a vector in Span fu.
Let's call this vector v. Since u is a 1x2 matrix, we can think of it as a vector in R^2. To find v, we need to find a scalar c such that cv = u.
We can do this by solving the equation cv = u for c:
c * [a,b] = [2,-6]
This gives us two equations:
ca = 2
cb = -6
Solving for c, we get:
c = 2/a
c = -6/b
Equating the two expressions for c, we get:
2/a = -6/b
Cross-multiplying, we get:
2b = -6a
Dividing both sides by 2, we get:
b = -3a
So we can choose v = [a,-3a], for any non-zero value of a. For simplicity, let's choose a = 1, so v = [1,-3].
Now we need to find a vector w that is orthogonal to u. The dot product of u and w should be 0:
[u1, u2] · [w1, w2] = u1w1 + u2w2 = 0
We know that u = [2,-6], so we can choose w = [3,1], which is orthogonal to u.
Now we can write y as the sum of two vectors, one in Span fu and one orthogonal to u:
y = (y · v/||v||^2) v + (y · w/||w||^2) w
where · denotes the dot product, ||v|| is the norm of v, and ||w|| is the norm of w.
Plugging in the values, we get:
y = ((41 + 3(-3))/10) [1,-3] + ((43 + 31)/(3^2 + 1^2)) [3,1]
y = (-2/5) [1,-3] + (15/10) [3,1]
y = [-2/51 + 15/103, -2/5*(-3) + 15/10*1]
y = [23/10, 7/10]
So we can write y as the sum of [-6/5, 9/5] (which is in Span fu) and [23/10, 7/10] (which is orthogonal to u).
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if X is uniformly distributed over(-1,1)' find
a)P{|x | > 1/2};
b) the density function of the random variable |X|
The density function of the random variable |X| is f_Y(y) = 1 for 0 ≤ y ≤ 1.
a) Since X is uniformly distributed over (-1,1), the probability density function of X is f(x) = 1/2 for -1 < x < 1, and 0 otherwise. Therefore, the probability of the event {|X| > 1/2} can be computed as follows:
P{|X| > 1/2} = P{X < -1/2 or X > 1/2}
= P{X < -1/2} + P{X > 1/2}
= (1/2)(-1/2 - (-1)) + (1/2)(1 - 1/2)
= 1/4 + 1/4
= 1/2
Therefore, P{|X| > 1/2} = 1/2.
b) To find the density function of the random variable |X|, we can use the transformation method. Let Y = |X|. Then, for y > 0, we have:
F_Y(y) = P{Y ≤ y} = P{|X| ≤ y} = P{-y ≤ X ≤ y}
Since X is uniformly distributed over (-1,1), we have:
F_Y(y) = P{-y ≤ X ≤ y} = (1/2)(y - (-y)) = y
Therefore, the cumulative distribution function of Y is F_Y(y) = y for 0 ≤ y ≤ 1.
To find the density function of Y, we differentiate F_Y(y) with respect to y to obtain:
f_Y(y) = dF_Y(y)/dy = 1 for 0 ≤ y ≤ 1
Therefore, the density function of the random variable |X| is f_Y(y) = 1 for 0 ≤ y ≤ 1.
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solve the given differential equation. dx/dy = −4y^2 + 6xy / 3y^2 + 2x Verify the solution (6x + 1)y^3 = -3x^3 + c
The solution to the given differential equation is (6x + 1)y^3 = -3x^3 + c.
Given differential equation is:
dx/dy = (-4y^2 + 6xy) / (3y^2 + 2x)
Rearranging and simplifying, we get:
(3y^2 + 2x) dx = (-4y^2 + 6xy) dy
Integrating both sides, we get:
∫(3y^2 + 2x) dx = ∫(-4y^2 + 6xy) dy
On integration, we get:
(3/2)x^2 + 3xy^2 = -4y^3 + 3x^2y + c1
Multiplying throughout by 2/3, we get:
x^2 + 2xy^2 = (-8/3)y^3 + 2x^2y/3 + c
Rewriting in terms of y^3 and x^3, we get:
(6x + 1)y^3 = -3x^3 + c
Hence, the solution to the given differential equation is (6x + 1)y^3 = -3x^3 + c.
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Suppose that a simson line goes through the orthocenter of the triangle. show that the pole must be one of the vertices of the triangle. and provide model figure.
To prove that the pole of the Simson line must be one of the vertices of the triangle, we will use the following theorem:
Theorem: If the pole of the Simson line lies on the circumcircle of the triangle, then it must be one of the vertices of the triangle.
Proof: Let ABC be a triangle with circumcircle O. Let P be the pole of the Simson line with respect to triangle ABC. We need to show that P must be one of the vertices, say A, of the triangle.
Since P is the pole of the Simson line, it lies on the perpendicular bisectors of the sides of the triangle. Therefore, PA = PB = PC.
Consider the circumcircle of triangle ABC. Since PA = PB = PC, point P lies on the circumcircle of the triangle.
Now, by the Inscribed Angle Theorem, the angle subtended by an arc at the center of the circle is twice the angle subtended by the same arc at any point on the circumference.
Since P lies on the circumcircle, angle APB subtends the same arc as angle ACB at the center of the circle. Thus, angle APB = 2 * angle ACB.
Similarly, angle APC = 2 * angle ABC.
But angle APB + angle APC + angle BPC = 180 degrees (by the angles around a point add up to 360 degrees).
Substituting the above angles, we have 2 * angle ACB + 2 * angle ABC + angle BPC = 180 degrees.
Simplifying, we get angle ACB + angle ABC + angle BPC = 90 degrees.
Since angles ACB and ABC are acute angles, angle BPC must be a right angle. Therefore, P lies on the perpendicular from B to AC.
Similarly, P also lies on the perpendicular from C to AB.
Since P lies on both perpendiculars, it must be the orthocenter of triangle ABC.
Since the orthocenter is the intersection of the altitudes of the triangle, which are concurrent at one of the vertices, P must be one of the vertices of the triangle.
Therefore, the pole of the Simson line must be one of the vertices of the triangle.
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consider the system of differential equations dx dt = x(2 −x −y) dy dt = −x 3y −2xyConvert this system to a second order differential equation in y by differentiating the second equation with respect to t and substituting for x from the first equation.Solve the equation you obtained for y as a function of thence find x as a function of t. If we also require x(0) = 3 and y(0) = 4. what are x and y?
The specific values of A, B, C, r1, and r2 depend on the particular values of x and y.
The second equation with respect to t:
[tex]d^2y/dt^2 = d/dt(-x^3y - 2xy)[/tex]
[tex]d^2y/dt^2 = -3x^2(dy/dt)y - x^3(dy/dt) - 2y(dx/dt) - 2x(dy/dt)[/tex]
Substituting dx/dt and dy/dt from the given system, we get:
[tex]d^2y/dt^2 = -3x^2y(2 - x - y) - x^4y + 2xy^2 + 2x^2y[/tex]
Simplifying, we obtain:
[tex]d^2y/dt^2 = -3x^2y^2 + x^3y - 6x^2y + 2xy^2[/tex]
This is a second order differential equation in y.
To solve this equation, we assume that y has the form y = e^(rt), where r is a constant.
Substituting this into the equation, we get:
[tex]r^2e^{(rt)} = -3x^2e^{(2t)}e^{(rt)} + x^3e^{(rt)}e^{(rt)} - 6x^2e^{(2t)}e^{(rt)} + 2xe^{(rt)}e^{(2t)}e^{(rt)[/tex]
[tex]r^2 = -3x^2e^{(2t)} + x^3e^{(2t)} - 6x^2e^{(t)} + 2x[/tex]
This is a quadratic equation in r. Solving for r, we get:
r =[tex][-b \pm \sqrt{(b^2 - 4ac)]}/(2a)[/tex]
where a = 1, b = [tex]6x^2 - x^3e^{(2t)}[/tex], and c =[tex]-3x^2e^{(2t)} + 2x[/tex]
Now, using the initial condition y(0) = 4, we can determine the values of the constants A and B in the general solution:
y(t) = [tex]Ae^{(r1t)} + Be^{(r2t)[/tex]
where r1 and r2 are the roots of the quadratic equation above.
Finally, using the first equation in the given system, we can solve for x:
dx/dt = x(2 - x - y)
dx/dt =[tex]x(2 - x - Ae^{(r1t)} - Be^{(r2t)})[/tex]
Separating variables and integrating, we get:
ln|x| =[tex]\int(2 - x - Ae^{(r1t)} - Be^{(r2t)})dt[/tex]
Solving for x, we get:
x(t) = [tex]Ce^t / (1 + Ae^{(r1t)} + Be^{(r2t)})[/tex]
C is a constant determined by the initial condition x(0) = 3.
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The final solutions for x(t) and y(t) with initial conditions x(0) = 3 and y(0) = 4 are:
x(t) = 1 + e^t + 1/(t-2) + (t-2)e^t
y(t) = 4 - e^(x-2)t - cos(2t)
Differentiating the second equation with respect to t, we get:
d²y/dt² = d/dt(-x³y-2xy) = -3x²(dy/dt)y - x³(dy/dt) - 2y(dx/dt) - 2x(dx/dt)y
Substituting for dx/dt and dy/dt using the given equations, we get:
d²y/dt² = -3x²y(2-x-y) - x³(-x³y-2xy) - 2y(x(2-x-y)) - 2x(-x³y-2xy)
= -3x²y² + 3x³y² + 2xy - x⁴y + 4x²y - 4x³y
Simplifying the equation, we get:
d²y/dt² = x²y(-x² + 3x - 3) + 2xy(2-x)
Now, substituting the given initial conditions, we get:
x(0) = 3 and y(0) = 4
To solve for y(t), we assume y(t) = e^(rt), then substituting it in the second order differential equation, we get:
r²e^(rt) = x²e^(rt)(-x² + 3x - 3) + 2xe^(rt)(2-x)
Dividing by e^(rt) and simplifying, we get:
r² = x²(-x² + 3x - 3) + 2x(2-x)
= -x⁴ + 5x³ - 6x² + 4x
Solving for r, we get:
r = 0, x-2, x-2i, x+2i
Therefore, the general solution for y(t) is:
y(t) = c₁ + c₂e^((x-2)t) + c₃cos(2t) + c₄sin(2t)
To solve for x(t), we use the given equation:
dx/dt = x(2 −x −y)
Substituting y(t) from the above solution, we get:
dx/dt = x(2 - x - (c₁ + c₂e^((x-2)t) + c₃cos(2t) + c₄sin(2t)))
Separating variables and integrating, we get:
∫[x/(x² - 2x + 1 - c₂e^((x-2)t))]dx = ∫dt
Using partial fractions to integrate the left side, we get:
∫[1/(x-1) - c₂e^((x-2)t)/(x-1)^2]dx = t + c₅
Solving for x(t), we get:
x(t) = 1 + c₆e^(t) + c₇/(t-2) + c₈(t-2)e^(t)
Using the given initial condition x(0) = 3, we get:
c₆ + c₇ = 2
Therefore, the final solution for x(t) is:
x(t) = 1 + c₆e^(t) + [2-c₆]/(t-2) + (t-2)e^(t)
Substituting c₆ = 1 and solving for c₇, we get:
c₇ = 1
Therefore, the final solutions for x(t) and y(t) with initial conditions x(0) = 3 and y(0) = 4 are:
x(t) = 1 + e^t + 1/(t-2) + (t-2)e^t
y(t) = c₁ + c₂e^(x-2)t + c₃cos(2t) + c₄sin(2t)
To solve for the constants c₁, c₂, c₃, and c₄, we use the initial condition y(0) = 4. Substituting t = 0 and y = 4 in the solution for y(t), we get:
4 = c₁ + c₂e^(-2) + c₃cos(0) + c₄sin(0)
4 = c₁ + c₂e^(-2) + c₃
Using the given value of c₂ = x-2 = 1, we can solve for the remaining constants:
c₁ = 3 - c₃
c₄ = 0
Substituting these values in the solution for y(t), we get:
y(t) = 3 - c₃ + e^(x-2)t
To solve for c₃, we use the initial condition y(0) = 4. Substituting t = 0 and y = 4, we get:
4 = 3 - c₃ + e^(x-2)*0
c₃ = -1
Therefore, the final solutions for x(t) and y(t) with initial conditions x(0) = 3 and y(0) = 4 are:
x(t) = 1 + e^t + 1/(t-2) + (t-2)e^t
y(t) = 4 - e^(x-2)t - cos(2t)
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Sketch the curve with the given vector equation. indicate with anarrow the direction in which t increases
r(t) = t2i +t4j +t6k
I have no idea how to go about drawing the vector. I knowthat
x=t2
y=t4
z=t6
and that a possible subsititution can be y=x2and z=x3
To sketch the curve with the given vector equation [tex]r(t) = t^2i + t^4j + t^6k,[/tex] we can plot points for various values of t and connect them with a smooth curve that spirals upwards as t increases, and to indicate the direction in which t increases, you can use an arrow pointing in the positive i direction.
Here is a sketch of the curve defined by the vector equation [tex]r(t) = t^2 i + t^4 j + t^6 k:[/tex]
|
* |
* |
* |
* |
* |
* ----------- |------------
To sketch the curve with the given vector equation[tex]r(t) = t^2i + t^4j + t^6k,[/tex]you can start by plotting points for various values of t and then connecting these points to form a curve.
Choose some values of t, such as t = -1, 0, 1, 2, 3, and 4.
Plug each value of t into the vector equation to get the corresponding vector.
For example, when t = 2, r(2) = 4i + 16j + 64k.
Plot each vector as a point in three-dimensional space.
For example, the vector 4i + 16j + 64k would be plotted at the point (4, 16, 64).
Connect the points with a smooth curve to show the shape of the curve.
To indicate the direction in which t increases, you can use an arrow.
The arrow should point in the direction of increasing t.
In this case, since the coefficient of i (the x-component) is positive and the coefficient of j and k are both positive, the curve will spiral upwards as t increases.
Regarding your substitution, we are correct that [tex]y = x^2[/tex] and [tex]z = x^3[/tex] are possible substitutions.
These equations represent a parabolic curve in the xy-plane and a cubic curve in the xz-plane.
However, keep in mind that the vector equation[tex]r(t) = t^2i + t^4j + t^6k[/tex]already represents a curve in three-dimensional space, so we do not need to make any additional substitutions to sketch the curve.
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To sketch the curve with the given vector equation r(t) = t^2i + t^4j + t^6k, start by identifying the parametric equations: x = t^2, y = t^4, and z = t^6. You already found the possible substitutions, y = x^2 and z = x^3. Now, create a 3D graph with axes for x, y, and z. For various values of t (e.g., -2, -1, 0, 1, 2), calculate the corresponding x, y, and z coordinates using the parametric equations. Plot these points on the graph and connect them to form the curve. Add an arrow to indicate the direction in which t increases, which is the direction of the curve as you move from negative to positive t values.
To sketch the curve with the given vector equation, you can start by plotting points on the coordinate plane. The vector equation r(t) = t2i + t4j + t6k tells us that the x-coordinate is t^2, the y-coordinate is t^4, and the z-coordinate is t^6. You can choose a few values of t, such as -1, 0, and 1, and plug them into the equation to get the corresponding points on the curve.
To indicate the direction in which t increases, you can use an arrow. Since t is a parameter, it can increase in either the positive or negative direction, depending on the direction in which you choose to move along the curve. You can use an arrow to show the direction of increasing t, which will help you visualize the direction of the curve.
As for the possible substitution, y = x^2 and z = x^3 are indeed possible substitutions, since they satisfy the equations x = t^2, y = t^4, and z = t^6. Substituting these expressions for x, y, and z will give you a simpler representation of the curve, which can make it easier to sketch.
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Test the claim about the differences between two population variances sd 2/1 and sd 2/2 at the given level of significance alpha using the given sample statistics. Assume that the sample statistics are from independent samples that are randomly selected and each population has a normal distribution
Claim: σ21=σ22, α=0.01
Sample statistics: s21=5.7, n1=13, s22=5.1, n2=8
Find the null and alternative hypotheses.
A. H0: σ21≠σ22 Ha: σ21=σ22
B. H0: σ21≥σ22 Ha: σ21<σ22
C. H0: σ21=σ22 Ha: σ21≠σ22
D. H0: σ21≤σ22 Ha:σ21>σ22
Find the critical value.
The null and alternative hypotheses are: H0: σ21 = σ22 and Ha: σ21 ≠ σ22(C).
To find the critical value, we need to use the F-distribution with degrees of freedom (df1 = n1 - 1, df2 = n2 - 1) at a significance level of α/2 = 0.005 (since this is a two-tailed test).
Using a calculator or a table, we find that the critical values are F0.005(12,7) = 4.963 (for the left tail) and F0.995(12,7) = 0.202 (for the right tail).
The test statistic is calculated as F = s21/s22, where s21 and s22 are the sample variances and n1 and n2 are the sample sizes. Plugging in the given values, we get F = 5.7^2/5.1^2 = 1.707.
Since this value is not in the rejection region (i.e., it is between the critical values), we fail to reject the null hypothesis. Therefore, we do not have sufficient evidence to claim that the population variances are different at the 0.01 level of significance.
So C is correct option.
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A linear regression analysis reveals a strong, negative, linear relationship between x and y. Which of the following could possibly be the results from this analysis? ŷ = 27.4+13.1x, r = -0.95 ỹ = 0.85-0.25x, r = -0.85 0 $ = 13.1+27.4x, r = 0.95 ỹ = 542-385x, r = -0.15 0 $ = 13.1-27.4x, r = 0.85
The only possible result from a linear regression analysis revealing a strong, negative, linear relationship between x and y is ŷ = 27.4+13.1x, r = -0.95.
When a linear regression analysis reveals a strong, negative, linear relationship between x and y, it means that as x increases, y decreases at a constant rate.
In other words, there is a negative correlation between the two variables.
Out of the five possible results listed, the only one that could possibly be the result of this analysis is:
ŷ = 27.4+13.1x,
r = -0.95.
This is because the equation shows that as x increases, ŷ (the predicted value of y) also increases, but at a negative rate of 13.1.
Additionally,
The correlation coefficient (r) is negative and close to -1, indicating a strong negative correlation between x and y.
The other options cannot be the result of this analysis because they either have positive correlation coefficients (r) or equations that do not show a negative relationship between x and y.
For example,
The equation ỹ = 542-385x, r = -0.15 shows a negative correlation coefficient, but the negative sign in front of x indicates a positive relationship between x and y, which contradicts the initial statement of a negative linear relationship.
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This equation has a negative slope (-0.25) and a correlation coefficient of -0.85, which indicates a strong negative linear relationship between x and y.
Based on the information provided, the correct answer is ŷ = 27.4+13.1x, r = -0.95. This is because a strong, negative linear relationship between x and y means that as x increases, y decreases and vice versa. The coefficient of determination (r-squared) measures the strength of the relationship between the two variables, and a value of -0.95 indicates a very strong negative relationship. The other answer choices do not fit this criteria, as they either have positive relationships (r values close to 1) or weaker negative relationships (r values close to 0). Therefore, the only possible choice is ŷ = 27.4+13.1x, r = -0.95.
A strong, negative, linear relationship between x and y would be represented by a linear equation with a negative slope and a correlation coefficient (r) close to -1. Among the given options, ỹ = 0.85 - 0.25x, r = -0.85 best represents this relationship. This equation has a negative slope (-0.25) and a correlation coefficient of -0.85, which indicates a strong negative linear relationship between x and y.
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(Image: 5
Let G (V, E) be a digraph in which every vertex is a source, or a sink, or both a
sink and a source.
(a)
Prove that G has neither self-loops nor anti-parallel edges.
(b)
Let Gu
=
(V, Eu) be the undirected graph obtained by erasing the direction on
the edges of G. Prove that G" has chromatic number 1 or 2.
You are not required to draw anything in your proofs.)
(a) To prove that G has neither self-loops nor anti-parallel edges, we will assume the contrary and show that it leads to a contradiction.
Assume there exists a vertex v in G that has a self-loop, meaning there is an edge (v, v) in G. Since every vertex in G is either a source, a sink, or both, this self-loop implies that v is both a source and a sink. However, this contradicts the assumption that every vertex in G is either a source or a sink, but not both. Therefore, G cannot have self-loops.
Now, assume there exist two vertices u and v in G such that there are anti-parallel edges between them, i.e., both (u, v) and (v, u) are edges in G. Since every vertex in G is either a source, a sink, or both, this implies that u is a source and a sink, and v is also a source and a sink. Again, this contradicts the assumption that every vertex in G is either a source or a sink, but not both. Therefore, G cannot have anti-parallel edges.
Hence, we have proved that G has neither self-loops nor anti-parallel edges.
(b) Let's consider the undirected graph Gu obtained by erasing the direction on the edges of G. We need to prove that Gu has a chromatic number of 1 or 2.
Since every vertex in G is either a source, a sink, or both, it implies that every vertex in Gu has either outgoing edges only, incoming edges only, or both incoming and outgoing edges. Therefore, in Gu, a vertex can be colored with one color if it has either all incoming or all outgoing edges, and with a second color if it has both incoming and outgoing edges.
If Gu has a vertex with all incoming or all outgoing edges, it can be colored with one color. Otherwise, if Gu has a vertex with both incoming and outgoing edges, it can be colored with a second color. This proves that the chromatic number of Gu is either 1 or 2.
Therefore, we have proved that the undirected graph Gu obtained from G has a chromatic number of 1 or 2.
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Navarro, Incorporated, plans to issue new zero coupon bonds with a par value of $1,000 to fund a new project. The bonds will have a YTM of 5. 43 percent and mature in 20 years. If we assume semiannual compounding, at what price will the bonds sell?
To calculate the price at which the zero-coupon bonds will sell, we can use the formula for present value (PV) of a bond:
[tex]PV = F / (1 + r/n)^(n*t)[/tex]
Where:
PV = Present value or price of the bond
F = Par value of the bond ($1,000)
r = Yield to maturity (YTM) as a decimal (5.43% = 0.0543)
n = Number of compounding periods per year (semiannual, so n = 2)
t = Number of years to maturity (20 years)
Plugging in the values into the formula, we can calculate the price at which the bonds will sell:
PV = 1000 / (1 + 0.0543/2)^(2*20)
= 1000 / (1 + 0.02715)^(40)
= 1000 / (1.02715)^(40)
≈ 1000 / 0.49198
≈ $2033.69
Therefore, the bonds will sell at approximately $2,033.69.
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the series 7/8 − 7/10 + 7/12 − 7/14 + 7/16 − ..... can be rewritten as[infinity]\sum(-1)^(n-1) 7/??n=1
The series 7/8 − 7/10 + 7/12 − 7/14 + 7/16 − ..... is an alternating series, meaning that the signs of the terms alternate between positive and negative. To rewrite this series as a summation notation with an infinity symbol, we need to first determine the pattern of the denominator.
The denominators of the terms in the series are 8, 10, 12, 14, 16, .... We can see that the denominator of the nth term is 8 + 2(n-1), or 2n + 6.
Using this pattern, we can rewrite the series as:
7/8 − 7/10 + 7/12 − 7/14 + 7/16 − ..... = ∑(-1)^(n-1) 7/(2n + 6) from n = 1 to infinity.
Therefore, the answer to your question is:
The series 7/8 − 7/10 + 7/12 − 7/14 + 7/16 − ..... can be rewritten as ∑(-1)^(n-1) 7/(2n + 6) from n = 1 to infinity.
Rewriting the given series using summation notation. The series you provided is:
7/8 − 7/10 + 7/12 − 7/14 + 7/16 − ...
This series can be rewritten using the summation notation as:
∑((-1)^(n-1) * 7/(6+2n)) from n=1 to infinity.
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A company finds that the marginal profit, in dollars per foot, from drilling a well that is x feet deep is given by P′(x)=4 ^3√ x. Find the profit when a well 50 ft deep is drilled.
Question content area bottom Part 1 Set up the integral for the total profit for a well that is 50 feet deep.
P(50)= ∫ enter your response here dx
Part 2 The total profit is $enter your response here. (Round to two decimal places as needed.)
The total profit when a well 50 feet deep is drilled is approximately $1164.10, rounded to two decimal places.
The total profit for drilling a well that is 50 feet deep need to integrate the marginal profit function P'(x) with respect to x from 0 to 50.
This gives us the total profit function P(x):
P(x) = ∫ P'(x) dx from 0 to 50
Substituting P'(x) = [tex]4 \times x^{(1/3)[/tex] into the integral we get:
P(x) = [tex]\int 4 \times x^{(1/3)[/tex] dx from 0 to 50
Integrating with respect to x get:
P(x) = 4/4 * 3/4 * x^(4/3) + C
C is the constant of integration.
The value of C we need to use the given information that the marginal profit is zero when the well is 0 feet deep.
This means that the total profit is also zero when the well is 0 feet deep.
P(0) = 0
= [tex]4/4 \times 3/4 \times 0^{(4/3)} + C[/tex]
C = 0
So the total profit function is:
P(x) = [tex]3x^{(4/3)[/tex]
The profit when a well 50 feet deep is drilled is:
P(50) = [tex]3 \times 50^{(4/3)[/tex] dollars
Using a calculator to evaluate this expression, we get:
P(50) = [tex]3 \times 50^{(4/3)[/tex]
≈ $1164.10
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write a recursive algorithm to compute n2 when n is a non-negative integer, using the fact that n 12=n2 2n 1 . then use mathematical induction to prove the algorithm is correct
By using principle of mathematical induction it is proved that recursive algorithm correctly computes n² for any non-negative integer n.
Here is a recursive algorithm to compute n² using the given fact,
def compute_square(n):
if n == 0:
return 0
else:
return compute_square(n-1) + 2*n - 1
To prove the correctness of this algorithm using mathematical induction, we need to show that it satisfies two conditions,
Base case,
The algorithm correctly computes 0², which is 0.
Inductive step,
Assume the algorithm correctly computes k² for some arbitrary positive integer k.
Show that it also correctly computes (k+1)².
Let us prove these two conditions,
Base case,
When n = 0, the algorithm correctly returns 0, which is the correct value for 0².
Thus, the base case is satisfied.
Inductive step,
Assume that the algorithm correctly computes k².
Show that it also computes (k+1)².
By the given fact, we know that (k+1)² = k² + 2k + 1.
Let us consider the recursive call compute_square(k).
By our assumption, this correctly computes k². Adding 2k and subtracting 1 (as per the given fact) to the result gives us,
compute_square(k) + 2k - 1 = k² + 2k - 1
This expression is equal to (k+1)² as per the given fact.
The proof assumes that the recursive function compute_square is implemented correctly and that the given fact is true.
If the algorithm correctly computes k², it will also correctly compute (k+1)².
Therefore, by principle of mathematical induction it is shown that recursive algorithm correctly computes n² for any non-negative integer n.
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The above question is incomplete , the complete question is:
Write a recursive algorithm to compute n² when n is a non-negative integer, using the fact that (n +1)²=n² + 2n + 1 . Then use mathematical induction to prove the algorithm is correct
Find the first five terms of the sequence defined by each of the following recurrence relations and initial conditions (1) an = 6an−1, for n ≥ 1, a0 = 2 (2) (2) an = 2nan−1, for n ≥ 1, a0 = −3 (3) (3) an = a^2 n−1 , for n ≥ 2, a1 = 2 (4) (4) an = an−1 + 3an−2, for n ≥ 3, a0 = 1, a1 = 2 (5) an = nan−1 + n 2an−2, for n ≥ 2, a0 = 1, a1 = 1 (6) an = an−1 + an−3, for n ≥ 3, a0 = 1, a1 = 2, a2 = 0 2.
2, 12, 72, 432, 2592..-3, -12, -48, -192, -768..2, 4, 16, 256, 65536..1, 2, 7, 23, 76..1, 1, 4, 36, 1152..1, 2, 0, 3, 6
How to find the first five terms of each sequence given the recurrence relation and initial conditions?(1) For the sequence defined by the recurrence relation an = 6an−1, with a0 = 2, the first five terms are: a0 = 2, a1 = 6a0 = 12, a2 = 6a1 = 72, a3 = 6a2 = 432, a4 = 6a3 = 2592.
(2) For the sequence defined by the recurrence relation an = 2nan−1, with a0 = -3, the first five terms are: a0 = -3, a1 = 2na0 = 6, a2 = 2na1 = 24, a3 = 2na2 = 96, a4 = 2na3 = 384.
(3) For the sequence defined by the recurrence relation an = a^2n−1, with a1 = 2, the first five terms are: a1 = 2, a2 = a^2a1 = 4, a3 = a^2a2 = 16, a4 = a^2a3 = 256, a5 = a^2a4 = 65536.
(4) For the sequence defined by the recurrence relation an = an−1 + 3an−2, with a0 = 1 and a1 = 2, the first five terms are: a0 = 1, a1 = 2, a2 = a1 + 3a0 = 5, a3 = a2 + 3a1 = 17, a4 = a3 + 3a2 = 56.
(5) For the sequence defined by the recurrence relation an = nan−1 + n^2an−2, with a0 = 1 and a1 = 1, the first five terms are: a0 = 1, a1 = 1, a2 = 2a1 + 2a0 = 4, a3 = 3a2 + 3^2a1 = 33, a4 = 4a3 + 4^2a2 = 416.
(6) For the sequence defined by the recurrence relation an = an−1 + an−3, with a0 = 1, a1 = 2, and a2 = 0, the first five terms are: a0 = 1, a1 = 2, a2 = 0, a3 = a2 + a0 = 1, a4 = a3 + a1 = 3.
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(From Hardcover Book, Marsden/Tromba, Vector Calculus, 6th ed., Section 1.5, # 7 or from your Ebook in the Supplementary Exercises for Section 11.7, #184) Let v, w E Rn. If ||vl-w-show that v + w and v - w are orthogonal (perpendicular).
v + w and v - w are orthogonal.
To show that v + w and v - w are orthogonal, we need to show that their dot product is zero.
We have:
(v + w) . (v - w) = ||v||^2 - ||w||^2
Now, since ||v|| = ||w||, we can simplify this to:
(v + w) . (v - w) = 0
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