for the following decision problem, show that the problem is undecidable. given a tm t and a nonhalting state q of t, does t ever enter state q when it begins with a blank tape?

Answers

Answer 1

Since the Halting Problem is undecidable, and we have shown that if we had a solution for the given decision problem, we could solve the Halting Problem, we conclude that the given decision problem is also undecidable.

To show that the given decision problem is undecidable, we can reduce the Halting Problem to it.

The Halting Problem is the problem of determining whether a given Turing machine halts on a specific input. We know that the Halting Problem is undecidable, which means there is no algorithm that can solve it for all possible inputs.

Now, let's assume we have an algorithm that can solve the decision problem given a Turing machine T and a non-halting state q. We will use this algorithm to solve the Halting Problem.

Given an input (T, w) for the Halting Problem, we can construct a new Turing machine T' as follows:

Modify T to include a new state q' that is non-halting.

Modify T to transition to state q' whenever it reaches a non-halting state.

Modify T to accept the input w.

Now, we can use our algorithm for the given decision problem on (T', q'). If the algorithm determines that T' enters state q' when it begins with a blank tape, then T halts on input w. Otherwise, T does not halt on input w.

Know more about Halting Problem here:

https://brainly.com/question/30186731

#SPJ11


Related Questions

If a DBMS enforces a DELETE CASCADE option on the referential integrity constraint between SELLER and REALTOR in the HOMETOWN REALESTATE database, what will be the outcome after a user tries to delete the third record (R3, Cliff) from REALTOR

Answers

The outcome will be option b: ) CLIENT will have 6 records, AGENT will have 3 records.

What are client records?

Client record is known to be a form of a written composition of information that tells and documents the examination , diagnosis or others of a client.

Based on the above scenario, The outcome will be option b: ) CLIENT will have 6 records, AGENT will have 3 records.

Learn more about Client record from

https://brainly.com/question/238697

#SPJ1

What are the nuclear codes?

Answers

Answer:

Nuclear codes allow the president to prove the individual is authorized to order the launch.

Explanation:

Hope this helps!

If not, I am sorry.

What name is given to people who break into computer systems with the sole purpose to steal or destroy data?

Answers

Answer:

those people are called hackers

Explanation:

Answer:

They are called hackers.

Explanation:

hope it helps

Every time a user enters a different web page url into a browser, the same web page appears. what will help in this situation?atask managerbfirewallcanti-malwareddevice manager

Answers

Every time a user enters a different web page url into a browser, the same web page appears. the issue that can help is the use of firewall.

What is firewall and how it works?

The term firewall is known to be that which helps protect a person's network from attackers.

Note that A firewall shields one's network because it work in a 24/7 filter window, and this is one that often works by scanning the data that tries to enter your network and hinder anything that may act or looks suspicious from getting through.

Hence, in the case above, Every time a user enters a different web page url into a browser, the same web page appears. the issue that can help is the use of firewall.

Learn more about firewall from

https://brainly.com/question/13693641

#SPJ1

Anonymity on the internet has lowered the cost of rudely confronting people. what has happened to the supply of rude confrontations?

Answers

The thing that has happened to the supply of rude confrontations is that  The supply has increased, shifting down and to the right.

What supply means in economics?

Supply in economics is known to be seen as the full amount of a given product or service that a given  supplier is known to offers to consumers at a specific point in time and a given price level.

Hence, The thing that has happened to the supply of rude confrontations is that  The supply has increased, shifting down and to the right because Anonymity on the internet has lowered the cost of rudely confronting people.

See full question below

Anonymity on the Internet has lowered the cost of rudely confronting people. What has happened to the supply of rude confrontations? a) The supply has decreased, shifting up and to the left. b) The supply has increased, shifting up and to the left. C) The supply has decreased, shifting down and to the right. d) The supply has increased, shifting down and to the right. Question 46 (1 point) Figure: Supply Shift Saved Price $100-

Learn more about Anonymity from

https://brainly.com/question/3980546

#SPJ1

Choose the term that matches each definition.

: increasing capacity by adding nodes or units


: increasing capacity by upgrading individual resources to be more powerful

Horizontal Scaling
Vertical Scaling

Answers

Horizontal Scaling is the act of increasing capacity by adding nodes or units while increasing capacity by upgrading individual resources to be more powerful is called Vertical Scaling.

What is vertical and horizontal scalability?

Horizontal scaling is known to be the act of  adding more nodes while vertical scaling is a term that connote the act of adding a lot of power to one's current machines.

Therefore, Horizontal Scaling is the act of increasing capacity by adding nodes or units while increasing capacity by upgrading individual resources to be more powerful is called Vertical Scaling.

Learn more about Vertical Scaling from

https://brainly.com/question/15685539

#SPJ1

What is the purpose of installing updates on your computer?

Answers

The purpose of adding updates to your computer are as follows:

Making sure your computer hardware can run the newest software programsEnsuring the built-in virus protection software is up to dateRemoving bugs and glitches from your operating systemAllowing your computer to run as fast as possible

connection failed while opening file within cryptographic module - mbedtls_ssl_handshake returned -9984 ( X509 - Certificate verification failed, e.g. CRL, CA or signature check failed )

Answers

The connection that failed while opening file within cryptographic module - mbedtls_ssl_handshake returned -9984 ( X509 - Certificate verification failed, e.g. CRL, CA or signature check failed is known to be a kind of a TLS hanshake failing with EC.

What are cryptographic products?

These are known to be Software, hardware or what we call the firmware that is made up of one or a lot of cryptographic functions.

Note that a cryptographic product is one that is made up of a kind of cryptographic module and they also help to implements security functions (such as cryptographic algorithms),

Therefore, based on the above, The connection that failed while opening file within cryptographic module - mbedtls_ssl_handshake returned -9984 ( X509 - Certificate verification failed, e.g. CRL, CA or signature check failed is known to be a kind of a TLS hanshake failing with EC.

Learn more about cryptographic module  from

https://brainly.com/question/4451170

#SPJ1

Every time you call a method, the address to which the program should return at the completion of the method is stored in a memory location called the ____.

Answers

Answer:

Stack

Explanation:

Every time you call a method, the address to which the program should return at the completion of the method is stored in a memory location called the stack.

"necessarily is the mother of computer " justify this statement with respect to the evolution of computer.​

Answers

Explanation:

Computers in the form of personal desktop computers, laptops and tablets have become such an important part of everyday living that it can be difficult to remember a time when they did not exist. In reality, computers as they are known and used today are still relatively new. Although computers have technically been in use since the abacus approximately 5000 years ago,

Javascript and java are really just two slightly different names for the same language.
a) True
b) False

Answers

Answer:

False

Explanation:

JavaScript is language used along with html documents.

Java is a full-fledged programming language that handles applications.

Given five positive integers, find the minimum and maximum values that can be calculated by summing exactly four of the five integers. Then print the respective minimum and maximum values as a single line of two space-separated long integers.

Answers

Using the knowledge in computational language in JAVA it is possible to write a code that  print the respective minimum and maximum values as a single line

Writting the code in JAVA:

import java.io.*;

import java.util.*;

import java.text.*;

import java.math.*;

import java.util.regex.*;

public class Solution {

   public static void main(String[] args) {

       Scanner in = new Scanner(System.in);

       long sum = 0;

       long max = Long.MIN_VALUE;

       long min = Long.MAX_VALUE;

       for (int i = 0; i < 5; i++){

           long n = in.nextLong();

           sum += n;

           max = Math.max(max, n);

           min = Math.min(min, n);

       }

       System.out.println((sum - max) + " " + (sum - min));

   }

}

See more about JAVA at brainly.com/question/12974523

#SPJ1

For a direct mapped cache design with a 32-bit address, the following bits of the address are used to access the cache. assume a write through cache policy.
tag index offset
31-10 9-5 4-0
1. what is the cache block size (in words)?
2. 151 how many entries does the cache have?
3. 151 cod $5.3> what is the ratio between total bits required for such a cache implementation over the data storage bits?
address
starting from power on, the following byte-addressed cache references are recorded.
0 4 1 132 232 160 3024 30 140 3100 180 2180
4. [10 how many blocks are replaced?
5. what is the hit ratio?
6. list the final state of the cache, with each valid entry represented as a record of sindex, tag, data>

Answers

From the information given, the cache block size is 32. See explanation below.

How do we arrive at the cache block size?

Where the offset is 5 bits, the block size is given as:

2⁵ = 32.

Hence, the total number of blocks in the cache is 32.

How many entries does the cache have?

Note that

Total cache size = No. of entries (No. of tag bits + data bits + valid bit)

Hence,

= 32 x (22+ 256 +1)

= 8, 928 bits

Learn more about cache block at;
https://brainly.com/question/3522040
#SPJ1

Mary and Billy are moving away to college and both know in their hearts that they need to end their relationship. They move away with a mutual agreement to breakup and leave peacefully. What is this called

Answers

In the case of Mary and Billy, the above is called Negotiated farewell.

What is Negotiated farewell?

In the case of  Negotiated Farewell, one can say that couples are knonw to jointly create the story of the end to what we say their marriage.

Note that Negotiated Farewell is one that is made for emotionally immature or any kind of combative people. hence, In the case of Mary and Billy, the above is called Negotiated farewell.

Learn more  about relationship from

https://brainly.com/question/10286547

#SPJ1

In which directory would a system administrator store scripts that should be run monthly by the cron daemon?

Answers

Answer: /etc/cron.monthly

Explanation:

Simple statistics looks catalog 3.15 LAB: Simple statistics Given 4 floating-point numbers. Use a string formatting expression with conversion specifiers to output their product and the average as integers (rounded, then as floating point numbers Output each rounded integer using the following print (1.0).tornat (your_value)) Output each floating point value with three digits after the decimal point, which can be achieved as follows print(1.3).format(your value)) Ex If the input is 3.3 10. 5.0 the output is 20722 2071. 7. 125 ACTIVITY 3151 LAB Simple statistics 0/10 main.py 1 2 - Floatinet()) - Floatinus Fotout Flatirot)

Answers

Based on the given instructions:

1. you must set the display format for all values: %0.2f

2. use f-string in this format: f"{}" and add your value in {}

3. int: convert float to integer and round: round up the number

The given code

num1 = float(input())

num2 = float(input())

num3 = float(input())

average = (num1+num2+num3) / 3

your_value = num1*num2*num3

print('%0.0f %0.0f %0.2f %0.2f' % (int(average), int(your_value), average, your_value))

# or:

print(f"{int(average)} {int(your_value)} {round(average,2)} {round(your_value,2)}")

Read more about floating point numbers here:

https://brainly.com/question/13440970

#SPJ1

Write a short program that asks the user to enter a month & prints a message based on the month

Answers

Answer:

The Code:

def month(x):

    if (x==1):

        print ("January")

    if (x==2):

        print("February")

    if (x==3):

        print("March")

    if (x==4):

        print("April")

    if (x==5):

        print("May")

    if (x==6):

        print("June")

    if (x==7):

        print("July")

    if (x==8):

        print("August")

    if(x==9):

        print("September")

    if(x==10):

        print("October")

    if(x==11):

        print("November")

    if(x==12):

        print("December")

    if(x<1 or x>12):

        print("Wrong Input! Try again")

month = int(input("Enter the month number: "))

month(month)

Explanation:

The above program is written in the PYTHON programming language.

In this program, the user inputs the number of any month, showing the month name in the output. For example,

if user enters 1, month name = JANUARY

if user enters 5, month name = MAY

and if the user enters 13, then output = Wrong Input! try again

#SPJ2

________ is installed in special, read-only memory in devices like printers or communication devices.

Answers

A firmware is installed in special, read-only memory in devices like printers or communication devices.

What is firmware and give example?

Firmware is known to be a kind of software that makes or produce the basic machine instructions that gives room for the hardware to act and be able to communicate with other kinds of software that is said to be running on a device.

Note that Firmware makes low-level control in for a lot of device's hardware and its example is microcontroller which is said to be an aspect of the microprocessor that informs the microprocessor the right actions to take.

Hence A firmware is installed in special, read-only memory in devices like printers or communication devices is the right answer.

Learn more about firmware from

https://brainly.com/question/3522075

#SPJ1

In this program you will draw some ASCII art using System.out.println(). Write a program that outputs exactly this drawing. ()_____ // O)___ // ) // _____/

Answers

This is known as ASCII Art. The program that give the above output is given below.

What is the program that give the above output?

The codes that resort to the above output are given below:


public class ASCIIArt{

public static void main(String[] args) {

System.out.println(" /)___");

System.out.println(" / o|___");

System.out.println(" / )");

System.out.println("/ )___/");

}

}

What is ASCII Art?

The 95 readable characters from the total of 128 established by the ASCII Standard from 1963 and ASCII compliant character sets with proprietary extra characters make up ASCII art, a visual design style that leverages computers for display (beyond the 128 characters of standard 7-bit ASCII).

The phrase is also figuratively used to describe all forms of text-based visual art. Any text editor may be used to make ASCII graphics, which is frequently used with free-form languages.

Learn more about ASCII:
https://brainly.com/question/17147612
#SPJ1

Full Question:

See attached image.

find_cow(name, cows) Given a name and a Python list of Cow objects, return the Cow object with the specified name. If no such Cow object can be found, return None.

Answers

Using the computational knowledge in python it is possible to write a code that Given a name and a Python list of Cow objects

Writting the code in python:

def load_cows(filename):

     cow_dict = dict()

   f = open(filename, 'r')

   for line in f:

       line_data = line.split(',')

       cow_dict[line_data[0]] = int(line_data[1])

   return cow_dict

def greedy_cow_transport(cows, limit=10):

      trips = []

   cowsCopy = cows.copy()

   sortedCows = sorted(cowsCopy.items(), key=lambda x: x[1], reverse = True)

   while sum(cowsCopy.values()) > 0:

       ship = []

       total = 0

       for cow, value in sortedCows:

           if cowsCopy[cow] != 0 and value + total <= limit:

               ship.append(cow)

               total += value

               cowsCopy[cow] = 0

       trips.append(ship)

   return trips

def brute_force_cow_transport(cows,limit=10):

    trips = []

    possibilities = []

   for i in power_list:

       ship = []

       for j in i:

           ship_weights = []

           for k in j:

               ship_weights.append(cows[k])

               #print(ship_weights)

           ship.append(sum(ship_weights))

           #print(ship)

       if all(d <= limit for d in ship):

           possibilities.append(i)

     pruned_possibilities = []

   for k in possibilities:

       if k not in pruned_possibilities:

           pruned_possibilities.append(k)

   # now find the minimum list length:

   min_list_len = min(map(len, pruned_possibilities))

   for l in pruned_possibilities:

       if len(l) == min_list_len:

           return l

     

def compare_cow_transport_algorithms():

      greedy_start = time.time()

   greedy_results = greedy_cow_transport(cows, limit = 10)

   greedy_end = time.time()

   print('Greedy Algorithm time:', greedy_end -greedy_start)

   brute_force_start = time.time()

   brute_force_results = brute_force_cow_transport(cows, limit = 10)

   brute_force_end = time.time()

   print('Brute force time:', brute_force_end - brute_force_start)

   print('Greedy Algorithm results:', greedy_results)

   print('Number of trips returned by Greedy Algorithm:', len(greedy_results))

   print('Brute Force Algorithm results:', brute_force_results)

   print('Number of trips returned by Brute Force Algorithm:', len(brute_force_results))

   

See more about python at brainly.com/question/13437928

#SPJ1

Deploying an application across multiple __________________ can help build a robust architecture for an application that needs to have an up-time of at least 99.5

Answers

Deploying an application across multiple regions can help build a robust architecture for an application that needs to have an up-time of at least 99.5.

What is multi-region deployment?

The Multi-Region Infrastructure Deployment is known to be one that aids customers a lot to be able to easily control updates in regards to infrastructure needed for applications that are said to be deployed in all of primary and secondary Regions.

Hence, Deploying an application across multiple regions can help build a robust architecture for an application that needs to have an up-time of at least 99.5.

Learn more about architecture  from

https://brainly.com/question/9760486

#SPJ1

You need a(n) _____ to play an mp3 audio file on a desktop or laptop computer

Answers

You need a stand alone player to play an mp3 audio file on a desktop or laptop computer.

What is a stand alone player?

The standalone player is known to be a device that gives room for a person or is one that allows a Blender game to be able to run without one trying to load the Blender system.

Note that in the above, You need a stand alone player to play an mp3 audio file on a desktop or laptop computer.

Learn more about laptop computer from

https://brainly.com/question/13213990

#SPJ1

Which epolicy orchestrator component gathers the events from the managed systems and uploads them to the epo server?

Answers

The policy orchestrator component that gathers the events from the managed systems and uploads them to the epo server is mcAfee agent.

Which ePolicy orchestrator component  is enforced?

The McAfee Agent can be described as the one that is distributed component of McAfee ePolicy Orchestrator (McAfee ePO).

It helps in downloads and enforcement of policies and it executes client-side tasks.

To find  find  McAfee agent, one can follow these steps:

View McAfee Agent Status MonitorOn the managed system,  select McAfee Agent Status Monitor. Save Contents to Desktop to save the contents of the McAfee Agent log to a file.

Learn more about mcAfee agent at:

https://brainly.com/question/28070242

#SPJ1

The security team at an organization looks to protect highly confidential servers. Which method does the team propose when protecting the servers against explosives?

Answers

The method that the team propose in protecting the servers against explosives is Physical Security.

What are the Physical Security Considerations?

Physical security is known to be a key part as it acts in network security and tends to protect an organization and employees.

Note that   An organization's physical components is one that can have vulnerabilities that need to be mitigated by using appropriate physical security measures by:

The use of Building and grounds control Fire risks control, etc.

Hence, The method that the team propose in protecting the servers against explosives is Physical Security.

Learn more about security team from

https://brainly.com/question/26035259

#SPJ1

An operator can be overloaded to define functionality that is drastically different from the original operator.
a. True
b. False

Answers

A. True

Explanations:

You can redefine or overload the function of most built-in operators in C++. These operators can be overloaded globally or on a class-by-class basis. Overloaded operators are implemented as functions and can be member functions or global functions. An overloaded operator is called an operator function.

When you group together related variables, the group is referred to as a(n) ____ of variables

Answers

Answer:

Array of variables

Explanation:

This occurs when you group together related variables

Any two differences between second generation and third generation Write any generation computer.​

Answers

Answer:


The second generation computer is based on the transistor whereas the third generation computer is based on the integrated chip.

Explanation:

Joe is examining the logs for his web server and discovers that a user sent input to a web application that contained the string WAITFOR. What type of attack was the user likely attempting

Answers

SQL Injection Attack

What are the three different types of hard drives? Briefly describe each, and list the possible configurations and device files for each type. Describe RAID level 5. What are the advantages of using RAID level 5 over other types of RAID?

Answers

The three different types of hard drives are:

SATASSD NVMe

What is the SATA drive?

This was said to be Introduced in the year 2003, SATA (or Serial Advanced Technology Attachment) is known to be a kind of a default interface that was made for a lot of desktop and laptop hard drives.

Hence, The three different types of hard drives are:

SATASSD NVMe

Learn more about hard drives from

https://brainly.com/question/1558359

#SPJ1

At startup, Windows Server 2012 Core presents _______.

Answers

At startup, Windows Server 2012 Core presents a command window.

What is a Windows Server used for?

Windows Server is known to be a kind of a group of operating systems that is made by Microsoft that aids enterprise-level management, data storage, applications, and others.

The Command window is known to be that which gives a person  the information, it also gives instructions, and gives room for one  to be able to enter commands usually at the Command prompt.

Therefore, note that at startup, Windows Server 2012 Core presents a command window as it is the first thing that will come up.

Learn more about Windows Server from

https://brainly.com/question/25554117

#SPJ1

Other Questions
Consider the following code snippet:public class Box{private E data;public Box() { . . . }public void insert(E value) { . . . }public E getData() { . . . }}What will result from executing the following code?Box box = new Box();. . .box.insert("blue Box");String b = box.getData();A. run-time errorB. compiler warningC. no errorD. compiler error What is the value of this expression?4 5/8+ 5/6 - 1 3/4Enter your answer as a mixed number in simplest form by filling in the boxes. Use Part 1 of the Fundamental Theorem of Calculus to find the derivative of the function.y =03 sin4 t dtintegral.gifexy?' = determine the phase angles by which 1(t) leads i1(t), where 1(t)=4 sin (377t 30) v i1(t)=0.05 cos (377t31) a Use of which of the following will result in the control of insects pests in turf? What is the awnser to this question the instant the switch is closed, what is the current flowing in the inductor in amps? rl switch circuit select one:a.0b.2c.20d.40 a/an ....exists when several companies overwhelmingly control an entire industry. 5. The table shows the student population of Richmond High School this year. Grade 11 (J)Grade 12 (S)TotalGirls (G) Boys (B) Total150210 360200 140 340350 350 700What isP(G|J)? A viewing direction which is parallel to the surface in question gives a(n) ______ view. 1), normal. 2), inclined. 3), perspective. A modest sized city is currently considering ways of providing broad band internet service to its citizens which is not currently available. Based on analyses from other cities, they estimate that market demand in their city is P = 20 -. 1Q. where Q is measured in thousands of households served and P is the price of monthly service in 10s of dollars. The marginal cost of supplying the service is P = 1 + .001Q. A group of city counselors believes the city should own and operate the system for the purpose of making a profit. Thus, the city would be the monopoly provider. a.If these city counselors get their way, what will be the price and output of broad band service in the city? Sketch your answer as well as calculate it numerically. What is the city's mark-up over marginal cost? b.What is the price elasticity of demand at this outcome? How is this number related to the markup you calculated in party? c.If instead the city instead decides to provide the service at the efficient level, what would be the price and output? Compare the monopolist vs. the efficient outcome, what is the DWL involved in allowing the city to act as a monopolist? Again, provide a sketch of your answer in addition to the calculations. a If the city counselors who want the city to act as the broad band internet monopoly find that basically no senior citizens take advantage of service but everyone else does, what would be the profit-maximizing lower price that they could offer to the senior citizens? How many senior citizen households would now also buy the service? What is the DWL now? e. If instead of supplying broadband, the monopolist was producing a product that generated substantial pollution as a byproduct of production but was currently unregulated, would the dead weight loss you calculated in part c be as large? Why or why not? Use a new graph to illustrate your answer. What is the surface area of a cone with radius 8 in. and slant height 9 in.? Read the excerpt from "A Quilt of a Country."What is the point of this splintered whole? What is the point of a nation in which Arab cabbies chauffeur Jewish passengers through the streets of New Yorkand in which Jewish cabbies chauffeur Arab passengers, too, and yet speak in theory of hatred, one for the other? What is the point of a nation in which one part seems to be always on the verge of fisticuffs with another, blacks and whites, gays and straights, left and right, Pole and Chinese and Puerto Rican and Slovenian? Other countries with such divisions have in fact divided into new nations with new names, but not this one, impossibly interwoven even in its hostilities.Which statement best summarizes the central idea of this paragraph?Americas cultural differences have caused it to fracture.America is a united country despite its cultural differences.Americas cultural differences make it impossible to live peacefully.America is always on the verge of civil unrest due to its multicultural citizens.The first paragraph discusses the idea that Americans are united as one despite their differences. The second paragraph discusses the idea that acts of intolerance make it difficult to believe that Americans are united as one.The first paragraph discusses possible benefits to living in a society like America. The second paragraph discusses the disadvantages of living in a society like America.The first paragraph discusses the diversity of American society and its role in history. The second paragraph discusses the uniformity of American society and its role in history. Find the power series for (x)=24x^3/(1x^4)^2 in the form =1[infinity].form.Hint: First, find the power series for (x)=6/1x^4. Then differentiate.(Express numbers in exact form. Use symbolic notation and fractions where needed.) General motors stock fell from $39.57 per share in 2013 to 28.72 per share during2016. If you bought and sold 8 shares at these prices what was your loss as a percent ofthe purchase price? N is the manager of a small division of NNB Ltd, which makes solar cells. N wishes to introduce a new shift system for his staff. A large number of N's staff have stated that they will not accept the new shift pattern. N was initially uncertain of the reason for this resistance. After investigating, it was discovered that several staff members have misunderstood the proposals and spread the rumour within the division that the new shift pattern would lead to redundancies. N plans to communicate this error to his employees and explain to them that, while the new shift pattern will improve efficiency, it will not lead to redundancies. According to Lewin's forcefield model, N's plan to communicate with staff is an example of reducing the __________ forces Find the voltage vy in the circuit in the figure. Express your answer to two significant figures and include the appropriate units. Value Units Submit est Answer Part B Find the total power generated in the circuit and the total power absorbed. Express your answer with the gure 1 of 1 appropriate units. Pgen Pabs- mW 0.8 V 10 k 500 Submit est Answer 15.2 V 200 25 V Provide Feedback intragenerational mobility involves changes in social position relative to one's parents. If a firm's core competency is based on control over proprietary technological know-how, it should avoid _____ and _____ arrangements if possible, to minimize the risk of losing control over that technology.licensing; joint-venturewholly owned subsidiary; exportingturnkey contracts; exportingexporting; joint-venture an american call-option buyer on a nondividend-paying stock will