give an example of positive externality. without intervention, do society over-produce or under produce? show with a graph. identify dead-weight loss in your graph.

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Answer 1

Without intervention, society tends to under-produce the socially optimal level of education, resulting in a deadweight loss.

What is the impact of a positive externality on production levels and the presence of deadweight loss in the absence of intervention?

An example of a positive externality is education. When an individual receives education, it not only benefits them directly but also generates positive spillover effects on society, such as a more skilled workforce, increased innovation, and improved social outcomes.

Without intervention, society tends to under-produce the socially optimal level of education.

This is because individuals primarily consider the private benefits of education, such as higher wages, when deciding how much education to pursue. They may not fully consider the positive externalities generated by their education, leading to a suboptimal level of investment in education.

To illustrate this with a graph, we can use a simple supply and demand diagram. On the vertical axis, we have the price or private cost of education, and on the horizontal axis, we have the quantity of education.

The demand curve represents the private benefits of education to individuals, showing their willingness to pay for education. It slopes downward because as the price of education decreases, individuals demand more education.

The supply curve represents the private cost of education to individuals, considering factors such as tuition fees and opportunity costs. It slopes upward because as the quantity of education increases, the costs for individuals rise.

The socially optimal level of education takes into account the positive externalities generated by education. It is higher than the equilibrium quantity determined by the intersection of supply and demand, as it includes the additional social benefits.

In the absence of intervention, the equilibrium quantity of education will be lower than the socially optimal level. This results in an underproduction of education, represented by the gap between the equilibrium quantity and the socially optimal quantity.

The deadweight loss in the graph is the triangular area between the supply curve, demand curve, and the socially optimal quantity. It represents the loss of overall welfare or efficiency caused by the underproduction of education.

This occurs because some mutually beneficial transactions, where the social benefit exceeds the private cost, are not taking place.

By internalizing the positive externalities through interventions such as subsidies, grants, or public investment in education, society can move closer to the socially optimal level of education and reduce the deadweight loss.

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