how do scientists calibrate a molecular clock

Answers

Answer 1

Answer: mutations that natural selection can work on. 4.) How do scientists calibrate a molecular clock? ... they compare the number of positive mutations that have occurred in a particular species with the number of negative mutations that have occurred

Explanation:


Related Questions

How are the three international conflicts similar and how are they different?

Answers

Answer:

what's the question? It is not showing anything expect for "How are the three International conflicts similar and how are they different."

private sector international conflict would be a conflict between a U.S. computer company, and a Japanese company which was supplying motherboards for the U.S. company. If the Japanese company had a contract requiring them to ship 10,000 motherboards a month, but they only shipped 6,000, this would cause a private international conflict. It would not be a conflict that involved the U.S. government, but it would be one that would likely be handled in an international tribunal of some sort

Aye yo anyone know this question?

Answers

Homologous structures - common ancestor, similar structure, different function

Hope this helps

Answer:

Homologous structures point to a similar origin and a common ancestor, analogous structures are when animals have similar structures with similar function, but they evolved separately. Examples include the wings on butterflies, bats, and birds. They're all used to fly, but the animals are not directly related.

Explanation:

I searched it lol.

when bacteria make their own food they are called

Answers

Answer:

Explanation:

They are called Autotrophs

CALLING ALL BOYS I NEED UR HELP.

Whats an Allele? Plz

Answers

.... why boys thooooo

How can maintaining water resources promote a healthy ecosystem ? For APA report make it a long response pls

Answers

Answer: The main function of water is to propel plant growth; provide a permanent dwelling for species that live within it, or provide a temporary home or breeding ground for multiple amphibians, insects and other water-birthed organisms; and to provide the nutrients and minerals necessary to sustain physical life.

Explanation:

High cholesterol and triglycerides may indicate cardiovascular disease. What happens when cholesterol and other lipids are deposited in artery walls?

Answers

Answer:

With high cholesterol, you can develop fatty deposits in your blood vessels. Eventually, these deposits grow, making it difficult for enough blood to flow through your arteries. Sometimes, those deposits can break suddenly and form a clot that causes a heart attack or stroke.

Which statement accurately describes the relationship between air pressure, air density, or altitude?
As altitude increases, pressure increases.
As altitude increases, air density increases.
Air pressure and density are lowest at sea level.
Denser air exerts more pressure than less dense air.

Answers

The statement which accurately describes the relationship between air pressure, air density, or altitude is:  D. Denser air exerts more pressure than less dense air.

What is air circulation?

Air circulation can be defined as the movement and flow of atmospheric air from one point of the equator to another such as North pole to South pole, especially over long distances due to difference in atmospheric pressure.

Generally, atmospheric air that has more density (denser air) would exert more pressure than an atmospheric air that has less density because of a difference in temperature.

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The statement that describes the relationship between air pressure, air density, or altitude is "denser air exerts more pressure than less dense air," hence option D is correct.

What is air pressure, and air density?

In contrast to the specific volume, which is described in terms of unit mass of dry air, air density is defined as the mass of air per unit volume.

Everything you touch is pressed upon by the weighty air that surrounds you. This pressure is referred to as air pressure or atmospheric pressure.

This is due to the fact that more air molecules are crammed into a given amount of air as density increases.

The force exerted by more air molecules to be greater, and as pressure is the force exerted per unit surface area, it follows that higher density air will experience greater pressure than air with lower density.

Therefore, option D is correct.

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1. Consider the following food chain.
grass
deer
wolf
If the deer population increases, explain what could happen to the grass population

Answers

Most likely the grass population will decrease and the wolf population will increase.

Eventually it should level out again though.

If the population of deer will increase will result in the decrease in grass quantity.

What is a food chain?

A food chain is a linear network of links in a food web that begins with producer organisms and ends with an predator, detritivores, or decomposer species.

A food chain also shows how organisms are related to one another through the food they consume. Each extent of a food chain represents a distinct trophic level.

Overgrazing occurs when there are too many deer in a given area, resulting in the loss of brush and shrubs in forested areas. The absence of undergrowth means that small animals and birds have no place to shelter and nest.

As a result, many native species are becoming extinct because they no longer have access to the habitat they require.

Thus, the grass population will decrease as a result of increase in deer population.

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Neurons and muscle cells perform different functions. In the body, these cells have the same . The function of muscle cells is , while the function of neurons is to send nerve signals.

Answers

Answer: Nerve cells and muscle cells are excitable because their cell membrane can produce electrochemical impulses and conduct them along the membrane.

Explanation:

Answer:

Gentic Makeup, and Movement

Explanation:

The image shows a portion of the fossil record that spans several million years. In the image, the numbers designate different rock layers, with the number 1 corresponding to the oldest rock layer.

What statement provides the best explanation for the change in the species between rock layer 1 and rock layer 2?
A. An abrupt change in the environment caused the original species to evolve into several new species.
B. The original species hybridized with a single new species, resulting in a variety of species.
C. Humans introduced several new species into the environment after the original species had died out.
D. The original species died out, and several new species evolved that were better suited to the environment.

Answers

Answer:

answer is B

Explanation:

The original species died out, and several new species evolved that have desirable traits to survive in the changing environment. Therefore, the correct statement is option D.

What is theory of evolution?

There are changes in species among different rock layers when the fossils are studied. Fossils are the preserved remains of living organisms from the past, and they provide information regarding different types of organisms lived during that particular period of time.

Scientists have found different fossils in different layers representing different groups of organisms. Various factors are responsible for these changes, including environmental changes, competition, genetic drift, etc.

Theory of evolution states that species evolve from time to time through natural selection, where individuals with desirable traits have high chances to survive. Therefore, the original species in rock layer 1 did not survive in the changing environmental conditions, and they died. However, new species evolved that were better suited to the new environment and have high chances of survival due to natural selection and adaptation.

Therefore, original species died, and new species evolved that were better suited to the environment.

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2. Wolves have genes that give them a very powerful sense of smell much more
powerful than humans, this is an adaptation by natural selection. The wolves that
reproduced more offspring with a better sense of smell thereby increasing the
frequency of those genes in the population that survived longer. Give an example of
adaptations in other organisms that may have resulted from variations that were
favored by natural selection.​

Answers

Answer:

A good example may be represented by different shapes and sizes of beaks in finches living on different Galapagos islands

Explanation:

According to the evolutionary theory proposed by Darwin, natural selection is a mechanism that acts on heritable phenotypic variation among individuals within a population. Genetic variation can be considered as the primary source of heritable phenotypic variation. Those organisms that are better adapted for a particular environment will have more chances to survive and reproduce, thereby passing these heritable traits to the next generation. For example, during his work, Darwin observed that the shape and size of beaks in finch species from different islands in the Galapagos archipelago varied as a consequence, i.e., as an adaptation, to the availability of food resources present in each island.

An example of adaptations in other organisms that may have resulted from variations that were favored by natural selection. - The light-colored mice are an adaption favored by natural selection as they were able to live longer.

Adaptations are physical or behavioral traits that make an organism better suited to its environment. The inheritable variation comes from random mutations.

the example of such variations caused by natural selection are:

The Deer mouse adapted to the environment by developing a lighter color.The light-colored mice were able to live longer.

Thus, The light-colored mice are an adaption favored by natural selection as they were able to live longer.

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Scottish Highland cattle, which have long hair, are suited for cold, damp climates of the Scottish isles. On the other hand, Brahman cattle, which have short hair, are suited for a warmer climate. This comparison is an example of:
A. adaption
B. taxonomy
C. polyploidy
D.punctuated equilibrium

Answers

A) Adaption because since it is colder in the Scottish isles the cattle there have longer hair due to adaption and the Brahman cattle have short hair due to there adaption in the warmer climate so they don’t over heat.

Thermostats transform thermal energy into mechanical energy.
True or false

Answers

Answer:

False

Explanation:

Hope this helps you :)

What is an adaptation?
A change that prevents a species from surviving.
A change that helps a species survive.
A change that makes a species become extinct.
A change that makes a species prettier to look at.

Answers

Answer:

the second one

Explanation:

B- A change that helps a species survive

Which has the HIGHEST metallic characteristics?
Мо
Y
Nb
Zr

Answers

Answer:

It is either y or nb

Explanation:

I had a lesson on this but don't remember exactly.  

are proteins that are found on the surface of some red blood cells,

Answers

What’s the question?

Describe the ways mutations can affect DNA and chromosomes.​

Answers

Mutations present permanent and heritable changes in the genome. We distinguish gene and chromosome mutations. Mutations in the level of genes are called point mutations because only one to several nucleotides are changed. These processes are known as deletion, insertion, and substitution. Deletion presents a loss of nucleotides which changes DNA sequence. When new nucleotides are embedded in the DNA chain, it is known as insertion. Substitution implies the process where new nucleotides are inserted while the ones that were present in that specific spot in a DNA molecule are deleted.
Mutations can also appear in chromosomes altering their number and structure. There are four types of mutations - deletion, duplication, inversion, and translocation. In deletion, a whole or one part of a chromosome is lost. Duplication presents an extra copy of a whole or one part of a chromosome. In an inversion, parts of a chromosome change order, while in translocation a part of one chromosome detaches and then connects to another.


hope this helps

The mutation affects DNA and chromosomes by changes in the sequence of DNA or changes in the gene present on the chromosome.

What is mutation?

The mutation is a sudden change in the structure of chromosomes or DNA. The smaller mutation affects the nucleotide base in DNA, while the larger mutation affects the genes present on the chromosomes.

The substance which causes mutation is known as mutagens. Mutation can cause problems in growth and development and affects the functioning of the body. When changes occur in chromosomes or DNA, they cause changes in the protein. Due to this, a different kind of protein is produced.

The mutation is caused by the insertion, duplication, deletion, and substitutions of a DNA sequence. Thus, mutation can affect DNA and chromosome in many ways.

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Two groups of students were tested to compare their speed working math problems. Each group was given the same problems. One group used calculators and the other group computed without calculators. Which group is the control group? Experimental group?

Answers

The control group is the one not given calculators because they are the “as seen in nature” group. The experimental group would be the ones with calculators.


8. What is the probability that an Rr organism and an Rr organism will
produce an RR offspring? Mark all that apply.

Answers

Answer: 25% or 1/4

Just do a punnet square

A person takes a drink of water and begins to
choke. The water has gotten into the person's
windpipe. Which part of the upper respiratory
system is supposed to prevent this?
larynx
nasal cavity
pharynx
nose

Answers

A flap of tissue called the epiglottis sits over the top of the trachea. This flap blocks food and drink from going down into the trachea when you swallow. But in some cases, food or drink can enter the trachea. It may go down as you swallow.

Answer:

Larynx

Explanation:

What are the living and non-living things found in the coral reefs?​

Answers

Answer:

Explanation:

Example of non living thing in coral reefs are sea shells,example of living things are lobsters, clams, seahorses, sponges, and sea turtles.

HELP!

In the desert, saguaro cacti, owls, horned lizards, and fire ants all share the same space.

Which example can be considered a population?

the lizards and the ants

all plants in the same area

all species in the same area

all saguaro in the same area

Answers

All species in the same area

Answer:

I did the test; proof

PLEASE HELP, WILL MARK BRAINLEST

Examine the following image. Which ocean-floor feature is indicated by the arrow in the image?

A diagram showing a location where seafloor spreading occurs

Public Domain

Guyot
Mid-ocean ridge
Seamount
Trench

Answers

Answer:

Its a guyot.

Explanation:

That picture on the screenshot looks like the one I put in

Answer:

guyat

Explanation:

Neep help!!
1. A primary function of a plant root is to-
O A release carbon dioxide
O B absorb water and minerals
O c digest organic materials
O D produce secondary growth

Answers

Answer:

B is thr answer absorb water and minerals

In cats, the allele for black coat color is dominant over the allele for white coat color. If a white cat crossed with a heterozygous cat, what is the expected genotypic ratio? *
10 points
4BB : 0Bb : 0bb
2BB : 2Bb: 0bb
0BB : 2Bb: 2bb
0BB: 0Bb: 4bb

Answers

The answer is the third one, 0BB: 2Bb: 2bb
Punnet square work is shown below

How is integrated pest management a more
sustainable way to manage agricultural pests than using
synthetic pesticides?

Answers

Answer: Natural alternatives to synthetic chemicals

Garlic spray for aphid infestation.

Chilli spray for soft-bodied insects.

Bordeaux spray for fungal diseases.

Molasses spray for chewing insects.

Oil sprays for sap-sucking insects.

Explanation:

Question 7 (1 point)
How are humans changing the carbon der
Lesson 1.10
all of the choices

Answers

Answer:

Human activities affect the carbon cycle through emissions of carbon dioxide (sources) and removal of carbon dioxide (sinks). The carbon cycle can be affected when carbon dioxide is either released into the atmosphere or removed from the atmosphere.

Explanation:

does this help

HELP SCIENCE PLS ASAAAP

Answers

So enzymes speed up reactions and it seems like the Gastric protease is faster and the intestinal protease is slower breaking down stuff

In order to create a big storm, the HIGH LEVEL TEMPERATURE had to be... A.Very Cold B.Cold C.Cool

Answers

Question:

In order to create a big storm, the HIGH LEVEL TEMPERATURE had to be... A.Very Cold B.Cold C.Cool

Answer:

A, because in order to create a big storm, the temperature has to be at least  40-20 degrees Fahrenheit (below 30 is freezing point, aka snow), and that would be weather where you would need to wear a thick jacket and warm pants.

If this helped, your welcome! Please know that I might be wrong, and if I am, I am truly sorry for that. But If you would, please make me brainliest.

- niaxfandoms (ig and yt)

Which phrases best identify characteristics of asexual reproduction?

Answers

Answer:

C. One parent, NO union of gametes, offspring genetically identical

Explanation:

This is only true for Asexual Reproduction. There is one parent only, no union of gametes, and the offspring is completely identical to the parent.

Hope it helps!

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