The carbon atom has 2 unpaired electrons.
Carbon has a total of 6 electrons, with 2 electrons in the 1s orbital and 4 electrons in the 2s and 2p orbitals. In the 2s and 2p orbitals, there are 2 paired electrons in the 2s orbital and 2 unpaired electrons in the 2p orbital. Unpaired electrons tend to have paramagnetic behaviour and thus attracted by external magnetic field.
An unpaired electron is an electron that doesn't form part of an electron pair when it occupies an atom's orbital in chemistry. Each of an atom's three atomic orbitals, designated by the quantum numbers n, l, and m, has the capacity to hold a pair of two electrons with opposing spins.
Therefore, the carbon atom has 2 unpaired electrons.
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Alkenes are an example of unsaturated hydrocarbon that are more reactive than saturated hydrocarbons because it contains double bonds which can break and compounds can react with hydrogen.
Yes. Unsaturated hydrocarbon are more reactive than saturated hydrocarbons because it contains double bonds which can break and compounds can react with hydrogen.
Due to the double and triple bonds between carbon atoms in unsaturated hydrocarbons, which are weaker than the single bonds in saturated hydrocarbons due to the presence of weaker pi bonds, these unsaturated hydrocarbons are more reactive than single bonded carbon compounds and react more quickly when used in reactions.
For example, unsaturated hydrocarbons are used to make paint, lubricants, and insecticides, among other industrial products. They are utilised in numerous chemical reactions because they are reactive.
Therefore, Unsaturated hydrocarbon are more reactive than saturated hydrocarbons.
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Determine the grams of sodium chloride produced when 10.0 g of sodium react with 10 g of chlorine gas according to the equation
2na + cl2 = 2nacl
When 10.0 g of sodium react with 10 g of chlorine gas according to the equation, the mass of sodium chloride produced is 25.4 g.
Mass of sodium chloride producedThe mass of sodium chloride produced in the given reaction is calculated as follows;
2Na + Cl2 = 2Nacl
In the reaction above;
2(23 gram of sodium) -------------------- 2(58.44 g of sodium chloride)
10 g of sodium -------------------------- ? mass of sodium chloride
46 g of Na ----------------------------116.88 g of NaCl
10 g of Na ---------------------------- ? NaCl
= (10 x 116.88)/46
= 25.4 g
Thus, when 10.0 g of sodium react with 10 g of chlorine gas according to the equation, the mass of sodium chloride produced is 25.4 g.
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What conclusion can be made based on the temperatures of soil, sand, water, and air in Section 1 of the experiment? Did your results support your hypothesis? Why or why not?
i need something thats not a sample answer :)
earth science btw!
The experiment is not found here but temperatures of soil, sand, water, and air increase by raising the supply of kinetic energy.
What is kinetic energy?Kinetic energy refers to motion (movement energy), whereas potential energy refers to stored energy, which is able to perform work.
The increase in temperature causes a rise in kinetic energy due to a higher movement of subatomic particles that form the elements above described (e.g., soil).
In conclusion, the experiment is not found here but temperatures of soil, sand, water, and air increase by raising the supply of kinetic energy.
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Minerals are all naturally occurring solid substances with a definable chemical composition. they also must possess _____________.
They must also possess a fixed crystalline structure (spatial arrangement of atoms and ions).
What are the properties of minerals?Color is one category, however it is not necessarily a reliable indicator of a mineral's identity. Numerous minerals can be found in a variety of colors, and many minerals contain additional compounds that give them a surprising color.The way a mineral reflects light is called luster. The characteristics of minerals include metallic, pearly, glassy, smooth, greasy, dazzling, or drab.When particular minerals cleave, they do so in a distinct manner.By observing how simple it is to scrape a mineral, hardness is determined.The chemical composition of each occurrence of a mineral varies within a narrow range, and the atoms that make up the mineral must exist in particular ratios.In a mineral, the atoms are arranged in a recurring, predictable pattern.
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Hydrogen gas and oxygen gas react to produce water. Both of these gases are present in
the air around us -so, how come water isn't being produced all around u?
Water isn't being produced all around us because the hydrogen and oxygen are present in stable form.
How come water isn't being produced all around us?Water molecule is produced when the unstable hydrogen reacts with unstable oxygen because they are very reactive. Due to their reactive nature, hydrogen and oxygen react with each other forming water molecule. So that's why we can say that water is not being produced around us due to stable form of hydrogen and oxygen.
So we can conclude that Water isn't being produced all around us because the hydrogen and oxygen are present in stable form.
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Oxygen is a gas at 20 °C .
(i) Describe the arrangement and behavior of the particles in the gas.
Answer:
They are not arranged in a particular way.They have negligible intermolecular force of attraction and having more spaces between the particles.
Which component of delegation is the ability to perform duties in a specific role?
The component of delegation which speaks to the ability to perform a specific task is: Authority.
What is delegated Authority?The division of work and assignment of decision-making authority to a person who answers to a leader or management is referred to as delegation of authority.
It is an organizational technique in which a management assigns each employee a portion of their own workload.
What is the difference between delegated authority and responsibility?While the superior may transfer power to followers, responsibility is taken, or it is built into the duty that was given to the subordinate.
While responsibility calls for the capacity for compliance or obedience, the capacity to obey directions, authority requires the capacity to issue orders and instructions hence - responsibility.
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Multiple Choice Question As a reaction proceeds, the value of Q _____. Multiple choice question. decreases steadily until it reaches the value of K increases steadily until it reaches the value of K increases or decreases, as necessary, until it reaches the value of K
As a reaction proceeds, the value of Q decreases steadily until it reaches.
What is Equilibrium Constant ?The equilibrium constant of a chemical reaction usually denoted by the symbol K that express the relationship between the amount of reactants and products when a chemical reaction reaches equilibrium.
It is expressed as:
[tex]K_{C} = \frac{[C]^{c} \times [D]^{d} \times ...}{[A]^{a} \times [B]^{b} \times ...}[/tex]
where,
K = Equilibrium constant
A, B = Products
C, D = Reactants
[A] = equilibrium concentration of A in moles
a = number of moles of A
What is Reaction Quotient ?The measurement of relative amount of reactants and products which are present in a reaction at a particular point in time.
Q < K
Q ∝ [tex]\frac{\text{Products}}{\text{Reactants}}[/tex]
Thus from the above conclusion we can say that As a reaction proceeds, the value of Q decreases steadily until it reaches.
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If the reaction between H2 and I2 to form HI were at equilibrium and an additional 0.25 moles of H2 were added to the reaction, what would happen
The equilibrium would shift in the direction of the products
What is Equilibrium?Equilibrium in chemistry is the state that exists when a chemical reaction and its opposite reaction happen at the same rates. This word's Latin origins may be traced to the prefix aequi-, which means equal, and lbra, which means scale or balance.
[tex]{\displaystyle {\begin{aligned}{\text{forward reaction rate}}&=k_{+}{\ce {A}}^{\alpha }{\ce {B}}^{\beta }\\{\text{backward reaction rate}}&=k_{-}{\ce {S}}^{\sigma }{\ce {T}}^{\tau }\end{aligned}}}[/tex]
where A, B, S and T are active masses and k+ and k− are rate constants. Since at equilibrium forward and backward rates are equal:
[tex]{\displaystyle k_{+}\left\{{\ce {A}}\right\}^{\alpha }\left\{{\ce {B}}\right\}^{\beta }=k_{-}\left\{{\ce {S}}\right\}^{\sigma }\left\{{\ce {T}}\right\}^{\tau }}{\displaystyle k_{+}\left\{{\ce {A}}\right\}^{\alpha }\left\{{\ce {B}}\right\}^{\beta }=k_{-}\left\{{\ce {S}}\right\}^{\sigma }\left\{{\ce {T}}\right\}^{\tau }}[/tex]
and the ratio of the rate constants is also a constant, now known as an equilibrium constant.
[tex]{\displaystyle K_{c}={\frac {k_{+}}{k_{-}}}={\frac {\{{\ce {S}}\}^{\sigma }\{{\ce {T}}\}^{\tau }}{\{{\ce {A}}\}^{\alpha }\{{\ce {B}}\}^{\beta }}}}{\displaystyle K_{c}={\frac {k_{+}}{k_{-}}}={\frac {\{{\ce {S}}\}^{\sigma }\{{\ce {T}}\}^{\tau }}{\{{\ce {A}}\}^{\alpha }\{{\ce {B}}\}^{\beta }}}}\\[/tex]
H₂ + I₂→ 2HI
Rate constants - The proportionality constant in the equation that defines the link between the rate of a chemical reaction and the concentrations of the reacting chemicals is known as the rate constant, also known as the specific rate constant.
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Which compares the problems associated with radioactive waste created from generating electricity using fusion reactions to waste created from generating electricity using fission reactions?
Radioactive waste from fusion reactions becomes less hazardous much sooner than waste from fission reactions, nuclear fusion is much safer than fission because it leaves no radioactive waste behind.
What is the difference between the two reactions?Both processes are natural, but they can also be carried out in a lab. While fusion involves the "crushing" of two atoms to form a single atom of a new element, fission involves the splitting of an atomic nucleus.
We can conclude from this information that radioactive waste from fusion reactions becomes less hazardous much sooner than waste from fission reactions, and nuclear fusion is much safer than fission because it produces no radioactive waste.
Why does nuclear fission release more energy than other chemical reactions?It takes a lot of energy to combine protons so that nuclear forces can overcome electrostatic repulsion. The energy released during the fission process is much greater than the energy released during other chemical reactions.
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Answer: The radioactive waste from fusion reactions becomes less hazardous much sooner than the waste from fission reactions.
Explanation:
How many moles of solute particles are present in 1 l (exact) of aqueous 0.057 m hno3?
The total number of moles of solute particles present in 1L (exact) of aqueous 0.057 m hno3 is 0.166 mol
Initial moles of HNO3 = 1Lx 0.083 mol HNO3/1 L
The HNO3 is a strong acid that can be completely dissociated in the following way.
HNO3→H + NO
1 mol 1 mol 1 mol
The HNO3 is dissociated into two particles (Kt and NO3). So that,
total moles particles = 0.083 mol (K) + 0.083 mol (NO) = 0.166 mol
The number of moles of solute = mass of solute ÷ molar mass of solute, where mass is measured in grams and molar mass (defined as the mass of one mole of a substance in grams) is measured in g/mol.
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In terms of the kinetic molecular theory, in what ways are liquids similar to solids? in what ways are liquids different from solids?
Answer:
particles in liquids have greater kinetic energy than particles in solids
Tim would like to know the mass of two boxes. Instead of Tim looking at the boxes to determine their mass, what should Tim use to accurately
determine the mass of each box
Answer:
The triple beam balance
age
Which of the following has the greatest mass?
Select one:
1.0 mole of Zn
1.0 mole of Cu
1.0 mole of Fe
they all have the same mass
Answer:
Option (2)
Explanation:
Since the amount of each sample is the same, we are looking for the metal with the greatest density, which is copper.
Write a mechanism for the formation of triphenylmethanol from the reaction of phenylmagnesium bromide and diethyl carbonate..
Nucleophilic acyl substitution reaction is the mechanism for the formation of triphenylmethanol from the reaction of phenylmagnesium bromide and diethyl carbonate.
Phenyl magnesium bromide substitutes one ethoxide ion in the nucleophilic acyl substitution reaction that drives the process forward. A subsequent equivalent of phenyl magnesium bromide produces triphenyl methanol through a nucleophilic addition reaction with the resultant keto group.
There are two ethoxy leaving groups in diethyl carbonate. Tertiary alcohol is created when diethyl carbonate combines with too much Grignard reagent. The Grignard reagent attacks the carbonyl carbon three times in the mechanism to produce the tertiary alcohol.
Therefore, Nucleophilic acyl substitution reaction is the mechanism for the formation of triphenylmethanol from the reaction of phenylmagnesium bromide and diethyl carbonate.
Refer to the image below for a better understanding of the mechanism;
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How many Chlorine molecules are in 6.5 moles of chlorine?
Answer:
6.5 x ( 6.02x 10^23)= 3.913 x10^24
Explanation:
6.5 x ( 6.02x 10^23)= 3.913 x10^24
According to the quantum mechanical model, where are electrons located?
Select one:
A. in orbits around the nucleus
B inside the nucleus
C. at great distances from the nucleus
D. in the cloud-like areas around the nucleus
Answer:
D.) in the cloud-like areas around the nucleus
Explanation:
A.) is incorrect. Electrons exist in orbitals in the Bohr's Model.
B.) is incorrect. Electrons do not exist in the nucleus. They always exist outside of the nucleus, but their exact position has been debated.
C.) is incorrect. While the electron clouds in the quantum mechanical model can cover a relatively large amount of space, the distance from the nucleus is not great. Within this cloud, electrons can exist closer to the nucleus at a particular time.
D.) is correct. Electrons are said to exist somewhere within these clouds around the nucleus. The model uses the cloud references to display how you can never be sure where the electrons are located - they are always moving around.
generalized approach for the synthesis of silica supported pd-zn, cu-zn andni-zn gamma brass phase nanoparticles
According to the available literature, standard nanoparticle (NP) production processes make it especially challenging to reach the catalytically important and highly complicated intermetallic -brass crystal structure.
We present a straightforward and logical method for obtaining this phase in M-Zn (M = Pd, Cu, Ni) systems as silica-supported single-phase nanocrystals. This hybrid technique begins with the synthesis of supported M/SiO2 using typical methods (dry impregnation and strong electrostatic adsorption), followed by several hours of heating to high temperatures in the presence of a stoichiometric quantity of metallic Zn in an evacuated closed system.
Catalytically important bimetallic systems:Pd-Zn is by far the most common in catalytic applications and produces the smallest particle size (8 nm). We investigated the effect of various synthesis parameters on phase purity and particle size distribution in the case of synthesized -brass Pd-Zn/SiO2 supported catalysts and provided general guidelines for synthesis optimization.
Pd/SiO2 is transformed to -brass Pd-Zn/SiO2, resulting in a precipitous drop in CO adsorption and a 25 kJ/mol increase in the ethylene hydrogenation barrier, indicating that the catalytic active sites are significantly modified as a result of alloying. We anticipate that these catalysts will find use in a variety of Pd-catalyzed chemistries.
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An experiment was conducted to determine if the intermolecular forces in two liquids affects their boiling points. Each liquid was sprayed on a paper towel. Each paper towel was wiped across a glass table to moisten the surface. The table shows a partial record of the experiment.
Given the partial record of the experiment, the information that should be recorded in the last column of the table is B. Time is taken by the glass surface to dry.
What is an intermolecular force?These are forces of attraction between atoms, molecules, and ions when they are placed close to each other.
Intermolecular forces are electrostatic in nature, and this means that they arise from the interaction between positively and negatively charged species.
Hence, an intermolecular force acts between molecules and their examples are London dispersion forces, dipole-dipole interaction, ion-dipole interaction, and van der Waals forces.
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The complete question
An experiment was conducted to determine if the intermolecular forces in two liquids affect their boiling points. Each liquid was sprayed on a paper towel. Each paper towel was wiped across a glass table to moisten the surface. The table shows a partial record of the experiment.
Experimental Record
Liquid Intermolecular Forces ?
А relatively strong
B relatively weak
What information should be recorded in the last column of the table?
Time is taken by the liquids to start boiling
Time is taken by the glass surface to dry
The volume of liquid required to moisten the paper towels
Time taken by the paper towels to become completely moist
Which of the following is true about a redox reaction?
In a redox reaction, the reducing agent loses electrons..
In a redox reaction, the oxidizing agent loses electrons.
In a redox reaction, the oxidized species gains electrons.
In a redox reaction, the reduced species loses electrons
AnswerThe correct (A).
Explanation:
The true statement about the redox reaction is In a redox reaction, an electron is lost by the oxidizing agent.
Answer:A
Explanation:i took the test
A nuclear reaction can be controlled using which of the following?
Select one or more:
a. control rods
b.water to disperse the heat
c.large containers
d. small containers
Control rods is regarded as a substance which can control nuclear reaction and is denoted as option A.
What is Nuclear reaction?This is a type of reaction which involves the nuclei of an atom being split or joined together and is usually accompanied with a great amount of energy emitted in the form of heat.
The two types of nuclear reaction include:
Nuclear fusionNuclear fissionNuclear fusion involves the collision of two or more nuclei in other form a new atom while nuclear fission involves splitting the atoms to form other products and involves a very high amount of energy and exposure to organisms should be prevented as the radiations can alter DNA.
Control rods are commonly used in nuclear reactors and control the rate of fission in the fuel used. This is therefore the reason why it was chosen as the most appropriate choice.
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What is the osmotic pressure of a solution made from 12.5 g of CaCl2 in enough water to make 500 mL, if CaCl2 is 78.5% dissociated at 30oC
The osmotic pressure of a solution made from 12.5 g of CaCl2 in enough water to make 500 mL, if CaCl2 is 78.5% dissociated at 30oC is 167.087 atm
Define osmotic pressure:-Osmotic pressure and osmosis are connected. Osmosis is the passage of a solvent through a semipermeable membrane into a solution. The pressure that halts the osmosis process is known as osmotic pressure. Osmotic pressure is a collective attribute of material because its value is determined by the solute's concentration rather than its chemical composition.
The formula used to calculate Osmotic Pressure is:-
π = M x R x T x i
Where;
π =osmotic pressure (in atm)
M=molar concentration (in mol/L)
=(given mass/molar mass)/volume=(12.5g /111.0)/(500/1000)
=0.224 mol/L
R=Universal gas constant (0.08206 L.atm/mol.K)
T=absolute temperature (in K) = 30.C + 273 = 303 K
i= van't Hoff factor of solute =3
using the formula and substituting values;
π=0.224 x 0.08206 x 303 x 3
= 167.087 atm
The osmotic pressure is 167.087 atm
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4- The equilibrium constant for the reaction A (g) B (g) is 10. A reaction mixture initially contains [A]
The initial concentration in the reaction mixture will contain [A] = 0.1 M and [B] = 1.0 M
Below is the reaction
A(g) → B(g)
And the equilibium constant will be explained in terms of [A] and [B]:
Keq = 10 = [B]/[A]
If the first conditions are that [A] = 1.1 M and [B] = 0.0 M, the conditions at equilibrium is:
[A] = 1.1M - x
[B] = 0.0M + x
Now we rewrite Keq:
Keq = 10 = [0.0 +x] / [1.1 -x]
at the end we got it for x:
10 = [0.0 +x] / [1.1 -x]
10 * (1.1-x) = x
11 - 10x = x
11 = 11x
x = 1
equilibrium, the concentrations are:
[A] = 1.1 M - 1 = 0.1 M
[B] = 0.0 M + 1 = 1.0 M
Thus, the concentration of A is 0.1 M and the concentration of B is 1M.
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Given the following equation: 2 AgNO3 CaCl2 --> 2 AgCl(s) Ca(NO3)2 What is the net ionic equation:
The net ionic equation is:
2Ag⁺(aq) + 2Cl⁻(aq) → 2AgCl(s)
How to write a net ionic equation?The given equation is:
2AgNO₃ (aq) + CaCl₂ (aq) → 2AgCl(s) + Ca(NO₃)₂ (aq)
A double displacement reaction occurs when silver nitrate and calcium chloride are combined. Silver chloride precipitate and a calcium nitrate solution are the results of the reaction.
Break down all the soluble electrolytes, that are present in an aqueous form, into their respective ions:
2Ag⁺(aq) + 2NO³⁻(aq) + Ca²⁺(aq) + 2Cl⁻(aq) → 2AgCl(s) + Ca²⁺(aq)+ 2NO³⁻(aq)
Now remove all the spectator ions present in the equation. The spectator ions should be removed after comparing the reactant and product sides of the revised reaction. These dissolved ions are known as spectator ions if they exhibit the same form on both sides. No reaction occurs if everyone is a spectator ion.
Now write the net ionic equation:
2Ag⁺(aq) + 2Cl⁻(aq) → 2AgCl(s)
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In 1869, mendeleev created a periodic table in which elements were ordered by weight and placed in groups based on their chemical properties. mendeleev's decision to design the periodic table in this way allowed immediate advances in chemistry by.?
a.) providing an explanation for the reactive properties of the alkali metals
b.) providing a framework for models of electron configurations
c.) predicting the existence of a group of undiscovered inert gases
d.) predicting the properties of undiscovered elements in specific atomic weight ranges.
please explain
Answer:
D
Explanation:
Mendeleev periodic table predicted the properties of undiscovered element like the eka-aluminium.
true or false, Valence bond theory states that a bond between two atoms is the strongest when the nuclei of the atoms are touching each other.
Valence bond theory stating that a bond between two atoms is the strongest when the nuclei of the atoms are touching each other is true.
What is Valence bond theory?This theory states that when two valence orbitals of two different atoms overlap on each other, the bond is usually strong.
The bond formed in this scenario is usually covalent which involves sharing of the valence electrons.
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Question 7
What causes metallic bonds to form?
O The attraction between the delocalized electrons and the metal's anions
O The attraction between the delocalized electrons and the metal's valence electrons
O The attraction between the delocalized electrons and the metal's atoms
O The attraction between the delocalized electrons and the metal's cations
< Previous
N
Answer:
D.) The attraction between the delocalized electrons and the metal's cations
Explanation:
Metallic bonds form between free-floating valence electrons (delocalized electrons) and positively charged metal ions (cations). The negative charge from the electrons and the positive charge from the ions are what form the attraction.
The formation constant for the reaction ag (aq) 2nh3(aq) ag(nh3)2 (aq) is kf = 1.7 × 107 at 25°c. what is δg° at this temperature? (r = 8.314 j/k• mol)?
The value of ΔG° at this temperature is -18034.18 J/mol
Calculation,
Given information
formation constant (Kf)= 1.7 × [tex]10^{7}[/tex]
Universal gas constant (R) = 8.314 J/K• mol
Temperature = 25° C = 25 °C + 273 = 300 K
Formula used:
ΔG° = -RT㏑Kf
By putting the valur of R,T, Kf we get the value of ΔG°
ΔG° = - 8.314 J/K• mol×300K㏑ 1.7 × [tex]10^{7}[/tex]
ΔG° = -2494.2㏑ 1.7 × [tex]10^{7}[/tex] = -18034.18 J/mol
So, change in standard Gibbs's free energy is -18034.18 J/mol
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Please help!
how many moles of oxygen react
with 2.25 mol of nitrogen?
n2(g) +
o2(g)
no(g)
Answer: 2.25
Explanation: 1:1 mole ratio seen in equation.
Structure and applications of poly(vinyl alcohol) hydrogels produced by conventional crosslinking or by freezing/thawing methods
Answer: Structure and applications of poly(vinyl alcohol) hydrogels produced by repeated cycles of freezing and thawing.
Explanation:
Poly(vinyl alcohol) (PVA) is a polymer of great interest because of its many desirable characteristics specifically for various pharmaceutical and biomedical applications. The crystalline nature of PVA has been of specific interest particularly for physically cross-linked hydrogels prepared by repeated cycles of freezing and thawing. This review includes details on the structure and properties of PVA, the synthesis of its hydrogels, the crystallization of PVA, as well as its applications. An analysis of previous work in the development of freezing and thawing processes is presented focusing on the implications of such materials for a variety of applications. PVA blends that have been developed with enhanced properties for specific applications will also be discussed briefly. Finally, the future directions involving the further development of freeze/thawed PVA hydrogels are addressed.
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