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Orang 2014. Mechanisms of miRNA-mediated gene regulation from common downregulation to mRNA-specific upregulation
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MicoRNAs (miRNAs) are now known to be one of the most important regulatory gene families in eukaryotes. To date, 24521 microRNAs have been discovered, with many more on the way.
It was first recognized that miRNAs suppress gene expression at both the mRNA stability level by conducting mRNA degradation and the translation level (at initiation and after initiation) by inhibiting protein translation or degrading polypeptides by binding complementarily to the 3'UTR of the target mRNAs.
Nonetheless, some studies have shown that miRNAs can directly or indirectly activate gene expression in response to different cell types and conditions, as well as in the presence of specific cofactors.
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To ensure smooth functioning of its supply chain, aarong has most likely utilized which form of boundaryless structure to organize the 50,000 dairy farmers?
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Aarong Dairy extends to micro scale dairy farmers to expands their milk production scale.They use of different organizational structural forms to pursue its strategic goals. Aarong Dairy the micro scale dairy farmers receives training in para- veterinary services and other methods to improve theirs milk production.
To provide access to a permanent and reliable market, Aarong Dairy brought the milk that the farmers produced.This arrangement allows the micro-scale dairy farmers for the quality of the milk.
The advantage for Aarong Dairy is that thousand of micro-scale dairy farmers serve as its dedicated milk production , they does not have to be responsible for the operations and overhead of the dairy.
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A type of collagen that forms a very fine network of fibers in which the stem cells are interspersed is called
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A type of collagen that forms a very fine network of fibers in which the stem cells are interspersed is called Reticulin.
Undifferentiated cells with the capacity to self-renew and specialise into cells more suited to a particular tissue are known as stem cells. These stem cells are available for utilisation by the body at any time.They are located in what is known as the "stem cell niche" of each tissue, where they are encircled by cell-matrix proteins such as reticulin.
Reticulin fibres are produced by fibroblasts and composed of type III collagen found in bone marrow and lymphatic tissues, are the connective tissue.The cords of parenchymal cells are encircled by reticular fibres, which are also visible close to the sinusoidal walls.
Therefore, A type of collagen that forms a very fine network of fibers in which the stem cells are interspersed is called Reticulin.
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These large paired bones form most of the lateral and superior walls of the cranial vault (calvaria).
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The parietal bone are large paired bones form most of the lateral and superior walls of the cranial vault (calvaria).
What is a Bone?These are tissues which contain high amounts of calcium and form the main component of the skeleton. They also helps to provide structural integrity and rigidity to parts of the body and protect vital organs such as the heart, brain etc of the body from any form of external stimuli encountered.
The parietal bone is attached by a fibrous joint and forms part of the roof and sides of the cranium. They are also involved in the formation of most of the lateral and superior walls of the cranial vault (calvaria) present in the body system.
This is therefore the reason why parietal bone was chosen as the most appropriate choice.
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Some ______ are able to metabolize oil and have been used in the cleanup of oil spills.
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The bacteria are able to metabolize oil and have been in the cleanup of oil spills.
There are many well-known types of microbes discovered by discovers/researchers, for example- Bacteroidetes, have the potential to degrade hydrocarbons. During an oil spill, these low-abundance microbes sense hydrocarbons and move toward the source where they flourish and reproduce. Some of the microbes use oil as fuel.
It is found that the Bioremediation is used to clean up oil spills or contaminated groundwater. Bioremediation may be done 'in - situ' at the site of the contamination or 'ex - situ' environment.
There is a specie called Pseudomonas putida which is widely used in oil spill bioremediation. It is there to break down many aromatic compounds like hydrocarbons.
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Exercise results in skeletal muscles compressing veins which encourages blood to return to the heart. In this scenario, which of the following is correct
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The exercise results in skeletal muscles compressing veins which encourages blood to return to the heart. In this scenario is that the preload increases. Option D
What are preloads?Preload are also known as the left ventricular end-diastolic pressure (LVEDP)
It is also known as the amount of ventricular stretch at the end of diastole. It is the heart loading up for the next big squeeze of the ventricles during the systole.
Preload is also affected by the rate of venous return and the venous blood pressure , which are affected by the volume of circulating blood and venous tone .
Preload is increased by exercising , or increase in blood pressure and neuroendocrine excitement .
Thus, the exercise results in skeletal muscles compressing veins which encourages blood to return to the heart. In this scenario is that the preload increases. Option D
The complete question is
Exercise results in skeletal muscles compressing veins which encourages blood to return to the heart. In this scenario, which of the following is correct?
a. End diastolic volume (EDV) decreases.
b. Stroke volume decreases
c. Venous return decreases.
d. Preload increases.
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The portion of the tubule system that is relatively impermeable to solutes but contains many aquaporins for water reabsorption
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Descending limb of loop of Henle
It helps to maintain the concentration of urine. It is highly permeable to water thus water is readily reabsorbed from the descending limb by osmosis. It is impermeable to sodium and chloride ions.
What is a Tubule system ?The transverse tubular system is a network of interconnecting rings, each of which surrounds a myofibril
The nephron uses four mechanisms to convert blood into urine: filtration, reabsorption, secretion, and excretion. These apply to numerous substancesThe distal convoluted tubule (DCT) and collecting duct (CD) are the final two segments of the kidney nephron. They have an important role in the absorption of many ions, and in water reabsorption.Learn more about Tubule system here:
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Our metabolism, the rate at which food is converted to energy, is controlled by a hormone released by the _____
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Thyroid gland
Our body turns the food and liquid you consume into energy through a process known as metabolism. This intricate process releases the energy your body requires to function by combining calories from food and beverages with oxygen.
Anabolism is the process of constructing new body tissues and energy reserves, while catabolism refers to the process of destroying existing body structures and energy reserves to get additional fuel for bodily operations (called catabolism). The thyroid gland produces and secretes a hormone that is crucial in controlling how quickly or slowly the body's chemical reactions for metabolism move. A crucial hormone gland, the thyroid gland is important for the growth, development, and metabolism of the human body. By continuously releasing a regular amount of thyroid hormones into the bloodstream, it aids in the regulation of numerous bodily processes.
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Histamine increases blood flow and vascular permeability. This would account for all of the following changes that occur during inflammation except Group of answer choices redness of the inflamed tissue. chemotaxis of phagocytes. heat of the inflamed tissue. movement of defense proteins and cells into the interstitial space.
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Histamine inhibits the chemotaxis which is the movement of cells along the gradient.
Histamine:
It is a neurotransmitter that is released by the mast cells in response to an allergen that causes an allergic reaction. It is responsible for redness of the inflamed area, heating, movement of leukocytes, and defense proteins to the site of injury. Histamine is responsible for vasodilation and increased permeability. The immune cells move to the site of injury and cause the flow of blood to the injured site. It plays an important role in allergic and hypersensitivity reactions. Histamine is also responsible for gastric secretion, smooth muscle contraction, and itching.
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Which of the bulk minerals has the highest recommended dietary allowance (rda), at 4700 mg?
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Potassium iss the bulk minerals has the highest recommended dietary allowance (rda), at 4700 mg.
What is potassium and how does it affect diet?
All body tissues require potassium, which is an essential mineral. Because it carries a little electrical charge that triggers a variety of cell and neuron activities, it is occasionally referred to as an electrolyte. Potassium can be obtained as a supplement or naturally in many foods. Its primary function in the body is to support the maintenance of regular fluid levels inside our cells.
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Potassium is one of the bulk minerals that have the highest recommended dietary allowance (RDA), at 4700 mg.
Recommended dietary allowance of PotassiumThe most common intracellular cation, potassium, is the most important nutrient and is naturally found in a variety of foods as well as being sold as a dietary supplement.Due to its function in maintaining the volume of intracellular fluid and transmembrane electrochemical gradients, potassium is present in all bodily tissues and is necessary for normal cell function.To maintain its regular intracellular and extracellular quantities, about 90% of the potassium that is consumed is absorbed and utilized.The Recommended Dietary Allowance (RDA), which is the average daily intake of nutrients necessary to cover the needs of virtually all (97–98%) healthy people, is frequently used to create dietary plans for individuals that are nutrient sufficient.The recommended daily amount (RDA) for potassium is 4700 mg, which makes it one of the bulk minerals with the highest RDA.To learn more about Recommended dietary allowance refer to:
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Sterile gowns are considered sterile from shoulder to:
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sterile gowns are considered sterile from shoulder to: waist
Which answer provides a definition of voice that is specific to the domain of English language arts?
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Answer:
The answer that provides a definition of voice that is specific to the domain of English language arts would be (the style and tone that makes a writer's work unique).
Bilirubin competes with some drugs for the same binding site on plasma proteins. What effect would an increased concentration of bilirubin in the blood have on the potential activity of this drug
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An increased concentration of bilirubin in the blood have on the potential activity of this drug will be The fraction of bound drug would decrease thereby increasing potential activity.
The body creates bilirubin as a byproduct of the breakdown of red blood cells (RBCs). The bile duct contains the bilirubin once it has traveled to the liver. Bilirubin is ultimately eliminated by the body through stools. Brown and yellow bilirubin is the pigment that gives feces their brown hue.The RBCs regularly replenish and have a lifespan of approximately 120 days. Hemoglobin, which is found in RBCs, aids in the movement of oxygen throughout the body. Each cell's hemoglobin is stripped of iron, allowing the cells to degrade into bilirubin and other compounds. Albumin, a straightforward protein, helps the bilirubin reach the liver.learn more about bilirubin here: https://brainly.com/question/16639934
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I WILL MARK YOU BRAINLIEST IF YOU ANSWER THIS.
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Answer:cell is the basic unit of life.
A cell may be unicellular or multicellular
Explanation:
Answer:
Two of the three points of cell theory:1) All living organisms are composed of one or more Cells.2) Cell is the basic, structural and functional unit of living organisms.Hope this helps.Good luck ✅.Mitochondrial dna (mtdna) recovered from a fossil hominin from sima de los huesos in northern spain shows connections to the mtdna of?
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Mitochondrial DNA (mtdna) recovered from a fossil hominin from sima de los huesos in northern spain shows connections to the mtdna of the Denisovans.
The Sima de los Huesos showed distinctive proof of DNA survival over an extended period of time. Based on the enzymatic amplification of a few short mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) fragments from Middle Pleistocene cave bear bones. Given that the Sima de los Huesos fossils have Neanderthal-derived characteristics (such as in their dental, mandibular, midfacial, supraorbital, and occipital morphology), it is unexpected that the mtDNA from these fossils has a common origin with Denisovan rather than Neanderthal mtDNAs.
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A(n) ______ cell contains two sets of chromosomes, one set of chromosomes inherited from each parent.
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A diploid cell contains two sets of chromosomes, one set of chromosomes inherited from each parent.
The term diploid means to the presence of two complete sets of chromosomes in an organism's cells, with each parent contributing a chromosome to each pair.
Sexually reproducing organisms are diploid.
We humans are diploid and most of our body cells (somatic cells) contain 23 pair of chromosomes. In each one of us there are total 46 total chromosomes. Half come from the mother, the other half come from the father. The two of the chromosomes X and Y determine your gender as male or female by birth.
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Cabbage loopers are larval stages of butterflies that feed on cabbage leaves and related plants. The interaction between cabbage loopers and cabbage plants is
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The interaction between cabbage loopers and cabbage plants is herbivory.
What is herbivory?
Animals eating living plant material is known as herbivory. This important ecosystem function has an impact on primary production as well as the structure and composition of the vegetation. The type and intensity of herbivore feeding determine the effect of herbivory. Different forms of herbivory have variable effects on various tissues as well as the generation, movement, and accumulation of photosynthates.
Experiments with insects with various diurnal feeding habits can be used to confirm the relationships between circadian plant defense modulation and the herbivory of cabbage loopers. Leaf-eating cabbage loopers only feed on the bottom leaf surface during their first three instars, leaving the upper surface intact.
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Having a conversation with someone using a cellular phone is an example of _________ transmission.
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Having a conversation with someone using a cellular phone is an example of full duplex transmission.
Full-duplex data transmission allows for simultaneous data transmission in both directions along a signal carrier. For instance, on a local area network using full-duplex transmission technology, one workstation may be sending data while another is receiving data over the same line.Both sides can communicate with one another concurrently in a full-duplex setup. The common telephone service is an example of a full-duplex device; parties on each end of a conversation can speak and be heard by the other side simultaneously.One may think of a half-duplex broadcast as a one-way street between sender and receiver.learn more about full duplex here: https://brainly.com/question/15219093
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Briefly define osmosis and diffusion, being sure to explain how they are different and how they are similar?
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Osmosis is the process by which solvent particles flow from a dilute solution to one that is more concentrated. Diffusion, in contrast, is the transfer of particles from a region of higher concentration to one of lower concentration.
What are the differences and similarities between osmosis and diffusion?Differences:
While osmosis describes the process by which water, or other solvents, flow through a semipermeable membrane, leaving other bits of matter in its path, diffusion involves molecules in a high concentration area moving to areas with a low concentration. As an illustration, oxygen diffuses into red blood cells, and salt placed outside a cell would osmotically suck the water out of the cell, drying it.Molecular size and electric charge affect how quickly molecules diffuse through a membrane. Instead of the type of molecule on either side of the membrane, osmosis is dependent on particle concentration.Similarities:
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One cup of oatmeal has approximately 25 grams of carbohydrates. How many calories are coming from the carbohydrates in the oatmeal
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Explanation:
100 rhfgshshshsjhsbsjsjsj
Assume the oligopeptide with the amino acid sequence: alphahelicks, forms one continuous α-helix. the carbonyl oxygen of the glutamic acid residue is hydrogen bonded to the amide nitrogen of?
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Alpha helix is packed and-this twisting formation is that the amino acide chain-will form a rod . The amino acid methionine , alanine, leucine , glutamate and lysine are form alpha helix.
The alpha helices may range in length from 4 to 40 amino acids but typical alpha helix is about 10 amino acids long. Hydrogen bond between the hydrogen in an amino group and the oxygen in carboxylic group on the amino acid causes this structure.
Alpha helix is characterized by a tight right handed twist in the amino acid chain which causes rod shape.Hydrogen bonds to the backbone of amino acid .It is made of two alpha helices of sequence of amino acids.
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blood vessel with the largest lumen
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A blood vessel that carries blood to the heart is called a vein. Veins have thin walls and larger, more erratic lumens than arteries.
Where are blood vessels found in your body?Blood is delivered to human tissues by arteries, which act as conduits or channels. Two tube-like closed systems of vessels start and stop at heart. The pulmonary arteries are a single system that carries blood from the right ventricle to the lungs and back to the left atrium.Blood vessels and heart vessels make up your circulatory system. About 60,000 miles of blood arteries make up your body.Blood is carried through blood arteries throughout the body. The blood is brought back to the heart by veins. Body cells and tissues are surrounded by capillaries that transport and absorb nutrition, oxygen, and other chemicals.Blood vessels are the channels or conduits through which blood is distributed to body tissues.The arteries (red) carry oxygen and nutrients away from your heart to your body's tissues. The veins (blue) take oxygen-poor blood back to the heart. Arteries begin with the aorta, the large artery leaving the heart. They carry oxygen-rich blood away from the heart to all of the body's tissues.To learn more about blood vessels, refer to:
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Arteries have thick walls comprised of three distinct layers (tunica) Veins have thin walls but generally have wider lumen (lumen size may vary depending on specific artery or vein)
A vein is a blood vessel that executes blood toward the heart. Compared to arteries, veins are thin-walled vessels with large and varying lumens
Which blood vessel is the biggest?the aorta
The largest artery is the aorta, the main high-pressure pipeline related to the heart's left ventricle. The aorta branches into a network of smaller arteries that extend throughout the body. The arteries' shorter branches are called arterioles and capillaries.
What are large lumen veins?Veins bring unoxygenated blood towards the heart, away from tissues at low pressure so the lumen is immense. Blood carries more slower and often against gravity so valves and a larger lumen ensure it is still fascinated efficiently. Capillaries have the smallest lumen but relative to their size the lumen is quite big.
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A and B are linked genes. In a study of 100 offspring, 94 had parental genotypes for A and B, while 6 were recombinants. A and B are _____ centimorgans (cM) apart
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A and B are linked genes. In a study of 100 offspring, 94 had parental genotypes for A and B, while 6 were recombinants. A and B are 6 centimorgans (cm) apart.
Genes that are physically adjacent to one another on the same chromosome are said to be linked genes because they are more likely to be inherited together. Chromosomes are recombined during meiosis, causing gene swaps between homologous chromosomes. Together, they are inherited. For instance, certain eye and hair colors are inherited jointly and are related genetically.By dividing the total number of recombinant gametes by the total number of gametes, X 100 the linkage distance is determined.Thus here the total recombinant genes are 6 and the total number of gametes or offspring are 100 so,
[(6/100) x 100]
= 0.06 x 100
= 6
Hence, A and B are 6 cm apart.
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Drag each label to the appropriate position to identify whether the structure contains oxygenated or deoxygenated blood.
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Deoxygenated: jugular vein, superior vena cava, right atrium, great cardiac vein, pulmonary trunk and arteries. Oxygenated: descending aorta, left ventricle, coronary arteries, carotid artery.
How does the circulatory system work?Two circuits compose the circulatory system
Lung circulation
1- Deoxygenated blood goes from the heart to the lungs where releases CO₂
2- Blood gets oxygenated again by absorbing O₂.
3- CO₂ is exhaled and oxygenated blood returns to the heart.
Systemic circulation
1- Oxygenated blood moves to all tissues.
2- Deoxygenated blood returns to the heart.
You will find the image in the attached files.
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The brain is a network of interconnecting neurons that control and integrate the body's activities. what components make up these neurons?
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Dendrites, axons, and the cell body, or soma, which can be compared to the branches, roots, and trunk of a tree, are the three primary components of a neuron.
The basic building blocks of the brain and nervous system are neurons (also known as neurones or nerve cells). Neurons are the cells that receive sensory information from the outside world, give motor commands to our muscles, and transform and relay electrical signals at each stage along the way. A neuron gets information from neighbouring cells on its dendrite, or "tree branch." Motor neurons, sensory neurons, and interneurons are the three main subtypes of neurons.
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Molecular koch's postulates are used to identify which characteristic of pathogens?
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Molecular Koch's postulates is used to arbitrate what genes commit to a pathogen's capability to cause disease.
Molecular Koch's postulates are a set of experimental criteria that must be satisfied to show that a gene found in a pathogenic microorganism encodes a product that contributes to the disease caused by the pathogen. Genes that satisfy molecular Koch's postulates are often referred to as virulence factors. Robert Koch's postulates, published in 1890, are a set of criteria that establish whether a particular organism is the cause of a particular disease. Today, Koch's postulates are taught in high school and college classrooms as a demonstration of the rigor and legitimacy of clinical microbiology.
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Carbohydrate residues attached to the membrane lipids are: Carbohydrate residues attached to the membrane lipids are: always positioned on the intracellular side of the membrane. always positioned on the inside center of the bilayer. always positioned on the extracellular side of the membrane. always positioned equally on both sides of the membrane. also covalently attached to membrane proteins.
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Carbohydrate residues attached to the membrane lipids are always positioned on the extracellular side of the membrane
Carbohydrates are significant parts of the cell membrane, present just on the external surface of the plasma layer, and are appended to proteins, framing glycoproteins, or lipids, and framing glycolipids. These carbohydrate chains might comprise 2-60 monosaccharide units and can be either straight or branched.
The carbohydrates of the membrane are engaged with cell bond and acknowledgment and go about as a physical barrier. Enormous, uncharged particles, for example, glucose can't diffuse through the membrane.
These carbohydrates structure particular cell markers, that permit cells to perceive one another. These markers are vital in the resistant framework, permitting safe cells to separate between body cells, which they shouldn't assault, and unfamiliar cells or tissues, which they ought to.
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What does the test of unsaturation reveal about the structural biology of lipids?
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Fatty acids that have an extra quantity of double bonds (decrease degree of saturation) would require more testing answers than people with decreased numbers of double bonds.
Unsaturated fat, which is liquid at room temperature, is considered useful fat because they are able to improve blood levels of cholesterol, ease irritation, stabilize heart rhythms, and play some different user roles.
To check for the presence of lipids, you'll carry out the emulsion test. To do this, you are taking the pattern and mixing it with the same volumes of ethanol and water accompanied by shaking. A cloudy white emulsion will shape if lipids are present. If lipids are absent, no emulsion will shape.
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6. Many people have fish in an aquarium.
Discuss with a classmate how an
aquarium is not a real ecosystem. Be sure
to identify what parts of an ecosystem are
missing. Would it be possible to design
and build an aquarium as an ecosystem?
Explain your answer.
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Answer:
it's is not an ecosystem as it is artificially build all the necessary supplements to support aquatic life is supplied by humans
Cholera toxin locks the Gs subunit into an active state, in that GTP is bound and cannot be hydrolyzed back to GDP to turn off the subunit. What effect will cholera toxin have in the cell
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Cholera toxin locks the G-subunit into an active state, in that GTP is bound and cannot be hydrolyzed back to GDP to turn off the subunit. This leads to a subsequent activation and increase in adenylate cyclase inside the cell. This increases the level of cAMP which leads to cytolysis of the cell.
The cholera toxin is released from a bacteria known as vibrio cholera. This bacteria is gram-negative and releases this toxin into the body which leads to manifestations like vomiting, increased heartbeat, watery diarrhea, cramps in the muscles and a low blood pressure. When this toxin is released into the body. The toxin activates adenylate cyclase and increases its level. This in turn increases the level of cAMP. This initiates a signaling cascade which effects the osmotic pressure of the cell. This leads to subsequent cytolysis of the cell.
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