If a mutation occurs when forming a germ cell the mutation could be passed on to the next generation. If a gene is altered in a germ cell, the mutation is termed a germinal mutation. Because germ cells give rise to gametes, some gametes will carry the mutation and it will be passed on to the next generation when the individual successfully mates.
A mutation passed to the next generation when acquired mutation occurs in an egg or sperm cell. Once an acquired mutation is passed down, it is a hereditary mutation. Acquired mutations are not passed down if they occur in the somatic cells, meaning body cells other than sperm cells and egg cells.
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Nador, R.G. et al. Primary effusion lymphoma: a distinct clinicopathologic entity associated with the Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpes virus. Blood88, 645-56 (1996). PMID8695812
The Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpes virus was identified in a unique and unusual category of AIDS-related lymphomas that generally manifest as lymphomatous effusions with no apparent tumor tissues.
Description of the Statement-
KSHV is consistently present in these body cavity-based lymphomas, and several other characteristics make them stand out. To test this theory, 19 malignant lymphomatous effusions that did not contain a contiguous tumor mass were examined for their symptomatic, cytologic, immunophenotypic, infectious, and molecular features. KSHV was found in 15 of the 19 lymphomas. The c-myc gene rearrangements and Burkitt-like morphology among all 4 KSHV-negative lymphomatous effusions suggested that these were Burkitt-type lymphomas developing in the bodily cavities.Furthermore, these lymphomas developed in men, usually but not always in connection with HIV infection, and homosexual behavior was a risk factor.Learn more about lymphomas here:
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If [e]t was the concentration of lactase in the kinetics trials, what expression gives the concentration of lactase in the commercial preparation of this enzyme?
DF = 1/250 x 1/2
Vt = Et
Vf = final concentration of lactase in the commercial preparation
DF = Vt / Vf
Vf = Vt / DF
Vf = Et / (1/250)(1/2)
Vf = Et x 500
The commercial preparation was first diluted by 1 - 250 to prepare the stock solution, and it was further diluted by 1 -2 by mixing with the substrate stock solution to perform the kinetics experiments.
Therefore, the dilution factor is done when you take whatever you initial volume was - in this case 1mL - and divide it by the new diluted volume - 0.1mL + 25mL. Then we get is 0.1/25.1, which is more easily solved as 1/250.
Since, this was a double dilution, 1mL of the initial dilution was diluted further with 1mL of substrate. So the second dilution factor will be 1/(1+1) = 1/2.
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Brain and spinal cord meninges are similar because ... They also have distinct differences including
Brain and spinal cord meninges are similar because pia mater in both areas is made of the same tissue They also have distinct differences including dura mater in the two regions are made of different tissues.
Meninges, the protective coverings of the central nervous system, come in two varieties: cranial and spinal. The dura mater, arachnoid mater, and pia mater are the three connective tissue layers that make up most of their structure.The fundamental distinction between cranial and spinal meninges is that, while spinal meninges are protective coverings for the spinal cord, cranial meninges are those for the brain, consisting of channels in the dura mater between various areas of the brain called Dural folds. Additionally, the dura mater in the spinal meninges only has one layer, whereas the dura mater in the cranial meninges has two levels. Furthermore, cranial meninges may not result in an epidural space while spinal meninges produce an epidural space filled with fat.learn more about Brain and spinal cord here: https://brainly.com/question/26348097
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Programmed cell death, or _____, takes place particularly in parts of the body where the cells are likely to accumulate significant genetic damage over time and are therefore at high risk of becoming cancerous.
Programmed cell death, or apoptosis , takes place particularly in parts of the body where the cells are likely to accumulate significant genetic damage over time and are therefore at high risk of becoming cancerous.
What causes apoptosis?Apoptosis is the process of programmed cell death. Unwanted cells, such as those between a developing hand's fingers, are removed during the early stages of development. Adult bodies employ apoptosis to get rid of cells that can no longer be repaired. Apoptosis aids in the prevention of cancer.
A cell will begin to undergo apoptosis when the survival signals are abruptly removed or when it separates from its surrounding cells. Additionally, heightened cellular stress brought on by conditions of extreme heat, DNA damage from radiation or chemotherapy, or pathogenic infection can cause cell death through apoptosis.
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IL-22 inhibits epidermal di erentiation and induces proinflammatory gene expression and migration of human keratinocytes
The given statement that IL-22 inhibits epidermal decentration and induces proinflammatory gene expression and migration of human keratinocytes holds true
What is IL-22?IL-22 belongs to a family of cytokines structurally related to IL-10, including IL-19, IL-20, IL-24, and IL-26. In contrast to IL-10, IL-22 has proinflammatory activities. IL-22 signals through a class II cytokine receptor composed of an IL-22-binding chain, IL-22RA1, and the IL-10RB subunit, which is shared with the IL-10R. In the present study, we show that short-term cultured human epidermal keratinocytes express a functional IL-22R but no IL-10R. Accordingly, IL-22 but not IL-10 induces STAT3 activation in keratinocytes. Using a cDNA array screening approach, real-time RT-PCR, and Western blot analysis, we demonstrate that IL-22 up-regulates, in a dose-dependent manner, the expression of S100A7, S100A8, S100A9, a group of proinflammatory molecules belonging to the S100 family of calcium-binding proteins, as well as the matrix metalloproteinase 3, the platelet-derived growth factor A, and the CXCL5 chemokine. In addition, IL-22 induces keratinocyte migration in an in vitro injury model and down-regulates the expression of at least seven genes associated with keratinocyte differentiation. Finally, we show that IL-22 strongly induces hyperplasia of reconstituted human epidermis. Taken together, these results suggest that IL-22 plays an important role in skin inflammatory processes and wound healing.
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what sends light trough the microscope?
Answer:
The Objective Lens
Explanation:
light light passes through the microscope through the objective lens
Answer:
lamp
Explanation:
lamp - produces the light (Typically, lamps are tungsten-filament light bulbs. For specialized applications, mercury or xenon lamps may be used to produce ultraviolet light. Some microscopes even use lasers to scan the specimen.)
What is the name of the important filter that protects the baby from virus/bacteria?.
The name of the important filter that protects the baby from virus/bacteria is the villi
This goes to say that the villi helps to prevent some bacteria and viruses from infecting babies.
What are pathogenic or infectious organisms?Pathogenic or infectious organisms are organisms which causes diseases to plants and animals.
Some examples of pathogenic or infectious organisms are:
BacteriaViruesSo therefore the name of the important filter that protects the baby from virus/bacteria is the villi
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Color (black/gray/red) is a ___________ characteristic
Their are three main characteristic is intensity, saturation, and hue .
Red color is motivated by power, black is achromatic color with hue like white gray and white.black is symbol of darkness. Brightly co-loured object is one that reflects and transmits a large portion of light falling on it.
The great amount of light is reflected on white screen while a black screen would not reflects any light. Co-lour also linked with various personality trait , motivation and productivity levels in life. It symbolize life and death , love and evil and happiness and anger.Red color makes you feel passionate and energized.
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Do you think the responses from the Sympathetic Nervous System, or the Parasympathetic Nervous System, have had a greater influence on human evolution
What is human nervous system?
The human nervous system is divided into two parts,1. The Central Neural System(CNS)
2. The Peripheral Neural System(PNS)
The CNS includes the brain and the spinal cord and is the site ofinformation processing and control. The PNS comprises of all the nerves of the body associated with the CNS i.e., brain and spinal cord.The nerve fibres of the PNS are of two types :1. Afferent fibres
2. Efferent fibres
The PNS is divided into two divisions called;a. Somatic neural system
b. Autonomic neural system
The somatic neural system relays impulses from the CNS to skeletal muscles while the autonomic neural system transmits impulses from the CNS to the involuntary organs and smooth muscles of the body. The autonomic neural system is further classified as;(i) Sympathetic neural system
(ii) Parasympathetic neural system
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In cell signaling, after a signal is sent, _______\.\* 2 points a. some activity in a target cell changes b. signal molecules bind to receptors on target cells c. mitosis begins d. signal transduction is turned off
In cell signalling, after a signal is sent, signal molecules bind to receptors on target cells and some activity in a target cell changes.
There are three stages in cell signalling :
1. The process of reception occurs when a signalling molecule from the extracellular environment is recognized by a cell. The chemical signal, which is also known as a ligand, is recognized as a signal when it attaches to a receptor protein either on the exterior of the cell or on the interior of the cell.
2. Transduction: This process occurs when the signalling molecule interacts with the receptor, which causes a change in the protein that makes up the receptor. The process of transduction is kicked off by this modification. In most cases, signal transduction occurs through a pathway that consists of numerous stages. The signal transduction route contains relay molecules, each of which influences the subsequent molecule in the pathway.
3. Reaction: In the third and last step, the signal causes a certain cellular response.
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What are the ""bruce lees"" of the immune system? why did they compare them to the real bruce lee?
Answer: Iron deficient macrophages are the Bruce Lees of the immune system.
Adenoviral pharyngitis is effectively treated with _________.
i. proteases.
ii. antibiotics.
iii. nucleotide analogs.
iv. none of the choices is correct.
v. lysozyme.
Adenoviral pharyngitis is a viral infection that cannot be effectively treated with none of the choices above (Option iv).
What is a virus infection?Virus infection is a pathologic condition where the trigger of disease is a virus that has humans as suitable hosts.
Adenoviral pharyngitis is a virus infection caused by a virus called Adenovirus, which is capable of infecting humans and different groups of animals.
Adenoviral pharyngitis is a viral disease that can be effectively treated with antiviral drugs.
In conclusion, Adenoviral pharyngitis is a viral infection that cannot be effectively treated with none of the choices above (Option iv).
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1. state the characteristics of Chrysophytes.
2. write the characteristics of dinoflagellates.
3. write the characteristics of euglenoids.
4. write the characteristics of Slime moulds.
1. Chrysophytes
⇒ Unicellar
⇒ Present in water bodies with low calcium levels.
⇒ Golden yellow colour due to accessory pigment.
⇒ Cell walls made of cellulose and silica.
⇒ Free swimming.
⇒ Two unequal flagella.
2. Dinoflagellates
⇒ Dinoflagellates are essentially golden-brown, biflagellate, unicellular motile protists.
⇒ Golden brown is the primary color, but due to changes in the ratios of other pigments, it may also take on yellow, green, brown, or even blue forms.
⇒ Theca or lorica, composed of articulated and sculpted cellulose plates, is a stiff covering that typically covers cells.
⇒ One flagellum is transverse and the other is longitudinal, making the two flagella distinct (heterokont).
⇒ Mesokaryon is the name given to the big nucleus.
⇒ Chlorophyll a and chlorophyll c are found in plastids or chromatophores.
⇒ In the sea, certain dinoflagellates like Gymnodinium and Gonyaulax proliferate in vast numbers, turning the water red and resulting in the so-called "red tide."
⇒ Dinoflagellates in the ocean exhibit bioluminescence. such as Noctiluca.
3. Euglenoids
⇒ Unicellular protists called euglenoids, like the genus Euglena, are frequently found in freshwater.
⇒ The pellicle, a protein-rich cell membrane, exists in place of the cell wall.
⇒ They bear two flagella on the anterior end of the body.
⇒ A small light sensitive eye spot is present.
⇒ They can prepare their own food because they have photosynthetic pigments like chlorophyll. They act like heterotrophs when there is no light, though, by catching other tiny aquatic creatures.
⇒ They are referred regarded as the connecting link between plants and animals since they exhibit both plant and animal-like characteristics, making it difficult to categorize them.
4. Slime moulds
⇒ Chlorophyll does not exist in them.
⇒ Only the plasma membrane encloses them. The spores, however, contain cellulose cell walls.
⇒ They often reside near decomposing vegetation.
⇒ They have a diverse spectrum of coloring.
⇒ They are saprotrophic or phagotrophic feeders.
Why do nonsense mutations tend to impact the final protein product more than missense mutations?
Nonsense mutations tend to impact the final protein product more than missense mutations because they produce shorter proteins due to the precense of the premature stop codon.
What are the types of point mutations?Although, in some cases, mutations make the resulting proteins more efficient, usually, they make them less efficient than they should be.
In those cases in which the mutations turn to be beneficial for the protein function, it is favored by natural selection, and it fixates. This is what leads to evolution.
If the mutation is not favorable, it just gets lost.
When a change occurs in a single base pair, it is known as a point mutation.
Points mutations might be either silent, missense, or nonsense.
In silent mutations, the resulting mRNA codon codes for the same amino acid as the unmutated sequence. However, if the mutation causes the mRNA codon to code for a different amino acid, this mutation is a missense mutation. Finally, if the mutation causes mRNA codon to be a premature stop codon, we are referring to a nonsense mutation.Missense mutations might alter the protein's function or not, depending on the mutation site and on wheather if the mutated amino acid is near or not to the active site. However, the protein length is the same.
Nonsense mutations change the original codon for a premature stop codon that should not be there. Hence, the protein will be shorter and there are higher chances of altering its functions.
Nonsense mutations tend to impact the final protein product more than missense mutations because they produce shorter proteins due to the precense of the premature stop codon.
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The musculature includes muscles that move the vertebral column and muscles that move the ribs. lower limb upper limb trunk head and neck
The three muscles which control the vertebral column are the semispinalis, multifidus, and rotatores.
However, these muscles helps tp o the vertebral column and also have a role in proprioception and balance.
What are muscles?Muscles can be defined as a band or bundle of fibrous tissue in a human or animal body that has the ability to contract, producing movement in or maintaining the position of parts of the body.
So therefore, the musculature includes muscles that move the vertebral column and muscles that move the ribs, lower limb upper limb trunk head and neck
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The grape-like out-pouchings located at the ends of the respiratory bronchioles are called?
According to the research, the correct option is alveoli, the grape-like out-pouchings located at the ends of the respiratory bronchioles are called alveoli.
What are alveoli?They are the terminal diverticula of the bronchial tree, that is, they are the grape-like out-pouchings located at the ends of the bronchioles, in which gas exchange takes place between the air that was inhaled and the blood.
That is, these are similar to bags, where the body manages to get the oxygen it needs for its operation and through the same opening, the gases enter and leave the pulmonary alveoli.
Therefore, we can conclude that according to the research, the correct option is alveoli, the grape-like out-pouchings located at the ends of the respiratory bronchioles are called alveoli.
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what are biomolecules
(*´ω`*)
Explanation:
Definition: A biomolecule is a chemical compound found in living organisms. These include chemicals that are composed of mainly carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, sulfur and phosphorus. Biomolecules are the building blocks of life and perform important functions in living organisms
The biological species concept emphasizes the ability of individuals to ______________.
The biological species concept emphasizes the ability of two individuals to successfully produce viable, fertile offspring.
The Biological Species Concept defines a species taxon as a group of organisms that can successfully interbreed and produce fertile offspring.
According to that concept, a species' integrity is maintained by interbreeding within a species as well as by reproductive barriers between organisms in different species.
The biological species concept (BSC) was designed to aid understanding of biological diversity, particularly the ubiquitous observation that sexually reproducing organisms exist in more or less distinct phenotypic and genetic clusters rather than in a continuum of forms.
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Place the following australopithecines in the chronological order in which they likely lived, from oldest to most recent.
Australopithecus anamensis, Australopithecus afarensis, Australopithecus garhi, Australopithecus sediba .
What is the oldest australopithecine?Au. anamensis, the earliest Australopithecus species, was found in northern Kenya, close to Lake Turkana, in Kanapoi and Allia Bay. After examining solitary teeth, upper and lower jaws, skull pieces, and tibia bones discovered at the discovery locations, the species was initially described in 1995.At least seven species of australopithecines are now generally recognized, including Australopithecus afarensis.What are the 7 stages of human evolution?The following are the stages of human evolution:
Dryopithecus- These are deemed to be the ancestors of both man and apes.Ramapithecus.Homo Erectus.Homo Sapiens Neanderthalensis.Homo Sapiens Sapiens.Learn more about australopithecines
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!! What is labeled "A" on the chart?
Answer:
can you put the chart
Explanation:
not enough information
The ________ is most commonly found in nature.
The wild-type trait is the most commonly found in nature.
What is wild-type trait?Wild-type trait is defined as the type of trait that is mostly the phenotype of an organism that is abundant in nature.
Examples of wild-type trait are:
orange and black tigers are the wild type and albino tigers are the mutant typeBlack and brown rats are the wild type while the albino rats are the mutants.Learn more about mutation here:
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What types of cells are the primary targets of the healthy immune system? select all that apply.
Infectious, foreign, or cancerous cells are the primary targets of a healthy immune system.
White blood cells also known as leukocytes, play a vital role in the immune system. Immune cells are developed from stem cells in the bone marrow and can be divided into different types. Neutrophils, eosinophils, basophils, mast cells, monocytes, macrophages, dendritic cells, natural killer cells, and lymphocytes all are types of white blood cells.
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Label the parts of the stem using the arrows provided.
For each structure indicated in the diagram, identify its name and function in the stem
system.
Monocot primary stem is composed of several vascular boundaries immerse in the parenchymatous tissue. A: Epidermis. B: Fundamental tissue/Parenchimatous tissue. C: Phloem. D: Xylem.
What are the elements composing the monocot stem primary structure?
The primary structure of monocot stems has several vascular bundles distributed in the parenchyma tissue.
Parenchyma / Fundamenta tissue
This is the fundamental tissue. Since monocots have bundles dispersed everywhere, it is difficult to differentiate the medulla and the cortex.
The fundamental tissue is composed of several parenchymatous cells. that store food.
Epidermis
This is a single-celled layer of parenchymatous cells.
It protects the stem, and is closely associated with the cuticle.
Hypodermis
The hypodermis is located just below the epidermis. It is constituted of more than one parenchymatous cell layer.
It provides mechanical strength to the stem.
Vascular bundles
These are made of xylem and phloem cells. Their arrangement in bundles is always the same:
- Xylem faces the interior of the stem,
- Phloem is facing the exterior.
Vascular bundles are located everywhere in the stem
they are smaller and closer to each other in the outermost area. they are larger and more separated near the center of the stem
Phloem
Composed of sieve tubes and companion cells.
Its function is to transport photosynthetic products to different parts of the plant where they are being used or stored.
Xylem
Composed of metaxylem vessels and protoxylem vessels.
These vessels transport water and nutrients from the ground to the whole plant.
According to this information, the correct labels are,
A → Epidermis
B → Fundamental tissue. Parenchima tissue.
C → Phloem
D → Xylem
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choose all of the correct answers. the mechanisms through which evolution takes place are related to a set of processes that include:
fossils
mutation
natural selection
adaptation
generations
extinction
Answer:
Mutation, natural selection, adaption, extinction
Explanation:
I could be wrong but I'm pretty sure these are the main stages of evolution
In a hardy-weinberg population with two alleles, a and a, that are in equilibrium, the frequency of the allele a is 0. 3. What is the frequency of individuals that are homozygous for this allele?.
Here, given-
homozygous alleles 'a' have a frequency of 0.3.
Also the alleles are in equilibrium in a Hardy-Weinberg population. The frequency of individuals that are homozygous for this allele are= 0.49.
The Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium can be defined as the principle which states that the variation in the genetic makeup of a population remains constant and unchanged till there are no external interferences, influencing the population.
Calculation-
[tex]p + q= 1\\0.3 + q= 1\\q= 1- 0.3\\q= 0.7\\[/tex]
Then to find the frequency of the individuals homozygous for this allele the following formula needs to be used-
[tex]p^{2} + 2pq + q^{2} = 1\\Here,\\p^{2}= dominant homozygous frequency\\2pq= heterozygous frequency\\q^{2}= recessive homozygous frequency\\[/tex]
Thus, the individuals homozygous for the allele can be calculated by-
[tex]q^{2} = (0.7)^{2} \\q^{2}= 0.49[/tex]
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Making a college choice is an example of which kind of genotype-environment effect as proposed by scarr & mccartney?
a. passive
b. evocative
c. active
d. subtractive
Making a college choice is an example of an evocative genotype.
The answer is option B.evocative
Evocative genotype-surroundings correlation refers to how the social environment reacts to individuals primarily based on their inherited traits. as an example, whether one has an extra outgoing or shy temperament will affect how he or she is dealt with by way of others.
Evocative (or reactive) genotype–surroundings correlation refers to the association between an individual's genetically inspired behavior and others' reactions to that behavior.
Active genotype-environment correlation occurs whilst people are searching for out environments that help their genetic dispositions. that is also known as the area of interest selected. For instance, kids who're musically inclined are looking for music instruction and opportunities that facilitate their natural musical capacity.
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Permeability is _____ . Select one: a. the ability of a solid to allow fluids to pass through b. the process by which plants release water vapor to the atmosphere c. the amount of water vapor in the air relative to the maximum amount of water vapor the air can hold. d. the percentage of pore space in the rock
Answer:
A. The ability of a solid to allow fluids to pass throughExplanation:
Greetings !Permeability of cell membrane refers to the ease with which a molecule can pass through a cell membrane. It is the rate at which the passive diffusion occurs through the membrane.
A solid's permeability refers to its capacity to permit the passage of fluids. As a result, option A is the right response.
A substance's permeability, such as that of rocks, is determined by how easily liquids can pass through it. Fluids can move through the porous material's network of interconnected spaces because of this property.
It is the speed at which the membrane's passive diffusion takes place. It is vital to the movement of fluids through porous media, such as the movement of groundwater in aquifers or of oil through rock formations.
As a result, permeability is the quality of a material that allows a fluid to pass through it. Option A offers the right response.
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Which instrument is designed to remove supragingival calculus from anterior teeth?
Periodontal curettes instrument is designed to remove supragingival calculus from anterior teeth.
What is periodontal curette ?
Periodontal curettes have a rounded back and toe, one face, and one or two cutting edges. They are often the tool of choice for removing supragingival calculi. When doing nonsurgical periodontal therapy as part of a patient's oral hygiene care, universal and Gracey curettes are frequently employed.
What type of instrument is periodontal curette ?
ultrasound instruments The main kind of treatment for eliminating plaque and calculus is ultrasound technology. These power-driven devices oscillate at incredibly fast rates, creating tiny vibrations that help eliminate calculus and subgingival plaque.
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HELP!
Which characteristics do all bony and jawless fish have in common? Check all that apply.
backbone
swim bladder
scales
gills
bony skeleton
The bony skeleton and gills are common in bony and jawless fishes
Both cartilaginous and bony fish have an endoskeleton. bony fish and fish with cartilage both have gills for breathing. bony fish and fish with cartilage both have jaws in their mouths. Fish with bony bones and fish with cartilage both have paired fins. They are unable to regulate their internal body temperature.
Their core body temperature is comparable to the ambient temperature. The majority of jawless fish have paired gill chambers, sometimes as many as seven, and a cartilage-based skeleton. Bony fish have gills on the sides of their heads and are scale-covered. While jawed fish ventilate their gills unidirectionally, with water streaming in at the mouth and out over the gills, the jawless fish ventilate their gill pouches with tidal water flow.
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Unlike other saturated fatty acids, the specific types of saturated fatty acids in coconut oil may _______ blood levels of hdl cholesterol.
Unlike other saturated fatty acids, the specific types of saturated fatty acids in coconut oil may increase blood levels of HDL cholesterol.
What is saturated fatty acids?Fatty acids are found in many plants and animals and they abound as part of out diet such as in butter fat, meat fat etc. These are the fatty acids that are composed only of a long chain of carbon atoms that do not contain multiple bonds.
We can classify fatty acids as saturated or unsaturated based on the presence or the absence of the multiple carbon bonds on the molecular structure of the compound.
Hence, unlike other saturated fatty acids, the specific types of saturated fatty acids in coconut oil may increase blood levels of HDL cholesterol.
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