In cell signalling, after a signal is sent, signal molecules bind to receptors on target cells and some activity in a target cell changes.
There are three stages in cell signalling :
1. The process of reception occurs when a signalling molecule from the extracellular environment is recognized by a cell. The chemical signal, which is also known as a ligand, is recognized as a signal when it attaches to a receptor protein either on the exterior of the cell or on the interior of the cell.
2. Transduction: This process occurs when the signalling molecule interacts with the receptor, which causes a change in the protein that makes up the receptor. The process of transduction is kicked off by this modification. In most cases, signal transduction occurs through a pathway that consists of numerous stages. The signal transduction route contains relay molecules, each of which influences the subsequent molecule in the pathway.
3. Reaction: In the third and last step, the signal causes a certain cellular response.
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The responses observed in type IV hypersensitivities result from the action of IgG and complement. autoantibodies. IgE antibodies and mast cells. T cells and phagocytes. inflammatory chemicals.
The responses observed in type IV hypersensitivities result from the action of T cells and phagocytes.
Hypersensitivity IV type, also called delayed-type hypersensitivity (DTH), involves T cell-antigen interactions that cause activation and secretion of cytokines. This type of hypersensitivity requires sensitized lymphocytes that respond 24–48 hours after exposure to soluble antigens. A type IV hypersensitivity reaction is a cell-mediated reaction that can occur in response to contact with certain allergens, resulting in what is called contact dermatitis, or in response to certain diagnostic procedures such as the tuberculin skin test. Certain allergens need to be avoided to treat this condition. Type IV hypersensitivity response is observed results from the action of T cells and macrophages while other types are mediated by antibodies. This reaction occurs at least 1–3 days after the initial exposure. Type IV hypersensitivity is the mechanism of many autoimmune disorders.
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The Fluid Mosaic Model accounts for the presence of protein in the cell membrane by proposing that
A. the phospholipid bilayer is between two layers of protein.
OB. the Fluid Mosaic Model cannot account for why proteins are found.
OC. proteins are embedded in the phospholipid bilayer.
OD. the protein is inside the cell.
The mosaic fluid model explains that membranes are composed of a lipidic bilayer and proteins embedded in them. Option C.
What is the fluid Mosaic Model?
The model explains that two lipidic layers compose the cell membrane, with proteins and glucans embedded in between.
Lipids are arranged with their hydrophilic heads facing the exterior and the interior of the cells, while their hydrophobic tails are against each other, constituting the internal part of the membrane.
Two types of proteins compose the membrane,
• Integral proteins, permanently associated with the membrane.
• Periferic proteins, in the internal or external surface.
Proteins and lipids are distributed asymmetrically in the membrane. Proteins have a determined orientation, which is essential to accomplish their functions.
Membranes are fluid, meaning their molecules can move by
• Lateral diffusion in the same layer →This is passive diffusion.
• Transversally to the other layer → infrequent
• Rotational diffusion → rotation of the molecule.
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If you intend to place a block of statements within an if statement, you must place these around the block.
If you intend to place a block of statements within an if statement, you must place curly braces { }
What are Curly Braces?Curly brackets are found on the same keys as the open bracket [and close bracket] on U.S. keyboards. They are also known as an open brace, close brace, squiggly brackets, and floral brackets.
Curly brackets are used to encapsulate the rules that will be applied to the selected items and to follow a select or rule.
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A farm field that has used only inorganic fertilizer for the past 20 years is most likely to have A farm field that has used only inorganic fertilizer for the past 20 years is most likely to have:____.
a. more soil organisms, more soil structure, and increased nutrient holding capacity. b. more soil organisms, less soil structure, and decreased nutrient holding capacity. c. fewer soil organisms, less soil structure, and decreased nutrient holding capacity. d. fewer soil organisms and less soil structure but increased nutrient holding capacity.
Answer:
Fewer soil organisms, less soil structure, and decreased nutrient holding capacity.
For the next two problems, assume that you have type A blood and are heterozygous for this characteristic (AO). List all potential genotypes and phenotypes in the population, even if the % is zero
All potential genotypes and phenotypes in the population are ;
AA, AB, BB, AO, BO, OO.The phenotypes are type A,
type B, type AB, type O.This is further explained below.
What are phenotypes?Generally, the collection of observable traits that make up a person and are the product of their genetics and environment interacting.
In conclusion, The genetic make-up of an organism is what is meant when the word "genotype" is used in a general sense.
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Differentiate between osmosis and active transport (4 marks)
Osmosis is the diffusion of water molecules down a concentration gradient through a semi-permeable membrane. Active transport is the movement of a substance against a concentration gradient.
What is Osmosis?Osmosis is the automatic net movement or diffusion of solvent molecules through a selectively-permeable membrane from a part of high water possibility (region of lower solute concentration) to parts of low water potential (region of higher solute concentration), in the order that tends to equalize the solute concentrations on the two sides.
It may also describe a physical process in which any solvent moves across a selectively absorptive membrane (permeable to the solvent, but not the solute) by dividing two explanations of different concentrations. Osmosis can be created to do work. Osmotic pressure is described as the external pressure required to be involved so that there is no net motion of solvent across the membrane. Osmotic pressure is a colligative property, suggesting that the osmotic pressure depends on the molar concentration of the solute though not on its individuality.
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The common ancestors of birds and mammals were very early (stem) reptiles, which almost certainly possessed 3-chambered hearts. Birds and mammals, however, are alike in having 4-chambered hearts. The 4 chambered hearts of birds and mammals are best described as
The common ancestors of birds and mammals were very early (stem) reptiles, which almost certainly possessed 3-chambered hearts. Birds and mammals, however, are alike in having 4-chambered hearts. The 4 chambered hearts of birds and mammals are best described as homoplasies.
What about homoplasies?It is more frequently a modified version of an inherited characteristic. For instance, the scales that were already present in its reptilian parent led to the evolution of feathers in birds. Similar to reptiles, mammals developed fur from their predecessors' scales. The same set of data can typically yield more than one potential cladogram.Different species of legged lizards developed into snakes and lizards with limbless bodies.Natural selection does not affect a sizable number of mutations.They came to the conclusion that reptiles, birds, and mammals all descended from the same ancient reptilian progenitor.
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All cells in __________ epithelium reach the basement membrane, but only cells that reach the free surface have cilia.
All cells in the ciliated columnar epithelium reach the basement membrane, but only cells that reach the free surface have cilia.
What is an epithelium?An epithelium is a specialized layer of cells that play different roles in the organism (e.g., transport of substances, digestion, etc).
Epithelia are one of the four types of tissues that form the body, which also include connective tissue, muscle tissue, and nervous tissue.
The ciliated columnar epithelium is a special class of epithelium that contain cilia that are used to move substances across their cellular surfaces.
In conclusion, all cells in the ciliated columnar epithelium reach the basement membrane, but only cells that reach the free surface have cilia.
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Which is the synthetic equivalent of corticosteroids produced by the adrenal glands?
Fludrocortisone is a synthetic mineralocorticoid produced by the adrenal glands. Synthetic corticosteroids are exogenous analogues of naturally occurring glucocorticoids and mineral corticoids produced by the adrenal glands.
Corticosteroids are natural hormones made by the adrenal cortex which are important for maintaining good health. There are two types of corticosteroids, the glucocorticoids and the mineralocorticoids. The major corticosteroids are aldosterone and cortisol and they are secreted from the adrenal cortex .The major adrenal hormones are synthesized at different locations of adrenal cortex like glucocorticoids (particularly cortisol) is made in the zona fasciculata (ZF), androgens and estrogens in the zona reticularis (ZR), and aldosterone in the zona glomerulosa (ZG).
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One evidence supporting punctuated equilibrium?
Answer: it indicated macroevolution will typically involve cladogenesis, rather than anagenetic modification of populations
Explanation:
PLEASE ANSWER QUICK
What makes eukaryotes different from prokaryotes?
Multicellularity
All of the choices
Highly Organized Cell Interior
Sexual Reproduction
Answer:Scientists believe that eukaryotes evolved from prokaryotes around 2.7 billion years ago. The primary distinction between these two types of organisms is that eukaryotic cells have a membrane-bound nucleus and prokaryotic cells do not.
Explanation:
Which of these is a hazard of commercial fishing?
A. a drop in the water table
B. reduced demand for seafood
C. injury from machinery
D. increased biodiversity
The injury from machinery is a hazard of commercial fishing.
What does commercial fishing mean?Commercial fishing is the activity of catching fish and other seafood for profit, particularly among wild species. It supplies a large amount of food around the world, but those who practice it as an industry sometimes look for long conditions from the ocean's limits, in adversaries.
If any damage to machinery occurs, it will end commercial fishing, causing deaths and oil in the seas.
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A large forest fire burns in Canada, dropping black carbon on Greenland. Which of the following is true
In the case of the large forest fire burns in Canada, the option that is known to be true is option B: . The Greenland glaciers will melt faster.
How do wildfires affect glaciers?A new study has shown that the exposure of glaciers to any kinds of wildfire smoke can lead to the glaciers melting faster than normal.
Note that this often affects mountain runoff that gives the main freshwater resources for all of life downstream.
Hence, In the case of the large forest fire burns in Canada, the option that is known to be true is option B: . The Greenland glaciers will melt faster.
A large forest fire burns in Canada, dropping black carbon on Greenland. Which of the following is true?
A. The Greenland glaciers will be protected from melting as the ash will insulate the ice.
B. The Greenland glaciers will melt faster.
C. The black carbon will not affect the Greenland glaciers.
D. It is unknown as to what effect the black carbon would have on the Greenland glaciers.
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Which biomolecules are responsible for the brilliant coloring of anoxygenic phototrophs (e.g., some are bright orange, pink, or red)
carotenoids biomolecules are responsible for colouring anoxygenic autotrophs.
what are autotrophs ?
A primary producer, also referred as an autotroph, is an organism that uses energy from light or inorganic chemical reactions to create complex organic compounds from simple ones.
what do you mean by anoxygenic ?
anoxygenic means, when photosynthetic takes place without oxygen.
what are biomolecules ?
A chemical substance that is present in life forms is termed as biomolecule. The building blocks of life, biomolecules play critical role in all life forms.
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There are an estimated 12,600 spiders in a region of 525 square meters. how many spiders are there per square meter?
There are 24 spiders per square meter.
The largest population that an ecosystem is able to support indefinitely with the resources that it possesses is referred to as the "maximum load" by population biologists. This number is referred to as the carrying capacity of the ecosystem. The carrying capacity of an ecosystem is determined by a wide variety of biotic and abiotic factors.
The population density is calculated by the formulae :
Population density = Number of people / Total area occupied
Given in the question,
Number of people = 12,600
Total area = 525 sq. meter
Therefore, population density = 12600/525
= 24
Therefore, the number of spiders found per square meter is 24.
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6. What type of energy do missiles have? b. Nuclear a. Chemical d. Thermal
Answer:
Explanation:
nuclear energy
Answer:nuclear
Explanation:
Germany has a population of 82,217,800. If there are 636,854 births, 827,155 deaths, 684,862 immigrants, and 680,766 emigrants, what is the new population?
A. 82,027,499
B. 82,316,181
C. 82,031,595
D. 1,962,666
Answer:
C. 82,031,595
Explanation:
82,217,800 + 636,854 - 827,155 + 684,862 - 680,766 = 82,031,595
A client undergoes cerebral angiography for evaluation of a subarachnoid hemorrhage. which findings indicate spasm or occlusion of a cerebral vessel by a clot?
Hemiplegia, seizures, and decreased level of consciousness are the findings which indicate spasm or occlusion of a cerebral vessel by a clot.
The spasm or occlusion of a cerebral vessel by a clot leads to symptoms similar to those of a stroke.
The subarachnoid hemorrhage may occur as a complication type of a stroke called a hemorrhagic stroke, or bleeding inside the brain.
The hemiplegia, seizures, decreased level of consciousness, aphasia, hemiparesis, and increased focal symptoms.
Therefore, nausea, vomiting, and profuse sweating suggest a delayed reaction to the contrast medium used in cerebral angiography. The difficulty in breathing or swallowing may signal a hematoma in the neck. Tachycardia, tachypnea, and hypotension suggest internal hemorrhage.
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A continuous sampler that collects or traps airborne particles onto a filter for analysis is what?
A continuous sampler that collects or traps airborne particles onto a filter for analysis is DFU.
The full form of DFU is dry filter unit and it is a biological agent detection technologies. The biological agent detector equipment are field kits and assays that are used to discriminate biological agent from harmless biological and non-biological material present in the environment or the sample. Biological agents include bacteria,viruses, fungi, other microorganism and their associated toxins.
The Joint Biological Point Detection System (JBPDS) was created to prevent big attacks, it identifies in advance any evidence of aerosolized biological warfare agents, and be able to start a medical treatment.
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What can you conclude from the fact that DNA analysis of all chloroplasts reveals that they are monophyletic
The conclusion drawn from the fact that DNA analysis of all chloroplasts reveals that they are monophyletic is Endosymbiosis of the same species of cyanobacteria occurred multiple times in cells that evolved into red, green, and brown algae.
Most scientists agree that non-photosynthetic eukaryotic hosts originally acquired photosynthetic prokaryotic endosymbionts, which led to the formation of plastids. It is also acknowledged that non-photosynthetic eukaryote hosts frequently took on photosynthetic eukaryotes as endosymbionts in order to create secondary plastids.
It is shown that primordial plastids had a single, or "monophyletic," genesis. The red, green, and glaucophyte plastids are thought to belong to a single group, either as a subgroup of oxygenic photosynthetic prokaryotes or as a sister group, according to the monophyletic hypothesis of plastid genesis.
Therefore,Endosymbiosis of the same species of cyanobacteria occurred multiple times in cells that evolved into red, green, and brown algae.
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This linked dataset Links to an external site. Lists body masses in kilograms for 20 mammal species, and their corresponding base metabolic rate in Watts. Copy the data into your preferred spreadsheet program, perform a natural log transform of both the base metabolic rates and the body masses of the mammals to improve the linear relationship, and then perform a linear regression on the data using the trendline feature. Use the linear regression equation to estimate (based on these data) what the base metabolic rate of a human of 40.57 kilograms is likely to be.
Some hints and suggestions: • Remember that your variables have been transformed, so you will need to account for this as you find the base rate in Watts. • When answering, input only digits, with no spaces, and round to two decimal places. 1 Mammal Size (kg) Base Metabolism (Watts) 2 4.67 11.57 3 1.02 2.56 4 0.206 0.73 5 0.19 0.86 6 0.105 0.55 7 0.3 1.1 8 61.235 61.16 9 0.2615 1.2 10 1.039 2.93 11 0.061 0.42 12 0.2615 1.2 13 127.006 105.34 14 70 82.78 15 2.33 4.2 16 1.3 1.73 17 9.5 16.05 18 1.011 2.07 19 0.225 1.3 20 0.8 4.39 21 102.058 89.55
The linear regression equation shows that the base metabolic rate of a human of 40.57 kilograms is likely to be 9.557.
How to explain the information?It should be noted that regression simply means a set of statistical process that is used for the estimation of the relationship between the dependent variable and the independent variable. In the linear regression, it should be noted that the slope is the a that van be seen on the linear equation y = a + bx.
Based on the information given, it should be noted that for the human with a metabolic rate of 40.57 kilograms, the natural log will simply be:
x = In(40.57)
x = 1.6082
Therefore, the natural log for the metabolism rate will be:
Y = a + bx
Y = 1.0648 + (0.74148x)
Y = 1.0648 + (0.74148 × 1.6082)
Y = 1.0648 + 1.1925
Y = 2.2573
Then, we'll then take the inverse log of the above value which will be 9.557.
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Psl 250 what happens when baroreceptors in your carotid arteries detect elevated blood pressure:________
Increase in arterial blood pressure will result in an increased rate of impulse firing.
When baroreceptors in your carotid arteries detect elevated blood pressure, it activates the baroreceptors resulting in increased firing of action potentials with the rapidity proportional to the degree of mechanical stretch.
Stretching of the baroreceptors as a result of increased blood pressure causes an increase in the activity of the vagal nerve by projection to the nucleus ambiguus. It also causes inhibition of the sympathetic outflow and ultimately leads to decreased heart rate and blood pressure.
Baroreceptor activity increases with a rise in arterial BP but declines over time if the acute hypertension is maintained.
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Biosecurity includes actions and planning to prevent unauthorized?
Biosecurity includes actions and planning to prevent unauthorized entry into laboratories, removal or misuse of microbiological agents or hazardous agents
What is Biosecurity?Biosecurity refers to the protection and accountability of highly sensitive and mostly lethal biological agents and toxins in order to prevent them from exposure to the general public.
Biological toxins must be properly labelled and sealed so as to avoid inadvertent exposure. These toxins pose immense and immediate health risks to individuals exposed to them.
Action and planning is therefore required to ensure these biological agents are properly secured and to prevent unauthorized access, removal or exposure to biological hazardous agents.
Maximum security laboratories are often used to test and experiment with these biohazards.
In conclusion, biosecurity ensures that individuals without authorized access do not come in contact wuty biohazards.
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Anthrax is characterized by all of the following except: a. cutaneous is the most common form b. respiratory anthrax has the least mortality rate c. causative is Bacillus anthracis d. diagnosed by cultured blood or smears from cutaneous lesions
b. respiratory anthrax has the least mortality rate .
What is anthrax infection?Anthrax is a serious infectious disease caused by gram-positive, rod-shaped bacteria known as Bacillus anthracis. Animals both domestic and wild are frequently impacted worldwide by this natural occurrence in soil. If people come into contact with diseased animals or contaminated animal products, they could become ill with anthrax.
The most harmful effects of anthrax include damage to numerous organ systems as a result of your body's inability to respond to infection correctly (sepsis) inflammation of the fluid and membranes that surround the brain and spinal cord, which can cause fatal hemorrhagic meningitis and severe bleeding. Some anthrax infections occur when people breathe in the spores of the bacteria.
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Calories from saturated fats and/or added sugars in foods that have little or no nutritional value, such as sausages and ice cream, are called:.
Calories from saturated fats and/or added sugars in foods that have little or no nutritional value, such as sausages and ice cream, are called Empty Calories.
Calories can be defined as the amount of energy extracted from the food which an individual eats throughout the day. According to dietary guidelines, a young person [20-25 years old] must intake between 1,600 and 3,000 calories per day.
Foods such as sausages, ice cream, pizza, and soft drinks have a high amount of empty calories because solid fats and added sugars are used in their manufacturing to add flavors and make the food more appealing but they have no nutritional value.
The amount of empty calories a person intakes should be decreased by avoiding such food items and drinks.
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11. In plant cells grown in the presence of a metabolic poison that specifically inhibits mitochondrial F1ATP synthase, one would expect:
In plant cells grown in the presence of a metabolic poison that specifically inhibits mitochondrial F1ATP synthase, one would expect: An increase in the pH difference across the inner mitochondrial membrane.
The electron transport chain can no longer pump electrons into the intermembrane space. The pH of the intermembrane space would increase, lowering the pH gradient and stopping ATP synthesis. The function of ATP synthase is to form ATP from ADP and inorganic phosphate (Pi) in the F1 sector. This is possible due to the energy derived from the gradient of protons that cross the inner mitochondrial membrane from the intermembrane space into the matrix via the Fo part of the enzyme.
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A chronic disease characterized by the continued use of a drug regardless of its harmful consequences is ___________________________.
A chronic disease characterized by the continued use of a drug regardless of its harmful consequences is addiction.
Addiction is a chronic illness marked by compulsive, or uncontrollable, drug or alcohol seeking and use despite negative effects and potentially long-lasting alterations in the brain. The negative behaviours exhibited by drug or alcohol users may result from these changes in the brain. Addiction is a relapsing illness as well. Relapse is the act of using again after making an effort to stop. The brain regions responsible for motivation, learning, and behaviour regulation are all impacted by addiction.
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When the atmosphere in the jar is free of oxygen, what color will the indicator strip be?
White color will be shown on the indicator strip. In the absence of oxygen, it turns from blue to colorless.
In the absence of oxygen, it produces anaerobic conditions in the jar as time passes. After approximately one hour, it starts producing anaerobic conditions in the jar.
And moisture starts developing in the jar and also indicator strip starts to change its color. The color of the indicator strip is from blue to colorless means white color.
When the color turns colorless then it is proof that the jar was able to strongly reach an anaerobic state.
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Two solutions with similar solute concentrations are separated by a membrane that only water can pass through. One solution (B) is of greater volume than the other (A). What do you think will happen over time? Briefly explain your reasoning in 1-2 sentences including the solute concentration (increase/decrease) and final volume level (higher /tower) for A vs. B in your answer
If a container is divided into two compartments by membrane, both compartments are filled with a solution A an B having similar solute concentration, and a solution B is having higher volume. As the solutions are of same concentration there is no osmosis between two solutions separated by a semipermeable membrane, they are said to be isotonic.
In this situation, water can freely pass the membrane without affecting the solute concentration on either side. Thus over a time both solution A and B will have no change in solute concentration and the level of solution B will be equilibrated with solution A.
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Which muscles are assessed for flexibility with the sling test?
Sit and reach and other similar tests that require a person to flex the hip to touch the toes are the most common field tests of flexibility. Such tests are designed to assess low-back and upper hamstring.
Your muscle or myofascial slings consist of different types of soft tissue including muscles, fascia and ligaments that are interconnected to one another to provide stability and mobility. This sling subsystem is a set of muscles that runs from your feet to your hips to your core to your arms. Your body has several slings, and learning the exercises that train them can help you build real-world strength and athleticism. The posterior oblique sling consists of the latissimus dorsi muscle, the opposite side gluteus maximus muscle, and the interconnecting thoracolumbar fascia.
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