In the stepwise formation of [Cu(NH3)4]2 from [Cu(H2O)4]2, [Cu(NH3)4]2+ is formed in the second step.
A coordination compound is formed by the combination of a central metal ion or atom and one or more ligands. The central metal ion or atom is typically positively charged, and the ligands are generally negatively charged or uncharged molecules or ions that have at least one electron pair accessible for coordination.
The coordination complex is represented by a square bracket around the central metal ion, and the ligands are connected to it with a comma.Copper(II) sulfate (CuSO4) is a well-known example of a coordination compound. The Cu2+ ion is the central metal ion, and the four H2O molecules are the ligands in this case. It is represented as [Cu(H2O)4]2+.
In the stepwise formation of [Cu(NH3)4]2 from [Cu(H2O)4]2, the following steps are involved:In the first step, four H2O molecules are replaced by four NH3 molecules. The product of this step is [Cu(NH3)4(H2O)2]2+.The second step is the replacement of the remaining two H2O molecules by NH3.
This step produces the desired [Cu(NH3)4]2+ coordination compound.In short, the copper ion in [Cu(H2O)4]2+ loses two H2O molecules and gains four NH3 molecules, forming [Cu(NH3)4(H2O)2]2+. Then, two more H2O molecules are replaced by NH3, resulting in the formation of [Cu(NH3)4]2+. Therefore, [Cu(NH3)4]2+ is formed in the second step.
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An object is fired vertically upward with an initial velocity v(0) v from an initial position s(0) sn. Answer parts a and b below. a. For vo 68.6 m/s and so 30 m, find the position and velocity functions for all times at which the object is above the ground The velocity function is v(t) The position function is s(t) b. Find the time at which the highest point of the trajectory is reached and the height of the object at that time. The time at which the highest point of the trajectory is reached is at (Type an integer or a decimal.) The height of the object at the highest point of the trajectory is (Type an integer or a decimal.) S. m. Enter your answer in each of the answer boxes.
a. The position function when the initial velocity 68.6 m/s is s(t)=s0+v0t-1/2gt2.
b. The highest point is 151.2m.
a. the velocity and position functions for an object fired vertically upward with an initial velocity of 68.6 m/s and an initial position of 30 m can be found using the equations v(t)=v0-gt and s(t)=s0+v0t-1/2gt2. Here, v0 is the initial velocity, s0 is the initial position, g is the acceleration due to gravity (9.8 m/s2), and t is time.
b. the time at which the highest point of the trajectory is reached can be found by setting the velocity to 0 and solving for t in the equation v(t)=v0-gt. This yields a time of t=v0/g. For the given initial velocity of 68.6 m/s, this yields t=6.97 s. The height of the object at the highest point of the trajectory is found by substituting t into the equation s(t)=s0+v0t-1/2gt2. For the given initial position of 30 m and initial velocity of 68.6 m/s, this yields s(6.97) = 30+68.6*6.97-1/2*9.8*6.97^2 = 151.2 m.
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How much water can be heated 20.0 °C with 1,000.0 J of heat energy?
Answer:
The amount of water that can be heated by 1,000.0 J of heat energy depends on the mass of water and the specific heat capacity of water.
Assuming the water is at an initial temperature of 20.0°C, we can use the formula:
Q = mcΔT
Where:
Q = heat energy (Joules)
m = mass of water (in grams)
c = specific heat capacity of water (4.184 J/g°C)
ΔT = change in temperature (final temperature - initial temperature)
Rearranging the formula to solve for the mass of water:
m = Q / (c*ΔT)
Plugging in the given values:
m = 1000 J / (4.184 J/g°C * (final temperature - 20.0°C))
Assuming the final temperature is 100.0°C (the boiling point of water at standard pressure), the calculation becomes:
m = 1000 J / (4.184 J/g°C * (100.0°C - 20.0°C))
m = 1000 J / (4.184 J/g°C * 80.0°C)
m = 2.39 grams
Therefore, 1,000.0 J of heat energy can heat 2.39 grams of water from 20.0°C to 100.0°C.
When the hydronium ion concentration of a solution is increased
by a factor of 10, the pH value of the solution
(1) decreases 1 pH unit
(2) decreases 10 pH units
(3) increases 1 pH unit
(4) increases 10 pH units
Answer:
The correct answer is:
(1) decreases 1 pH unit
A black precipitate formed when 1 mL of .1 M Pb(NO3)2 was mixed with 1 mL of .1 M NaS. Write the chemical formula of the solid formed and determine the spectator ions.
The reaction between 1 mL of 0.1 M Pb(NO3)2 and 1 mL of 0.1 M NaS would form a black precipitate. The chemical formula of the solid formed is PbS, and the spectator ions are Pb2+ and S2-.
Pb(NO3)2 + NaS → PbS + NaNO3
Pb2+(aq) + 2NO3-(aq) + Na+(aq) + S2-(aq) → PbS(s) + Na+(aq) + 2NO3-(aq)
In the above equation, Pb2+ and S2- are the spectator ions because they remain unchanged throughout the reaction and exist in the same form on both sides of the equation.
The black precipitate that forms is PbS, which is an insoluble compound. The reaction is driven to completion because the ions on the left side of the equation are completely used up in the reaction and are not present in the solution after the reaction is complete.
In conclusion, when 1 mL of 0.1 M Pb(NO3)2 and 1 mL of 0.1 M NaS are mixed, a black precipitate is formed. The chemical formula of the solid formed is PbS, and the spectator ions are Pb2+ and S2-.
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Can some please help with the picture below
The completed table of maximum moles of water, limiting reactant and excess reactant is as follows:
Q: 6 moles, O₂, 1 mole H₂
R: 6 moles, O₂, 2 moles H₂
S: 5 moles, none, none
T: 5 moles, H₂, 2.5 moles O₂
U: 8 moles, H₂, 2 moles O₂
What is the mole ratio of the reaction of hydrogen and oxygen to form water?The mole ratio of the reaction of hydrogen and oxygen to form water is obtained from the equation of the reaction.
The equation of the reaction is given below:
2 H₂ + O₂ --> 2 H₂O
The mole ratio of hydrogen to oxygen is 2:1 in both the water molecule and the reactants, hydrogen gas (H2) and oxygen gas, as can be seen from the balanced equation (O2).
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Need BIO help with both questions
Answer:
6. The light being reflected off changes the color shown
7. The bottom, the sugar looses its positive charge
Explanation:
A person takes a complicated switchback trail to the top of a mountain. For which of the following cases would the person end up with the same potential energy or height?
Select one or more:
a.Parachuting out of a plane and ending up at the top of the mountain.
b.Teleporting to the top of the mountain (use Star Trek technology).
c.Climbing half way up, going down, and climbing half way up again.
d.Directly scaling to the top of the mountain.
D. Directly scaling to the top of the mountain. The person would end up with the same potential energy or height regardless of the method they use to reach the top of the mountain because the end result is the same: they are at the top.
What is potential energy?Potential energy is energy that is stored in an object due to its position relative to other objects, stresses within itself, electric charge, or other factors. When the object is moved or the stresses are released, energy is converted to kinetic energy, which is the energy of a moving object.
Therefore, if they take the switchback trail, parachute out of a plane, teleport using Star Trek technology, or directly scale to the top, they will have the same potential energy or height by the time they reach the top.
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Which of the following elements has the smallest value of IE1?
Select the correct answer below:
Na
Mg
Al
Cl
Na, or sodium, is the right response. Among the listed elements, sodium has the lowest IE1 value. The energy needed to remove one electron from a neutral atom when it is in the gaseous form is known as the first ionisation energy (IE1).
A soft, silvery-white, highly reactive metal that is a member of the periodic table's alkali metal family is sodium (Na). Its atomic mass is 22.99 and it has an atomic number of 11. Sodium is a crucial element used in many processes, such as making alloys, chemicals, and electrical parts. It is a frequent component of table salt (NaCl) and other nutritional sources and is also a necessary element for living things. In the human body, sodium regulates fluid balance, nerve transmission, and muscle contraction. However, consuming too much salt has been related to a number of illnesses, such as high blood pressure and cardiovascular disease.
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Answer question number 5
The notation provided appears to represent a nuclear reaction. Specifically, it represents the formation of radioactive carbon-14 in the upper atmosphere through the reaction of nitrogen-14 and a cosmic ray particle. The notation can be interpreted as follows:
- The symbol on the left side of the equation (Box+ eta mathcal PI ^ 9) represents a nitrogen-14 atom with a mass number of 14 and atomic number of 7 (since nitrogen has 7 protons). The superscript η indicates that the nitrogen atom is bombarded with a cosmic ray particle (represented by the box symbol) and undergoes a nuclear reaction. The subscript 9 indicates the total number of nucleons (protons and neutrons) in the nitrogen atom.
- The arrow in the middle of the equation (←) indicates that a nuclear reaction is taking place.
- The symbol on the right side of the equation (u I ^ 0 +N mathcal P I ^ L) represents a carbon-14 atom with a mass number of 14 and atomic number of 6 (since carbon has 6 protons) and a hydrogen atom. The superscript 0 indicates that the carbon atom is neutral (has no charge). The superscript L indicates that the carbon atom is radioactive and will decay over time.
Overall, the notation represents the nuclear reaction that occurs when a cosmic ray particle collides with a nitrogen-14 atom in the upper atmosphere, resulting in the formation of a carbon-14 atom and a hydrogen atom.
Based on the information about the heart, which of these best describes the relationship between tissues and organs?
In the circulatory system, the heart and blood vessels collaborate to move blood and the nutrients it carries around the body. The tissues in the heart include cardiac muscle tissue, connective tissue and so on.
How does the heart relate to tissues?Tissues are groups of similar cells that perform a common function, while organs are collections of tissues that work together to perform a specific function or set of functions. In the context of the heart, the tissues that make up the heart include cardiac muscle tissue, connective tissue, and nerve tissue, among others. These tissues work together to form the various structures of the heart, such as the chambers, valves, and blood vessels.
Therefore, the relationship between tissues and organs can be described as one where tissues form the building blocks of organs. Without the specialized functions of tissues, organs would not be able to perform their essential functions.
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Combination and decomposition reactions can be identified based on their typical characteristics. Which statements best describe the
characteristics of combination and decomposition reactions? Select all that apply.
D Combination reactions are typically exothermic and reactants are molecular compounds of single elements.
O Combination reactions are typically endothermic and the reactant is a compound with two or more elements.
Decomposition reactions are typically endothermic and the reactant is a compound with two or more elements.
Decomposition reactions are typically exothermic and reactants are molecular compounds of single elements.
The characteristics of combination and decomposition reactions are as follows:
Combination reactions are typically exothermic and reactants are molecular compounds of single elements (option A)Decomposition reactions are typically endothermic and the reactant is a compound with two or more elements (option C)What are combination and decomposition reaction?Combination reactions are chemical reaction where two or more elements or compounds combine to form a single compound.
Decomposition reaction is a reaction in which chemical species such as chemical compounds break up into simpler parts or elements. Usually, decomposition reactions require energy input i.e. endothermic.
Combination reactions give off energy as heat when compounds are formed by joining bonds i.e. they are exothermic.
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4. An aqueous solution contains NaNO and KBr The bromide ion is precipitated as AgBr by addition of AgNO. After an excess of the precipitating reagent has been added, a. what is the charge on the surface of the coagulated colloidal particles? b. what is the source of the charge? c. what ions make up the counter-ion layer?
The charge on the surface of the coagulated colloidal particles is negative.
The source of the charge is likely due to the dissociation of the sodium and potassium salts in water, which results in the formation of ions.
The counter-ion layer is composed of the cations that balance the charge on the negatively charged colloidal particles.
What is a Charge?Charge is a fundamental property of matter that describes the amount of electrical energy present in a particle, atom, or molecule. It is a property that can be either positive or negative and is measured in units of coulombs (C).
The charge of a particle can affect how it interacts with other charged particles. For example, particles with opposite charges are attracted to each other, while particles with the same charge repel each other. The interaction between charged particles is fundamental to many chemical and physical phenomena, such as electrostatic interactions, chemical bonding, and the behavior of electrical currents.
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A 0.036 M aqueous nitrous acid (HNO2) solution has an osmotic pressure of 0.93 atm at 25°C. Calculate the percent ionization of the acid.
The percent ionization of the nitrous acid in the 0.036 M aqueous solution is 2.1%.
How to calculate the percent ionization of the acid ?
The osmotic pressure (π) of a solution can be related to the molar concentration (M) of the solute and the temperature (T) of the solution by the following equation:
π = MRT
Where R is the gas constant.
We can use this equation to calculate the molar concentration of the nitrous acid solution:
M = π / RT
M = (0.93 atm) / (0.0821 L·atm/(mol·K) x 298 K)
M = 0.036 M
This is the molar concentration of the undissociated nitrous acid in the solution. To calculate the percent ionization of the acid, we need to know the concentration of the H+ and NO2- ions in the solution.
The balanced chemical equation for the dissociation of nitrous acid is:
HNO2(aq) ⇌ H+(aq) + NO2-(aq)
Let x be the extent of ionization of the nitrous acid. Then the concentration of H+ and NO2- ions can be expressed in terms of x as follows:
[H+] = x M
[NO2-] = x M
The concentration of the undissociated nitrous acid is (1-x)M.
The expression for the equilibrium constant (Ka) of the reaction can be written as:
Ka = [H+] [NO2-] / [HNO2]
Substituting the concentrations in terms of x, we get:
Ka = x^2M / (1-x)M
Simplifying the above equation, we get:
Ka = x^2 / (1-x)
The percent ionization of the acid is the fraction of the original HNO2 molecules that dissociate into H+ and NO2- ions. It can be calculated as follows:
% ionization = (concentration of H+ ions) / (initial concentration of HNO2) x 100
% ionization = (x M) / (M) x 100
% ionization = x x 100
Substituting the value of x from the above equation for Ka, we get:
Ka = x^2 / (1-x)
x = sqrt(Ka / (1+Ka))
We can calculate the value of Ka using the standard reference value of the acid dissociation constant (Ka) for nitrous acid at 25°C, which is 4.5 x 10^-4.
x = sqrt(4.5 x 10^-4 / (1+4.5 x 10^-4))
x = 0.021
% ionization = 0.021 x 100
% ionization = 2.1%
Therefore, the percent ionization of the nitrous acid in the 0.036 M aqueous solution is 2.1%.
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which of the following alkenes is most stabilized through hyperconjugation? select answer from the options below
The alkene that is most stabilized through hyperconjugation is 2-methylpropene. The correct option is (C).
Hyperconjugation is a type of resonance that involves the overlapping of an unshared electron pair on an atom, like carbon, with an adjacent sigma bond. In this case, the unshared electron pair on the methyl group of 2-methylpropene provides stabilization to the adjacent sigma bond, making it the most stabilized alkene through hyperconjugation.
The most stabilized alkene through hyperconjugation can be determined by analyzing the degree of substitution. The greater the number of alkyl groups attached to the carbon atoms of the double bond, the greater the degree of substitution and the greater the stability due to hyperconjugation. Hence, the answer to this question would be option C (2-methylpropene.), as it has the greatest degree of substitution and is thus the most stable through hyperconjugation.
Option A (1-butene) has only one methyl group attached to one carbon of the double bond, making it less stable than option C. Option B (2-butene) has two methyl groups attached to the same carbon atom of the double bond, resulting in a similar degree of substitution to option A. Option D (2-methyl-1-pentene) has a lesser degree of substitution than option C because the methyl group is attached to only one carbon atom of the double bond, while in option C, the methyl group is attached to a tertiary carbon atom.
Hence, option C , 2-methylpropene. is the most stabilized alkene through hyperconjugation because of its greater degree of substitution.
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The complete question is:
which of the following alkenes is most stabilized through hyperconjugation? select answer from the options below
A 1-butene
B 2-butene
C 2-methylpropene
D 2-methyl-1-pentene
Please help me Look at the picture below
The first two statements are false, whereas the last statement, which says that pressure and volume of a gas are inversely related, is true.
How are pressure and volume related to one another?Statement 1: This claim was incorrect because, according to the ideal gas law, PV=nRT, pressure (P) and volume (V) are inversely proportional to each other at a constant temperature (T) and amount of gas (n). This means that as pressure increases, volume decreases. This relationship is known as Boyle's law. Therefore, the statement that pressure has no effect on volume of a gas is false.
Statement 2: This claim was incorrect because, pressure and volume of a gas are inversely related according to Boyle's law, which states that at a constant temperature, the pressure of a gas is inversely proportional to its volume. This means that if the pressure of a gas increases, its volume will decrease, and if the pressure decreases, the volume will increase, as long as the temperature remains constant.
Statement 3: This claim was correct because, According to Boyle's law, the pressure and volume of a gas are inversely proportional to each other, which means that when the pressure of a gas increases, its volume will decrease and vice versa, as long as the temperature and the number of particles in the gas are kept constant. This relationship is expressed mathematically as P₁V₁ = P₂V₂, where P₁ and V₁ are the initial pressure and volume, and P₂ and V₂ are the final pressure and volume.
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Wrong again. for each of the following false statement, change the statement to make it true.
a. carbon and hydrogen can form a strong double bond
b. water has specific heat than most other liquids because o its low molecular weight
c. oil droplets in water coalesce to form a separate phase because of the strong attraction of hydrophobic molecules for each other.
d. most small organic compounds found in biological cells are hydrophobic
e. biological membranes are freely permeable
1. Which of the following equilibriums are homogeneous and which are heterogeneous?
a. 2HF(g) ⇌ H2(g)+F2(g)
b. C(s) + 2H2(g) ⇌ CH4(g)
c. H2CCH2(g) + H2(g) ⇌ C2H6(g)
d. 2Hg(l) + O2(g) ⇌ 2HgO(s)
Explanation:
a. homogeneous equilibrium (all species are in the gas phase)
b. heterogeneous equilibrium (solid carbon is present)
c. heterogeneous equilibrium (solid catalyst may be present)
d. heterogeneous equilibrium (liquid mercury and solid mercury(II) oxide are present)
a scientific theory is
answer: a well-tested explanation for a widely accepted hypothesis
A scientific theory is a well-tested explanation for a widely accepted hypothesis.
What is a scientific theory?A scientific theory is a coherent statement or set of ideas that explains observed facts or phenomena and correctly predicts new facts or phenomena not previously observed, or which sets out the laws and principles of something known or observed.
In summary, a theory is a hypothesis confirmed by observation or experiment.
A body of facts that have been repeatedly confirmed through observation and experiment is said to be a theory.
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what is the independent variable in which cleans teeth better baking soda or toothpaste
A student sets up a titration with a * 1 point buret filled with 0.5 M NaOH. In the flask below they place the phenolphthalein indicator and 6.2 mL of the unknown acid. The solution in the beaker turns pink after exactly 24.8 mL of NaOH have been added. The student repeats this experiment but this time they do it with a buret filled with 1.0 M NaOH which is more concentrated than the original experiment. Would the solution in the test tube turn pink sooner, later, or around the same amount of added NaOH?
Answer:
The solution in the test tube would turn pink earlier with the more concentrated NaOH solution.
This is because the concentration of the NaOH solution is directly proportional to the number of moles of NaOH per unit volume of the solution.
So, with a more concentrated NaOH solution (1.0 M compared to 0.5 M), each mL of NaOH solution contains twice as many moles of NaOH.
Therefore, it would take half as much volume (i.e., 12.4 mL instead of 24.8 mL) of the 1.0 M NaOH solution to react with the same number of moles of the unknown acid as the 0.5 M NaOH solution.
Aqueous hydrobromic acid (HBr) reacts with solid sodium hydroxide (NaOH) to produce aqueous sodium bromide (NaBr) and liquid water (H₂O). If 2.69 g
of water is produced from the reaction of 17.0 g of hydrobromic acid and 13.9 g of sodium hydroxide, calculate the percent yield of water.
Round your answer to 3 significant figures.
Answer:
70.95%
Explanation:
To calculate the percent yield of water in this reaction, we need to compare the actual amount of water produced to the theoretical amount of water that could be produced based on the amount of hydrobromic acid and sodium hydroxide used.
First, we need to determine the limiting reactant. The limiting reactant is the reactant that is completely consumed in the reaction, limiting the amount of product that can be formed.
To find the limiting reactant, we can use stoichiometry to calculate the amount of water that could be produced from each reactant, assuming they react completely. The balanced chemical equation for the reaction is:
HBr + NaOH → NaBr + H2O
From the equation, we can see that the mole ratio of HBr to H2O is 1:1, and the mole ratio of NaOH to H2O is 1:1. Therefore, the amount of water produced depends on the amount of HBr and NaOH present, and the reactant that produces less water is the limiting reactant.
Using the molar masses of the compounds, we can convert the masses of HBr and NaOH to moles:
moles of HBr = 17.0 g / 80.91 g/mol = 0.210 moles
moles of NaOH = 13.9 g / 40.00 g/mol = 0.348 moles
Based on the balanced chemical equation, the theoretical amount of water that could be produced from 0.210 moles of HBr is also 0.210 moles. The theoretical amount of water that could be produced from 0.348 moles of NaOH is also 0.348 moles.
However, since the amount of water produced is given as 2.69 g, we need to convert this to moles:
moles of H2O produced = 2.69 g / 18.02 g/mol = 0.149 moles
To calculate the percent yield of water, we can use the formula:
percent yield = (actual yield / theoretical yield) x 100%
where actual yield is the amount of water produced (0.149 moles) and theoretical yield is the amount of water that could be produced based on the limiting reactant.
Since the reactant that produces less water is the limiting reactant, we need to compare the theoretical yield of water from both reactants, and the lower value will be the theoretical yield based on the limiting reactant.
The theoretical yield of water from HBr is:
0.210 moles of HBr x (1 mole of H2O / 1 mole of HBr) = 0.210 moles of H2O
The theoretical yield of water from NaOH is:
0.348 moles of NaOH x (1 mole of H2O / 1 mole of NaOH) = 0.348 moles of H2O
Since the theoretical yield of water from HBr is lower, it is the limiting reactant. Therefore, the theoretical yield of water is 0.210 moles.
Now we can calculate the percent yield of water:
percent yield = (actual yield / theoretical yield) x 100%
percent yield = (0.149 moles / 0.210 moles) x 100%
percent yield = 70.95%
Therefore, the percent yield of water is 70.95%.
Which of the following fractions can be used for the mole ratio to determine the mass of Cl2 from a known mass of AlCl3?
1) 2/3
2) 1/2
The correct fraction that can be used for the mole ratio to determine the mass of Cl2 from a known mass of AlCl3 is 2/2.
What is the mole ratio?The mole ratio is a way of expressing the ratio of the number of moles of one substance in a chemical reaction to the number of moles of another substance in the same reaction.
Mole ratio is determined by the stoichiometry of the reaction, which is the quantitative relationship between the amounts of reactants and products in a chemical equation. The coefficients in a balanced chemical equation represent the mole ratios of the reactants and products in the reaction.
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Missing parts;
Read the following chemical equation.
Al + Cl2 → AlCl3
Which of the following fractions can be used for the mole ratio to determine the mass of Al from a known mass of AlCl3?
A. 2/1
B. 3/2
C. 2/2
D. 2/3
Choose the correct answer.
The correct reaction equation is; Sr(OH)2 ----> Sr + 2OH
How do you know a correct reaction equation?A correct chemical reaction equation must follow the law of conservation of mass, which states that matter cannot be created or destroyed, only transformed from one form to another. This means that the total number of atoms of each element on the reactant side of the equation must be equal to the total number of atoms of each element on the product side.
To ensure that an equation is correct, you should first check that the chemical formulas of the reactants and products are correct. You can then balance the equation by adjusting the coefficients in front of each chemical formula so that the number of atoms of each element is the same on both sides of the equation.
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Assign an oxidation state to each element in each reaction and use the change in oxidation state to determine which element is being oxidized and which element is being reduced.
1. C6H12O6(s)+6O2(g)→6CO2(g)+6H2O(g)
2. C2H4(g)+Cl2(g)→C2H4Cl2(g)
Answer:
Assign an oxidation state to each element in each reaction and use the change in oxidation state to determine which element is being oxidized and which element is being reduced.
1. C6H12O6(s)+6O2(g)→6CO2(g)+6H2O(g)
2. C2H4(g)+Cl2(g)→C2H4Cl2(g)
Explanation:
1- In the reaction, C6H12O6(s)+6O2(g)→6CO2(g)+6H2O(g), the oxidation state of each element changes as follows:
C6H12O6: C: -1 to +4; H: +1 to +1; O: -2 to -2
O2: O: 0 to -2
CO2: C: +4 to +4; O: -2 to -2
H2O: H: +1 to +1; O: -2 to -2
2- In this reaction, oxygen (O2) is being reduced, since its oxidation state changes from 0 to -2. Carbon (C6H12O6) is being oxidized, since its oxidation state changes from -1 to +4.
In the reaction, C2H4(g)+Cl2(g)→C2H4Cl2(g), the oxidation state of each element changes as follows:
C2H4: C: -3 to -2; H: +1 to +1
Cl2: Cl: 0 to 0
C2H4Cl2: C: -2 to -2; H: +1 to +1; Cl: 0 to -1
In this reaction, chlorine (Cl2) is being reduced, since its oxidation state changes from 0 to -1. Ethene (C2H4) is being oxidized, since its oxidation state changes from -3 to -2.
"Slides are made of translucent material, like plastic or glass." What does "translucent" mean in the preceding phrase?
A That light can pass through them
B That they reflect light
C That they magnify light
D That they are shatter-proof
2. Hydrogen bromide reacts with propene to form either 1-bromopropane or 2-bromopropane. Explain why
2-bromopropane is the major product.
3. Explain how the reaction with bromine can be used to test for an alkene. Include the mechanism for the reaction between hex-1-ene and bromine in your answer.
a) Describe the process of addition polymerisation.
b) Show the repeating unit of the polymer that is formed from the addition polymerisation of chloroethene monomers. Name and give at least one use for this polymer.
Answer:
Explanation:
2-bromopropane is the major product because the reaction mechanism involves the formation of the most stable carbocation intermediate. When hydrogen bromide reacts with propene, the hydrogen atom from HBr adds to the carbon atom of the double bond that has fewer hydrogen atoms attached, resulting in the formation of a carbocation intermediate. The intermediate can either form 1-bromopropane or 2-bromopropane depending on the position of the carbocation. The 2-bromopropane is the major product because the secondary carbocation formed in this case is more stable than the primary carbocation formed in the case of 1-bromopropane.
To test for an alkene, bromine water can be used. When an alkene reacts with bromine water, the bromine molecule adds across the double bond, forming a colorless dibromoalkane product. The mechanism for the reaction between hex-1-ene and bromine involves the formation of a cyclic bromonium ion intermediate, followed by the attack of water on the intermediate, resulting in the formation of the dibromoalkane product.
a) Addition polymerization is a process in which unsaturated monomers are joined together to form a polymer. The process involves breaking the double bond of the monomer and joining the monomers together to form a long-chain polymer. The process requires a catalyst to initiate the reaction.
b) The repeating unit of the polymer formed from the addition polymerization of chloroethene monomers is -CH2-CHCl-. This polymer is called polyvinyl chloride (PVC), and it has a wide range of uses, including pipes, electrical cables, and vinyl flooring.
When a solution of CaCl
2
is dissolved in water, the temperature rises. Which of these statements can definitely be inferred from this observation? How to analyze this problem?
I. The entropy change of the system for this process is negative.
II. The entropy change of the system for this process is positive.
III. The interactions between the species in solution are stronger compared to those in the separate solute and solvent.
IV. The interactions in the separate solute and solvent are stronger compared to those between the species in solution.
The statement that can definitely be inferred from the observation that the temperature rises when a solution of CaCl2 is dissolved in water is Option III is correct.
The interactions between the species in solution are stronger compared to those in the separate solute and solvent. To analyze this problem, we need to consider the entropy of the system, which is related to the disorder or randomness of a system. The entropy of a system can be calculated by measuring the energy that must be supplied to the system to return it to its original state.
When the CaCl2 is dissolved in water, the entropy of the system increases because of the increase in the randomness of the system. This increase in entropy leads to a rise in temperature. Because the interactions between the species in solution are stronger than those in the separate solute and solvent, this suggests that the entropy of the system for this process is positive. The interactions in the separate solute and solvent are weaker than those between the species in solution.
Therefore, the statement that can definitely be inferred from the observation that the temperature rises when a solution of CaCl2 is dissolved in water is Option III.
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calculate how much solid NaH2PO4•H2O is required to prepare 50.00 mL of a 0.100M H3PO4/NaH2PO4•H2O buffer at a pH of 2.14 when 25.00mL of a 0.1000M H3PO4 solution is used?
We can calculate the mass of NaH2PO4·H2O required mass of NaH2PO4·H2O = (0.00250 - 5.5 x 10⁻⁻⁷)
Is NaH2PO4 H2O an acid or base?Sodium dihydrogen phosphate NaH2PO4 (monobasic) and sodium hydrogen phosphate Na2HPO4 (dibasic) are a weak acid and its conjugate base pair that are mixed to make a buffer with pH 7.2.
To calculate the amount of solid NaH2PO4·H2O required to prepare the buffer, we need to use the Henderson-Hasselbalch equation:
pH = pKa + log([A-]/[HA])
First, we need to calculate the pKa of phosphoric acid (H3PO4). The dissociation reactions for phosphoric acid are:
H3PO4 ⇌ H+ + H2PO4-
[tex]Ka1 = 7.5 x 10^-3[/tex]Ka1 = 7.5 x 10^-3
H2PO4- ⇌ H+ + HPO42-
[tex]Ka2 = 6.2 x 10^-8[/tex]
HPO42- ⇌ H+ + PO43-
[tex]Ka3 = 4.8 x 10^-13[/tex]
pKa2 = -log(Ka2)
[tex]pKa2 = -log(6.2 x 10^-8) = 7.21[/tex]
[tex][A-]/[HA] = 10^(pH - pKa)[/tex]
[A-]/[HA] = 10^(2.14 - 7.21) = 1.1 x 10^-5[tex][A-]/[HA] = 10^(2.14 - 7.21) = 1.1 x 10^-5[/tex]
H3PO4 ⇌ H+ + H2PO4-
moles of H3PO4 = (0.1000 M) x (0.02500 L) = 0.00250 mol
moles of NaH2PO4·H2O = 0.00250 - x
The molar mass of NaH2PO4·H2O is 138.01 g/mol, so the mass of NaH2PO4·H2O required is:
mass of NaH2PO4·H2O = (0.00250 - x) mol x (138.01 g/mol)
Now, we can use the ratio of [A-] to [HA] to solve for x:
[A-]/[HA] = [NaH2PO4·H2O]/[H3PO4]
[tex]1.1 x 10^-5 = x / (0.05000 L x 0.100 M)[/tex]
x = 5.5 x 10^-7 mol[tex]x = 5.5 x 10^-7 mol[/tex]
Finally, we can calculate the mass of NaH2PO4·H2O required:
mass of [tex]NaH2PO4·H2O = (0.00250 - 5.5 x 10^-7)[/tex].
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The enthalpy of vaporization for water is 40.7 kJ/mol. Water has a vapor pressure of 101.3 kPa at 100.0 oC. Using the Clausius-Clapeyron equation, what is the vapor pressure for methanol at 44.6 oC? Give your answer in kPa, to the first decimal point.
The vapor pressure for methanol at 44.6°C is 36.2 kPa.
How do we calculate?The Clausius-Clapeyron equation has a relation to the vapor pressure of a substance to its enthalpy of vaporization and temperature and is expressed :
ln(P2/P1) = -(ΔHvap/R) x (1/T2 - 1/T1)
given values are:
P1 = 101.3 kPa
T1 = 100.0°C = 373.2 K
ΔHvap = 40.7 kJ/mol
R = 8.314 J/(mol K)
r P2 at T2 = 44.6°C = 317.8 K:
ln(P2/101.3) = -(40.7 x 10^3 J/mol / (8.314 J/(mol K) x 317.8 K)) x (1/317.8 K - 1/373.2 K)
ln(P2/101.3) = -3.04
P2/101.3 = e^(-3.04)
P2 = 36.2 kPa
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A 59 mL solution of a dilute AgNO3 solution is added to 65 mL of a base solution in a coffee-cup calorimeter. As AgOH (s) precipitates, the temperature of the solution increases from 23.68 oC to 24.91 oC. Assuming the mixture has the same specific heat (4.184J/goC) and density (1.00 g/cm3 or 1.00 g/mL) as water, calculate the heat (in J) transferred to the surroundings, qsurr.
The heat transferred to the surroundings is 644 J.
What is the heat transferred to the surrounding?First, we need to calculate the heat absorbed by the solution, qrxn.
The reaction that takes place is:
AgNO₃(aq) + NaOH(aq) → AgOH(s) + NaNO₃(aq)
The balanced equation tells us that 1 mole of AgNO₃ reacts with 1 mole of NaOH to produce 1 mole of AgOH. The heat absorbed by the solution is given by:
qrxn = -mCΔT
where;
m is the mass of the solution (in g), C is the specific heat of the solution (in J/goC), and ΔT is the change in temperature (in oC).Since the volume of the solution is given in mL, we can convert it to g using its density:
m = Vρ = (59 mL + 65 mL) x 1.00 g/mL = 124 g
ΔT = 24.91 oC - 23.68 oC = 1.23 oC
qrxn = -124 g x 4.184 J/goC x 1.23 oC = -644 J
Note that the negative sign indicates that the reaction is exothermic and releases heat.
Next, we need to calculate the heat transferred to the surroundings, qsurr. Since the calorimeter is an isolated system, we know that:
qrxn = -qsurr
Therefore:
qsurr = 644 J
Note that the positive sign indicates that the heat is transferred to the surroundings, as expected for an exothermic reaction.
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