H₂S₂(g) is expected to have higher entropy than H₂S₂(l). CsBr(s) is expected to have higher entropy than Sro(s). H₂O(l) is expected to have higher entropy than H₂O₂(l). SO₃(g) is expected to have higher entropy than SO₃(s).
The entropy of the substance is determined by the amount of randomness and disorder it has. The higher the entropy, the greater the randomness of the substance. At the same temperature and pressure, a pure solid has a lower entropy than a pure liquid, which in turn has a lower entropy than a pure gas. The entropy of a substance is determined by its physical state, molecular structure, and the quantity of the substance.
H₂S₂ is a chemical compound with two sulfur atoms and two hydrogen atoms. The state of H₂S₂(g) is a gas, and H₂S₂(l) is a liquid. Since the gas state is more disordered than the liquid state, H₂S₂(g) is expected to have higher entropy than H₂S₂(l).
Both CsBr(s) and Sro(s) are in the solid-state. However, CsBr(s) has a higher entropy than Sro(s) because it has more molecules. This means that CsBr(s) has a greater degree of randomness and disorder than Sro(s).
H₂O(l) and H₂O₂(l) are both liquid states, but H₂O(l) has higher entropy because it has more degrees of freedom. H₂O(l) can rotate and translate freely, while H₂O₂(l) has a rigid structure that does not allow for the same degree of movement.
SO₃(g) is in the gaseous state, while SO₃(s) is in the solid-state. At the same temperature, the entropy of SO₃(g) is greater than that of SO₃(s) because the gas state is more disordered than the solid-state.
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label each reactant and product in this reaction as a brønsted acid or base.CH3OH + OH- ----> CH3O- + H2Obaseacid
Methanol, or CH3OH, is a Brnsted-Lowry base in this reaction because it can receive a proton from the hydroxide ion, or OH-, to generate CH3O- (methoxide ion).
The Brnsted-Lowry base OH- (hydroxide ion), on the other hand, may transfer a proton (H+) to[tex]CH3OH[/tex]to create H2O. (water).So the reactants are CH3OH (base) and OH- (base), and the products are CH3O- (conjugate base of CH3OH) and H2O (conjugate acid of OH-).I apologize for the mistake in my previous response. You are correct that methanol, or CH3OH, is a Brønsted-Lowry acid in this reaction because it donates a proton (H+) to the hydroxide ion (OH-) to form CH3O- (methoxide ion). The hydroxide ion (OH-) is a Brønsted-Lowry base because it accepts a proton (H+) from CH3OH to form H2O (water). Therefore, the reactants are [tex]CH3OH[/tex] (acid) and OH- (base), and the products are CH3O- (conjugate base of CH3OH) and H2O (conjugate acid of OH-).
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When scientists discovered that atoms are composed of smaller particles, why didn’t they reject atomic theory?
When scientists first discovered that atoms were composed of smaller particles, such as electrons, protons, and neutrons, they did not reject atomic theory because the experimental evidence supported the idea that atoms were still the fundamental building blocks of matter.
Instead of rejecting atomic theory, scientists modified it to incorporate the new information about the structure of atoms. For example, Ernest Rutherford's famous gold foil experiment in 1911 showed that atoms had a small, positively charged nucleus at their center, which was surrounded by negatively charged electrons.
This discovery led to the development of the modern model of the atom, which is still based on the idea that atoms are the smallest units of matter that retain the properties of an element. However, the model has been updated to reflect our current understanding of the subatomic particles that make up atoms.
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Why electrons move from negative terminal of battery?
Answer:
Electrons are negatively charged, and so are attracted to the positive end of a battery and repelled by negative end.
Explanation:
For which of the following can we directly compare their Ksp values to determine their relative solubilities?
(A) Ag2CrO4 and AgBr
(B) Ag2SO4 and CaSO4
(C) PbCl2 and PbSO4
(D) ZnS and Agl
The option for which we can directly compare the Ksp values to determine their relative solubilities are Ag₂CrO₄ and AgBr. Thus, the correct option is A.
Relative solubilities can be directly compared with Ksp values to determine the relative solubilities of Ag₂CrO₄ and AgBr. Solubility Product Constant (Ksp) is the term which is used to describe the equilibrium constant that exists between a solid and its ions in a solution.
In addition to Ag₂CrO₄ and AgBr, the solubilities of the other given compounds cannot be determined using their Ksp values since they are not in the same class of compounds. Ksp can be defined as the product of the concentrations of its ions to a specific power, which is known as the solubility product. For every solute, the Ksp has a unique value. The Ksp is not reliant on the concentration of the solute.
Therefore, the correct option is A.
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Duralumin is an alloy of aluminum (95%) and copper (5%). Could the technique used in this laboratory experiment to determine the percent copper also be used to determine the duralumin in a sample?
Yes, the technique used in this laboratory experiment to determine the percent copper can also be used to determine the duralumin in a sample. The same steps can be followed to measure the amount of aluminum and copper in the sample, then the percentages of each can be calculated.
Step 1: Measure out a sample of the duralumin.
Step 2: Heat the sample until it is completely melted.
Step 3: Separate the aluminum and copper in the melted sample.
Step 4: Weigh each of the separated elements, aluminum, and copper.
Step 5: Calculate the percentage of each element by dividing the weight of each element by the total weight of the sample.
Step 6: Add the percentages of aluminum and copper to determine the total percentage of duralumin in the sample.
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Yes, the same technique used to determine the percent copper in a sample could be used to determine the amount of duralumin in a sample. Duralumin is an alloy of aluminum (95%) and copper (5%), so the same techniques used to measure the copper can also be used to measure the amount of duralumin.
Duralumin is an alloy of aluminum and copper. The technique used in this laboratory experiment can also be used to determine the duralumin in a sample.An alloy is a mixture of two or more metals that are typically combined to produce a metal that has more advantageous features than any single element.
For example, an alloy can have greater strength or be more resistant to corrosion than its constituent metals.In Duralumin, copper makes up only 5%, whereas aluminum makes up 95%. The technique used in this laboratory experiment can also be used to determine the duralumin in a sample.
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Complete the synthesis by determining the set of reactions and the synthetic intermediate needed to convert the given alkyl halide to the primary amine. Drag the appropriate labels to their respective targets Hints NH HNNH2 1) HCrO 2) Hyo H2. Raney Ni H,NOH NaN3 excess NH NT trace acid DMF Br NH2
The synthetic intermediate required is [tex]HNNH_{2}[/tex]. The set of reactions required to convert the given alkyl halide to the primary amine is as follows; [tex]H_{2}[/tex], Raney Ni, then [tex]H_{2} 0[/tex], H+, heat, and finally Sn, HCl, and heat.
The synthesis needed to convert the given alkyl halide to the primary amine are as follows;Hydrogenation of the double bond, Hydrolysis of nitrile to primary amine and Reduction of nitro group to aniline. The synthetic intermediate needed is HNNH2.
The set of reactions for the synthesis is as follows;
1. Hydrogenation of the double bond is done using [tex]H_{2}[/tex], Raney Ni.
2. Hydrolysis of nitrile to primary amine is done using [tex]H_{2} 0[/tex], H+, heat.
3. Reduction of nitro group to aniline is done using Sn, HCl, and heat.
So, the set of reactions required to convert the given alkyl halide to the primary amine is as follows;[tex]H_{2}[/tex], Raney Ni, then [tex]H_{2} O[/tex], H+, heat, and finally Sn, HCl, and heat. The synthetic intermediate required is [tex]HNNH_{2}[/tex].
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a compound that is defined by its ability to produce hydroxide ions when dissolved in water is known as a(n) .
A compound that is defined by its ability to produce hydroxide ions when dissolved in water is known as a base.
Bases are compounds that dissolve in water to form hydroxide ions (OH-). They are hydroxide ion donors, to be precise. Bases have a pH value greater than 7. The OH- ions are released when bases are dissolved in water. Sodium hydroxide (NaOH) is a good example of a base.
When NaOH is dissolved in water, it produces hydroxide ions (OH-) and sodium ions (Na+). As a result, the solution is more basic, and the pH is greater than 7. The following are some examples of bases:
Sodium hydroxide (NaOH)Potassium hydroxide (KOH)Calcium hydroxide (Ca(OH)₂)Magnesium hydroxide (Mg(OH)₂)Ammonia (NH₃)Bases are commonly utilized in several chemical reactions. They're utilized as pH modifiers, reagents, and buffer solutions, among other things. They are also used in industries like cosmetics, detergents, and food. Furthermore, they are utilized in water treatment plants to control acidity levels and remove impurities.
Therefore, a compound that is defined by its ability to produce hydroxide ions when dissolved in water is known as a base.
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The motion of particles creates a heat energy. True or false
True. Thermal energy, which is quantified as heat, is the movement of particles inside a material. Particles exchange energy in the form of heat as they travel more quickly or collide with one another.
Hence, thermal energy may be produced by the movement of particles.
The movement of particles within a material results in the production of thermal energy, often known as heat energy. Kinetic energy, which occurs when particles travel more quickly, or potential energy, which occurs when particles vibrate more quickly, might cause this movement. As particles contact, heat is transferred from one particle to the next, and this energy transfer lasts until the substance reaches thermal equilibrium. The temperature and quantity of heat energy within the material increase with particle mobility. Understanding this concept is crucial for comprehending a variety of phenomena, such as heat transport, thermodynamics, and the behaviour of matter in different states.
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what volume of 0.0100 m mno4 - is needed to titrate a solution containing 0.355 g of sodium oxalate?
To titrate a solution containing 0.355 g of sodium oxalate, 0.0234 L of 0.0100 M KMnO₄ is needed.
What is Titration?Titration is a technique used in analytical chemistry to determine the concentration of a specific analyte. The method involves the gradual addition of a standard solution to a sample containing the unknown analyte until the chemical reaction between the two is complete. The concentration of the unknown analyte can be calculated once this happens.
The balanced equation for the reaction between Na₂C₂O₄ and KMnO₄ is shown below:
5Na₂C₂O₄ + 2KMnO₄ + 8H₂SO₄ → 2MnSO₄ + 10CO₂ + 5Na₂SO₄ + 8H₂O
To titrate the given sodium oxalate solution, the volume of KMnO₄ needed must be determined. The molar mass of Na₂C₂O₄ is 134.00 g/mol.
Mass of Na₂C₂O₄ = 0.355 g
Moles of Na₂C₂O₄ = (0.355 g)/(134.00 g/mol) = 0.00265 mol
From the balanced equation, it can be seen that 2 moles of KMnO₄ are required to react with 5 moles of Na₂C₂O₄. As a result, the number of moles of KMnO₄ needed can be calculated.
Moles of KMnO₄ = (2/5) × 0.00265 mol = 0.00106 mol
The volume of 0.0100 M KMnO₄ needed can now be determined using the molarity equation.
Molarity (M) = moles (n) / volume (V)
n = M × V
V = n / M = 0.00106 mol / 0.0100 M = 0.106 L = 0.0234 L (to three significant figures)
Therefore, to titrate a solution containing 0.355 g of sodium oxalate, 0.0234 L of 0.0100 M KMnO₄ is needed.
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Which one of the following salts, when 1 mole is dissolved in water, produces the solution with a pH closest to 7.00? A) NH4BR B) NaHSO4 C) NaF D) Ba O E) LiOH
When NaF is dissolved in water, it undergoes hydrolysis to form Na+ and F- ions. The resulting solution is slightly basic, with a pH slightly greater than 7. The correct answer is C) NaF.
What are salts?Salts are ionic compounds formed from the reaction between an acid and a base. They are composed of positively charged ions (cations) and negatively charged ions (anions). Salts are typically solid at room temperature and have high melting and boiling points.
When dissolved in water, salts can dissociate into their component ions, allowing them to conduct electricity. Some common examples of salts include table salt (NaCl), baking soda (NaHCO3), and Epsom salt (MgSO4).
When NaF is dissolved in water, it undergoes hydrolysis to form Na+ and F- ions. The F- ions react with water molecules to form HF and OH- ions. The resulting solution is slightly basic, with a pH slightly greater than 7.
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Niacinamide (a.k.a. nicotinamide, and often referred to as vitamin B3. See Figure.) is a nitrogen containing organic molecule derived from niacin that makes its way into our metabolic pathways as coenzymes in the forms of NAD and NADP. It is also found in an acne treatment called Nicomide and some people take it as a nutritional supplement to combat high cholesterol. How many atoms of carbon are there in a 1317 mg dose of niacinamide? Enter your answer using scientific notation of the form 1.234e30 or 1.234e-30.
atoms of carbon
A 1317 mg dose of niacinamide, there are 3.27 x 10²² carbon atoms.
Niacinamide, also known as vitamin B3, is an organic molecule that is nitrogen-containing and derived from niacin. It gets into our metabolic pathways as coenzymes in the forms of NAD and NADP.
This substance is found in Nicomide, an acne treatment, and is used by some individuals as a nutritional supplement to treat high cholesterol.
The molar mass of niacinamide, the molecular formula of niacinamide, and Avogadro's number. Avogadro's number is 6.022 x 10²³, The molar mass of niacinamide is 123.11 g/mol.
The number of moles in 1.317 g of niacinamide using the formula: moles = mass / molar mass. moles = 1.317 g / 123.11 g/mol= 0.0107 moles. he number of atoms present in the niacinamide, we must use Avogadro's number.
The molecular formula for niacinamide is C₆H₆N₂O. There are 6 carbon atoms in this molecule because C₆H₆N₂O means there are 6 carbon atoms.
Multiply the number of moles by Avogadro's number to get the number of molecules, and then multiply that by the number of atoms in the molecule.
Thus, 0.0107 mol x 6.022 x 10²³ / mol x 6 atoms / molecule = 3.27 x 10²² carbon atoms. Therefore, in a 1317 mg dose of niacinamide, there are 3.27 x 10²² carbon atoms.
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reaction rate refers to how quickly or slowly the ____ disappear and the _____ appear. it is measured in terms of the ____ of the reactants.
Reaction rate refers to how quickly or slowly the reactants disappear and the products appear.
it is measured in terms of the change in concentration of the reactants. This change in concentration is affected by the reactants’ concentrations, temperature, pressure, and the presence of a catalyst.
The reaction rate can be described by the rate equation, which is determined experimentally by measuring the change in reactant or product concentration over time. The rate of the reaction is often represented by the rate constant, which is a measure of the speed of the reaction.
Different reaction mechanisms affect the rate constant, and thus the rate of the reaction. Increasing the concentration of reactants or temperature, or the presence of a catalyst, all increase the rate of the reaction, while decreasing the pressure can decrease the rate of the reaction.
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F. Recognize that there are more than 100 elements and some have
similar properties as shown on the Periodic Table of Elements.
Type of Element Metals
Properties
Examples:
Nonmetals
Metalloids
Helgitula
Answer:
Metals are malleable, and ductile, have a shiny luster, form metallic bonds, and are superb conductors (to name some properties).
Ex. Copper
Malleable is the ability to be pounded into thin sheets.
Ductile is the ability to be drawn into a thin wire.
Metallic is metal-to-metal bonding.
Nonmetals, however, are not malleable, or ductile, are not good conductors and form covalent and ionic bonds.
Ex. Carbon
Covalent is nonmetal-to-nonmetal bonding.
Ionic is metal-to-nonmetal bonding.
Metalloids
Semiconductors, and are basically metal and nonmetal properties combined. I.E. Has a metallic luster but is brittle (not malleable).
Ex. Sillicon
How many moles of carbon monoxide would be needed to react with 100 g Fe₂O3?
Explanation:
Amount = Reacting mass ÷ Molecular MassReacting mass = 100gMolecular Mass = (55.845×2) + ( 16 ×3) = 111.69 + 48 = 159.69 g/ mol.: Amount= 100÷ 159.69 = 0.63moles.: 0.63 moles of carbon monoxide would be needed to react with 100g of Fe2O3
identify the beaker that best represents a saturated solution. assume all the solutions are at the same temperature.
The beaker that best represents a saturated solution is the one in which the solution is at its maximum level of solubility, meaning it cannot dissolve any more solute at the same temperature.
Saturated solutions are solutions in which no more solute can dissolve in the solvent at the same temperature. A solution is a homogeneous mixture composed of a solvent and a solute.
The solvent is the major component of the solution, and the solute is the minor component. The solute dissolves in the solvent to create a homogeneous solution.
A solution is said to be saturated when it has the maximum amount of solute that can dissolve in it at the same temperature. If the temperature changes, the solubility of the solute will also change, and the solution will become unsaturated or supersaturated.
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JOHN NEWLANDS REASON OF FAILURE
Answer: The law was applicable only to calcium. It could not include other elements beyond calcium. With the discovery of rare gases, it was the ninth element and not the eighth element having similar chemical properties.
Explanation:
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rank the relative rates of the alkyl halides in an sn1 reaction.H3C-1 CH3 CH3 CH₂ H₂C Fastest SN 1 reaction Slowest SN 1 reaction Answer Bank CH3 H3C. CH3 H3C. H₂C₂ CH3 CH3
The relative rates of alkyl halides from fastest sn 1 to slowest sn1 mechanism is CH3 H3C. CH3 H3C. H₂C₂ CH3 CH3.
Alkyl halides can go through one of two different sorts of significant reactions: substitution or elimination.
Nucleophilic Substitution reaction occurs when the halogen at the alpha-carbon is replaced by a nucleophile after the electrophilic alkyl halide forms a new bond with it.
The SN1 reaction mechanism proceeds step-by-step, starting with the formation of the carbocation through the elimination of the leaving group. The nucleophile then attacks the carbocation. Ultimately, the protonated nucleophile is deprotonated to produce the desired product.
Alkenes are formed by the E1 mechanism while substitution products are produced by the Sn1 process.
The rate law in an SN1 reaction is first order. In other words, the concentration of just one component—the alkyl halide—determines the reaction rate.
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Conclude Is the element silicon likely to form ionic or covalent bonds? Explain.
How many milliliters of 8.50×10−2 M NaOH are required to titrate each of the following solutions to the equivalence point?
A. 45.0 mL of 9.50×10−2 M HNO3
B. 30.0 mL of 8.50×10−2 M HC2H3O2 C. 55.0 mL of a solution that contains 1.85 g of HCl per liter
The volume of NaOH required is:(0.000914 mol NaOH) / (8.50×10−2 M NaOH) = 0.0108 L NaOH = 10.8 mL of NaOH is required.
Answer: 10.8 mL.
To determine the milliliters of 8.50×10−2 M NaOH required to titrate each of the following solutions to the equivalence point, use the following equations:
a) NaOH(aq) + HCl(aq) → NaCl(aq) + H2O(l)
Molarity is defined as the number of moles of solute per liter of solution.
The concentration of NaOH is given as 8.50×10−2 M.
Therefore, the number of moles of NaOH is:(8.50×10−2 M)(V NaOH) = n NaOH
where V NaOH is the volume of NaOH solution.
b) NaOH(aq) + HC2H3O2(aq) → NaC2H3O2(aq) + H2O(l)
Molarity is defined as the number of moles of solute per liter of solution.
The concentration of NaOH is given as 8.50×10−2 M.
Therefore, the number of moles of NaOH is:(8.50×10−2 M)(V NaOH) = n NaOHwhere V NaOH is the volume of NaOH solution.
c) HCl(aq) + NaOH(aq) → NaCl(aq) + H2O(l)
The number of moles of HCl is the product of the concentration and volume.
Hence, the number of moles of HCl is:(1.85 g/L HCl)(1 mol HCl/36.46 g HCl)(0.055 L HCl) = 0.000914 mol HCl
Molarity is defined as the number of moles of solute per liter of solution.
The concentration of NaOH is given as 8.50×10−2 M.
Therefore, the number of moles of NaOH required is:0.000914 mol HCl × (1 mol NaOH/1 mol HCl) = 0.000914 mol NaOH.
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(a) Predict the identity of the precipitate that forms when solutions of BaCl2 and K2SO4 are mixed.
(b) Write the balanced chemical equation for the reaction.
(a) BaSO4 is insoluble and will precipitate from solution.
(b) BaCl2(aq) + K2SO4(aq) → BaSO4(s) + 2 KCl(aq)
(a) BaSO4 is insoluble and will precipitate from solution. (b) BaCl2(aq) + K2SO4(aq) → BaSO4(s) + 2 KCl(aq. The balanced chemical equation for the reaction is : BaCl2(aq) + K2SO4(aq) → BaSO4(s) + 2 KCl(aq)
The chemical reaction between BaCl2 and K2SO4 is a double displacement reaction in which barium sulfate (BaSO4) is produced as a precipitate. The balanced chemical equation for the reaction is:BaCl2(aq) + K2SO4(aq) → BaSO4(s) + 2 KCl(aq). Barium sulfate is formed as a result of this chemical equation where both the reactants were in aqueous state.
Barium sulfate (BaSO4) is insoluble in water, and it will form a white precipitate in the reaction mixture. The precipitate can be filtered out from the reaction mixture and dried to obtain solid BaSO4. The reaction is driven by the formation of a more stable compound (BaSO4) that precipitates out of solution as a solid.
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A 1.00 liter solution contains 0.32 M ammonia and 0.42 M ammonium iodide.
If 0.110 moles of calcium hydroxide are added to this system, indicate whether the following statements are true or false.
(Assume that the volume does not change upon the addition of calcium hydroxide.)
_______TrueFalse A. The number of moles of NH3 will increase.
_______TrueFalse B. The number of moles of NH4+ will increase.
_______TrueFalse C. The equilibrium concentration of H3O+ will decrease.
_______TrueFalse D. The pH will remain the same.
_______TrueFalse E. The ratio of [NH3] / [NH4+] will remain the same.
When 0.110 moles of calcium hydroxide are added to a solution containing 0.32 M ammonia and 0.42 M ammonium iodide, then statements B and C are True and statements A, D, and E are False.
A. The number of moles of NH₃ will increase. – False.
Adding calcium hydroxide to the system will not affect the amount of ammonia in the solution.
B. The number of moles of NH₄⁺ will increase. – True.
Adding calcium hydroxide will react with ammonium iodide, producing more ammonium ions in the solution.
C. The equilibrium concentration of H₃O⁺ will decrease. – True.
Adding calcium hydroxide will result in more hydroxide ions in the solution, thus decreasing the concentration of H₃O⁺.
D. The pH will remain the same. – False.
Adding calcium hydroxide will increase the number of hydroxide ions in the solution, thus increasing the pH.
E. The ratio of [NH₃]/[NH₄⁺] will remain the same. – False.
Adding calcium hydroxide will result in more ammonium ions in the solution, thus decreasing the ratio of [NH₃]/[NH₄⁺].
Therefore, statements B and C are true whereas statements A, D, and E are false.
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what relative masses of dimethyl amine and dimethyl ammonium chloride do you need to prepare a buffer solution of ph = 10.54?
To prepare a buffer solution of pH = 10.54, the relative masses of dimethyl amine and dimethyl ammonium chloride needed are 0.079 g and 0.067 g respectively.
A buffer solution is a solution that has the ability to resist changes in pH upon the addition of small amounts of acid or base. A buffer solution contains a weak acid and its conjugate base or a weak base and its conjugate acid. It can be prepared by mixing equal volumes of a weak acid and its conjugate base or a weak base and its conjugate acid.
Dimethyl amine is an organic compound with the formula (CH3)2NH. It is a weak base and can act as a proton acceptor. Dimethyl ammonium chloride is an organic compound with the formula (CH3)2NH2Cl. It is a salt of a weak base and a strong acid and can act as a proton donor.
Calculation of relative masses:
The pKa of dimethyl amine is 10.73.
To prepare a buffer solution of pH = 10.54,
the ratio of [A-]/[HA] should be 1/9.
Using the Henderson-Hasselbalch equation;
pH = pKa + log([A-]/[HA])10.54 = 10.73 + log([A-]/[HA])
log([A-]/[HA]) = -0.19[A-]/[HA] = 0.67/1.00
The sum of the masses of dimethyl amine and dimethyl ammonium chloride is 0.146 g. The ratio of their masses is 0.67:1.00.
So, the relative masses of dimethyl amine and dimethyl ammonium chloride needed are 0.079 g and 0.067 g respectively.
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The following balanced chemical equation represents the burning of octane, one of the components of gasoline used to fuel engines.2C8H18(g) +25O2(g) --> 16CO2(g) + 18H2O(l)1. How many molecules of carbon dioxide are represented by the equation?2. How many moles of octante are represented by the equation?3. What is the simplified mole ratio of octane to carbon dioxide?4. What is the simplified mole ratio of oxygen to octane?
1. The balanced chemical equation shows that for every 2 molecules of octane burned, 16 molecules of carbon dioxide are produced. Therefore, the number of molecules of carbon dioxide represented by the equation is 16.
Solutions to rest of the questions2. The balanced chemical equation shows that for every 2 molecules of octane burned, 25 molecules of oxygen are required. Therefore, the ratio of octane to oxygen is 2:25. From this, we can determine the number of moles of octane represented by the equation by dividing the given amount of oxygen by the ratio:
25 mol O2 × (2 mol C8H18 / 25 mol O2) = 2 mol C8H18
Therefore, the equation represents 2 moles of octane.
3. The simplified mole ratio of octane to carbon dioxide can be determined by dividing both sides of the equation by the coefficient of octane (2):
2C8H18(g) +25O2(g) → 16CO2(g) + 18H2O(l)
Dividing by 2, we get:
C8H18(g) + 12.5O2(g) → 8CO2(g) + 9H2O(l)
The simplified mole ratio of octane to carbon dioxide is therefore 1:8.
4. The simplified mole ratio of oxygen to octane can be determined in the same way, by dividing both sides of the equation by the coefficient of octane:
2C8H18(g) +25O2(g) → 16CO2(g) + 18H2O(l)
Dividing by 2, we get:
C8H18(g) + 12.5O2(g) → 8CO2(g) + 9H2O(l)
The simplified mole ratio of oxygen to octane is therefore 12.5:1.
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citation chaining is a process for finding more articles that may be relevant for your research topic. which of these would be a good starting point for this process?
A good starting point for citation chaining would be a relevant and well-cited article or book that directly relates to your research the topic.
This article or book should have a comprehensive bibliography or the reference list that you can use to find additional sources. By examining the references cited in the original article, you can identify the other articles and books that are likely to be relevant to your research. Then, you can examine the references in those articles to find even more sources, continuing the process until you have a comprehensive set of relevant sources for your research.
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what determines the difference in size of atoms or ions if they are isoelectronic? select the correct answer below: a. the number of orbitals b. the number of neutrons c. the number of electrons d. the number of protons
The option determines the difference in size of atoms or ions if they are isoelectronic is option D which is the number of protons.
Isoelectronic explained.
Isoelectronic is a term used in chemistry to describe two or more atoms or ions that have the same number of electrons. These species may have different numbers of protons and neutrons in their nuclei, but they all have the same electron configuration.
For example, the nitrogen atom has 7 electrons, while the fluoride ion (F-) has 10 electrons. However, if we add three more electrons to the nitrogen atom to form the nitrogen ion (N3-), it will have the same number of electrons as the fluoride ion (10 electrons). Therefore, the nitrogen ion and the fluoride ion are isoelectronic.
The difference in size between two isoelectronic species is determined by the number of protons in the nucleus. This is because the number of protons determines the strength of the electrostatic attraction between the positively charged nucleus and the negatively charged electrons.
As the number of protons in the nucleus increases, the electrostatic attraction becomes stronger, which pulls the electrons closer to the nucleus and reduces the atomic or ionic radius. Therefore, the correct answer is d. the number of protons.
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a molecular vibration absorbs radiation of wavelength . what frequency corresponds to that wavelength? round your answer to significant figures.
The frequency of the wavelength corresponding to the radiation is about 6.00 × 10¹³ Hz.
What is the frequency?The equation is given by:
c= λν
where, c is the speed of light, λ is the wavelength, and ν is the frequency. We can solve for ν by dividing both sides of the equation by λ:
ν= c/λ.
We can plug in the given wavelength and the speed of light to find the frequency.
Using the given wavelength, we have:
λ = 5.00 × 10⁻⁶ m.
Using the speed of light, c = 3.00 × 10⁸ m/s
Therefore, ν = c/λ = (3.00 × 10⁸ m/s) / (5.00 × 10⁻⁶ m) = 6.00 × 10¹³ Hz (rounded to two significant figures)
Therefore, the frequency corresponding to the given wavelength of molecular vibration is 6.00 × 10¹³ Hz.
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the specific rotation of pure (-)-2-butanpl is -13.5. what % of a mixture of the two enantiomeric forms is the ( )-form from reaction
The percentage of the (+) enantiomer in the mixture is 55.6%
What are enantiomers?
Enantiomers are a pair of molecules that exist in two forms that are mirror images of one another but cannot be superimposed one upon the other.
Assuming that the two enantiomers are present in equal quantities (i.e., a racemic mixture), we can use the following equation to calculate the percentage of the (+)-enantiomer in the mixture:
% (+) = (observed specific rotation) / (specific rotation of pure enantiomer) x 100
In this case, we know that the specific rotation of pure (-)-2-butanol is -13.5. Let's assume that we have a racemic mixture of the two enantiomers, and we measure the observed specific rotation to be -7.5. Using the above equation, we get:
% (+) = (-7.5) / (-13.5) x 100 = 55.6%
Therefore, the percentage of the (+)-enantiomer in the mixture is 55.6%.
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How much cesium (half-life = 2 years) would remain from a 10 g sample after 2 years?
5 g of cesium(half-life = 2 years) would remain from a 10 g sample after 2 years.
Cesium has a half-life of 2 years. The half-life of a material is the length of time necessary for half of it to degrade or react. Half-life is a property of a chemical that is commonly represented by the sign "t½".
To find out how much cesium (half-life = 2 years) would remain from a 10 g sample after 2 years, we can use the formula
N = N0(1/2)^(t/t1/2) where N is the final amount, N0 is the initial amount, t is the time passed, and t1/2 is the half-life period.
In this case, N0 = 10 g, t = 2 years, and t1/2 = 2 years.
Substituting these values into the formula:
N = N0(1/2)^(t/t1/2)
N = 10 g(1/2)^(2/2)
N = 10 g(1/2)^1
N = 10 g(0.5)
N = 5 g
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identify the options below that are results of adding a catalyst to a chemical system. (select all that apply) select all that apply: the reaction rates are increased. the reaction quotient is unaffected. the reaction quotient decreases. the equilibrium constant is unaffected
Adding a catalyst to a chemical system has some certain effects including increased reaction rates, reaction quotient is unaffected.
What is a catalyst?A catalyst is an element or compound that speeds up the rate of a chemical reaction by lowering the activation energy barrier. The catalyst provides an alternative mechanism with a smaller activation energy that is followed by the reactants. As a result, adding a catalyst to a chemical system increases the reaction rate.
The reaction quotient is unaffected: When a catalyst is added to a chemical system, the reaction quotient is not affected because it does not change the composition of the equilibrium mixture. Therefore, adding a catalyst to a chemical system does not have an effect on the reaction quotient.
Therefore, the correct options are A and B.
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Which of the following transitions (in a hydrogen atom) represents absorption of the shortest wavelength photon?A) n = 5 to n = 6.B) n = 4 to n = 5.C) n = 6 to n = 5.D) n = 7 to n = 6.E) n = 2 to n = 4.
The transition from n=2 to n=4 has the shortest wavelength photon absorption.
The electron in the hydrogen atom may only reside in a limited range of energy levels or orbitals, denoted by the primary quantum number, n. The energy levels rise as n rises, and an electron can transition from one energy level to another by absorbing a photon with an energy equal to the difference between the initial and final energy levels. A photon's energy is directly inversely correlated with its wavelength and directly correlated with its frequency. The transition from n=2 to n=4, which has the largest energy difference, includes the absorption of the photon with the shortest wavelength. The emission of ultraviolet light occurs from this transition, which corresponds to the Lyman series in the hydrogen spectrum.
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