Answer:
La respiration cellulaire est l'ensemble des processus du métabolisme cellulaire convertissant l'énergie chimique contenue dans le glucose en adénosine triphosphate (ATP). Ces processus impliquent une succession de réactions chimiques formant des voies métaboliques qui appartiennent au catabolisme, c'est-à-dire qu'elles consistent à cliver les grosses molécules biologiques en molécules plus petites, ce qui libère de l'énergie ainsi qu'un certain nombre de déchets. Ces réactions sont globalement exothermiques, c'est-à-dire qu'elles produisent de la chaleur, la plupart étant des réactions d'oxydoréduction. De ce point de vue, la respiration s'apparente chimiquement à une combustion des nutriments, jouant le rôle de donneurs d'électrons (réducteur), en présence d'un accepteur d'électrons (oxydant).
La respiration est l'une des voies essentielles permettant aux cellules de produire de l'énergie métabolique pour leur développement et leur activité. Parmi les nutriments utilisés par les cellules des animaux et des plantes, on compte les glucides (ose), les peptides (acides aminés) et les lipides (acides gras), tandis que l'oxydant le plus fréquent dans les systèmes biologiques est l'oxygène moléculaire O2. L'énergie biochimique récupérée sous forme d'ATP peut ensuite être utilisée par des processus qui consomment de l'énergie tels que les biosynthèses, la locomotion ou encore le transport actif de substances chimiques à travers les membranes biologiques. La respiration aérobie requiert du dioxygène O2 pour produire de l'ATP. C'est la voie prépondérante de dégradation du pyruvate, issu de la glycolyse. Celle-ci se déroule dans le cytosol, mais le pyruvate doit pénétrer dans les mitochondries pour y être entièrement oxydé par le cycle de Krebs, lequel se déroule dans la matrice mitochondriale. Le cycle de Krebs convertit le pyruvate en dioxyde de carbone CO2 et en coenzymes réduites (NADH et FADH2), coenzymes dont les électrons à haut potentiel de transfert contiennent l'essentiel de l'énergie chimique des molécules dégradées. Ces coenzymes réduites sont alors oxydées par la chaîne respiratoire dans la membrane mitochondriale interne. L'énergie des électrons à haut potentiel de transfert permet de pomper des protons hors de la matrice mitochondriale vers l'espace intermembranaire. Il s'établit un gradient de concentration de protons à travers la membrane interne, lequel génère un gradient électrochimique suffisant pour actionner l'ATP synthase, une enzyme capable de phosphoryler l'ADP en ATP grâce à l'énergie emmagasinée dans ce gradient électrochimique. On appelle phosphorylation oxydative l'ensemble formé par la chaîne respiratoire et l'ATP synthase couplés par gradient électrochimique.
Les manuels de biologie indiquent généralement que chaque molécule de glucose entièrement oxydée par la respiration cellulaire est susceptible de produire 38 molécules d'ATP : 2 ATP issus de la glycolyse, 2 ATP issus du cycle de Krebs, et 34 ATP issus de la chaîne respiratoire. Ce rendement nominal n'est cependant jamais atteint en raison des pertes par dissipation du gradient électrochimique à travers la membrane interne des mitochondries ainsi qu'en raison du coût énergétique du transport actif du pyruvate depuis le cytosol jusqu'à la matrice mitochondriale, de sorte que les estimations actuelles s'établissent autour de 30 à 32 molécules d'ATP formées par molécules de glucose oxydée1.
La respiration aérobie est jusqu'à 15 fois plus efficace que la respiration anaérobie, qui produit seulement 2 ATP par molécule de glucose oxydée. Cependant, certains organismes anaérobie, comme les archées méthanogène, sont capables d'accroître ce rendement en utilisant d'autres accepteurs d'électrons finaux que l'oxygène.
Glycolyse
La glycolyse est une voie métabolique qui se déroule dans le cytosol des cellules de pratiquement tous les êtres vivants. Elle peut fonctionner de manière aérobie ou anaérobie, c'est-à-dire respectivement en présence ou en l'absence d'oxygène. Chez l'homme, elle conduit au pyruvate en conditions aérobies et au lactate en conditions anaérobies.
En conditions aérobies, ce processus convertit une molécule de glucose en deux molécules de pyruvate, avec production concomitante de deux molécules d'ATP. Plus précisément, il commence par consommer deux molécules d'ATP pour accroître la réactivité du glucose en vue de son clivage par l'aldolase puis en produit quatre par phosphorylation au niveau du substrat, avec production de deux molécules de NADH. La réaction globale de la glycolyse peut s'écrire :
glucose + 2 NAD+ + 2 Pi + 2 ADP → 2 pyruvate + 2 NADH + 2 ATP + 2 H+ + 2 H2O + chaleur.
Explanation:más inteligente por favor
WILL MARK BRAINLYIST!! (if mostly/ all correct)
1. According to the article "Drilling down into petroleum's impact on life on Earth", Peak oil is measured in RPRs (reserve-to-production ratios), which is recorded in years.
Question: Why does Iran have a higher RPR (80 years) than the United States (9 years)?
A. The United States consumes more oil than Iran.
B. Iran consumes more oil than the United States.
C. Iran produces more oil than the United States.
D. The United States produces more oil than Iran.
2. According to the article "Drilling down into petroleum's impact on life on Earth", carbon is a natural element that regulates Earth's temperature and makes the planet livable.
Question: Which event has led to major shifts in the carbon cycle becoming?
A. Peak oil has been reached this past decade.
B. Humans learned how to extract and burn fuel.
C. The API established units of measurement for oil.
D. Ancient algae and plankton were buried and crushed.
3.According to the article "Ask an Amazon Expert: Why we can't afford to lose the rain forest", how have humans impacted the Amazon rain forest in the last 50 years?
1. 20% of the rain forest is gone (Correct)
2. There are more roads and people there (correct)
3. Over half of the rain forest is protected (correct)
4. Extinct species have been reintroduced (NOT correct)
A. 1, 3 and 4
B. 1, 2 and 3 "correct answer" (ITS THIS ONE. B OR 1,2 and 3!!!)
C. 2, 3 and 4
D. 1. 2 and 4
4. According to the article "Ask an Amazon Expert: Why we can't afford to lose the rain forest", how is the Amazon rain forest connected to climate change?
A. Trees of the Amazon remove carbon dioxide from the air.
B. People of the Amazon produce most of the carbon dioxide that causes climate change.
C.Soil in the Amazon absorbs carbon dioxide.
D. Water in the Amazon River produces carbon dioxide, adding to climate change.
5. Which selection from the article "Scientists study Persian Gulf reefs for coral survival clues" identifies the biggest threat to coral reefs?
A. Warming waters spark bleaching events. Along with the bleaching, the ocean is becoming more acidic.
B. The researchers demonstrated that this new organism was the most commonly found algae throughout the gulf's coral reefs. They say it probably adapted as a result of the gulf's harsh conditions.
Answer:a d. c on second?
Explanation: United States produces more oil than most country's the states use more oil than iran
Argumento la importancia de la clasificación de los seres vivos
Label the process in the carbon cycle
Answer:
Photosynthesis
Explanation:
uhmm i think
Due to a recent drought, a farmer has lost quite a bit of soil on his fields because:
A) the rain has washed it away.
B) the animals have been trying to eat the soil due to lack of food.
C) the plants have absorbed the soil.
D) wind has carried away the dry soil.
Pls help
Answer:wind has carried away the dry soil
Explanation:
explain what's happening in the diagram below the respiratory system.
Answer:
Your respiratory system is the network of organs and tissues that help you breathe. This system helps your body absorb oxygen from the air so your organs can work. It also cleans waste gases, such as carbon dioxide, from your blood. Common problems include allergies, diseases or infections.
Lipids include triglycerides, phospholipids, and ____.
A. steroids
B. amino acids
C. starches
D. nucleic acids
The gonads and adrenal glands typically generate the natural steroid hormones from cholesterol. Lipids are the hormones in these forms. Thus, option A is correct.
What is the role of lipid in the body?Lipids serve as the body's energy reserve, control hormones, carry nerve signals, protect key organs, and transport nutrients that are fat-soluble.
Food fat gives texture and flavor, has a high caloric density as an energy source, and helps people feel full.
The body naturally creates hormone-like chemicals, but steroids are synthetic copies of such substances.
They go by the name corticosteroids and are distinct from the anabolic steroids used by athletes and bodybuilders.
Therefore, Lipids include triglycerides, phospholipids, and steroids.
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MENE
Which is the word equation for photosynthesis?
A. carbon + hydrogen + oxygen → glucose + water
B. glucose + water → carbon dioxide + oxygen
C. carbon dioxide + water → glucose + oxygen
D. glucose + oxygen → carbon + water + oxygen
Answer:
C. Carbon dioxide + water → glucose + Oxegyn
Explanation:
Number form 6CO2+6H20+ energy+ C6h1206+602
Carbon dioxide^ Water^ sunlight^ Glucose^ Oxegyn^
gg Calcium ions are released into the myofibrils by the __________, when activated by an impulse from a motor neuron.
Answer:
sarcoplasmic reticulum
Question 1) Describe what is meant when water is called a polar molecule? ( Will Mark Brainliest).
Which cellular structure would control the flow of salts into and out of a cell?
cell membrane
cytoplasm
mitochondria
nucleus
NEED HELP EXPLANATION IF POSSIBLE
what is not an empale of homeostasis
Answer:
B
Explanation:
It's not something your body itself is doing to regulate itself.
Choose the best answer that describes the Kuiper belt.
an area between the orbits of Mars and Jupiter where 200 dwarf planets may exist
an area outside Neptune's orbit where an estimated 200 dwarf planets may exist
an area outside the orbit of where possibly another 20 planets could exist
an area where a thin band of icy objects orbit the Sun past Jupiter's orbit
Answer:
an area outside Neptune's orbit where an estimated 200dwarf planets may exist
Answer:
The answer would be choice B:
An area outside Neptune's orbit where an estimated 200 dwarf planets may exist
Explanation:
write the protein formed from the following DNA strand. TACGCGASSTTAGAT
Answer:
These proteins are VirD2, a single molecule of which is covalently linked to the 5′ end of the T strand (8, 12, 15, 30, 32), and VirE2,
Explanation:
What type of tissue surrounds the slip disc with age epithelial tissue?
Answer:
It is Cartilage.
Particles that are smaller and have ____ generally dissolve faster.
less surface area
more surface area
less space between them
more space between them
Answer:
less space between them
Explanation:
because they are particles
Which of the following explains how rumen biotechnology improves feed for ruminant animals?
by identifying small amounts of bacteria from tiny samples of meat
by boosting the bioavailability of carbohydrates and protein in plants
O by helping animals grow larger more quickly and produce cleaner meat
O by screening animals for physical defects and certain diseases
Rumen biotechnology improves feed for ruminant animals by boosting the bioavailability of carbohydrates and protein in plants. It can be used to improve the nutritive value of ruminant feedstuffs.
Rumen biotechnology refers to the use and management of the techniques of forestomach fermentation in order to improve the efficiency of ruminant production.
Rumen biotechnology can be used to improve the amount as well as the availability of macronutrients (i.e., carbohydrates and proteins) in plants.
However, this technology (rumen biotechnology) exhibits several limitations mainly associated with the identification of bacterial strains used during inoculation, proteins (recombinant enzymes) and genomic stability of the genetic constructs.
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HEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEELLLLLLLPPPPPPPPPPPPPP
DNA and RNA contain nucleotides that code for what?
A Carbonic Acids
B Amino Acids
C Hydrochloric Acids
D Lactic Acids
Answer:
your answer is definitely B: Amino Acids
Explanation:
Answer:
B
Explanation:
Please answer correct! I will mark brainliest.
In Cellular Respiration,
1. Where did the glucose come from?
2. Where did the O2 come from?
3. Where did the O2 go?
4. Where did the CO2 come from?
5. Where did the CO2 go?
6. Where did the H2O come from?
7. Where did the H2O go?
I would really appreciate it. Thank you!
Answer:
1.It mainly comes from foods rich in carbohydrates, like bread, potatoes, and fruit. As you eat, food travels down your esophagus to your stomach. There, acids and enzymes break it down into tiny pieces. During that process, glucose is released.
Which of these is true about this organism? Check each phrase that is true..
Answer:
correct (all of them)
Explanation:
Which of the following is used to provide energy in animal cells?
a) Glucose
b) Starch
c) Glycogen
d) All of the above
(b) The pGoG protein is known to block the G, to S transition in the cell cycle. Explain why this prevents
miosis from happenina in he cell
(c) Before treating melanoma cells with capsaicin, researchers pretreated the cells with an inhibitor of
calcineurin. Predict the effect of this pretreatment on the ability of capsaicin to induce apoptosis by the
pathway shown in Figure 2. Provide reasoning to justify your prediction.
(d) Researchers claim that many cancers include a mutation in the gene encoding pGoG. Support the
researchers claim.
Answer:
Explanation:
c. The pretreatment on the ability of capsaicin to induce apoptosis effects in NFAT2 to block ATF3 where it activates ATF3 to inhibit pGoG from inducing apoptosis.
d.AFT3 usually stops pGoG from induce apoptosis and so cancer develops because of apoptosis unable to do it's job and cells just keep dividing which we call a tumor
1. Based on your observations, is it possible that bacteria can thrive in
a sealed can and cause vegetables to spoil?
Answer:
Explanation:
When bacteria and other nasty pathogens are heated beyond a certain temperature (usually the boiling point of water – 212 degrees Fahrenheit), they are neutralized or killed. Since the can is sealed before this heating process occurs, no additional bacteria or spores can make it into the can.
Pain in an area of the shoulder that occurs during a heart attack is called __________________ pain.
Answer:
anginapectoris
......
What do you think happened to the light from the lightbulb as it passed through the spectroscopy telescope?
Answer:
through a tiny hole or slit in a metal plate to isolate light from a single area or object.
The light from the lightbulb, as it passed through the spectroscopy telescope, underwent a process of dispersion. This resulted in the separation of the light into its component colors, forming a spectrum.
When light from a source like a lightbulb passes through a spectroscopy telescope, it encounters a prism or a diffraction grating. These optical components disperse the light based on its wavelengths. As a result of dispersion, different colors that make up the light are bent by varying amounts, causing them to spread out.
This separation of colors forms a spectrum, known as a continuous spectrum. This spectrum acts as a fingerprint, revealing the unique composition of the source's light, enabling scientists to analyze the elements or molecules present in the source material.
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Nucleotides are referred to by_____they contain .
Answer:
Nucleotides are referred to by dideoxynucleotides they contain.
which of the following is not a function of wetlands
a) they assist with flood control
b) they recharge groundwater supplies
c) they provide natural water filtration
d) they serve as sources of drinking water
Answer:
assist with flood control
Cells are the basic structural, functional and biological unit of all known living organisms. Identify
the type of cell shown below.
a. prokaryotic
b. eukaryotic
c. bacterial
d animal
Answer: In cell biology, an organelle is a specialized subunit, usually within a cell, that has a specific function. The name organelle comes from the idea that these structures are parts of cells, as organs are to the body, hence organelle, the suffix -elle being a diminutive
Cuales son las partes del craneo de un perro
Answer:
General anatomy
Regions
Bones: skull, occipital bone, parietal bone, frontal bone, pre sphenoid bone, basosphenoid bone, temporal bone, etmoied bone, vomer, incisor bone, nasal bone, maxilla, zygomatic bone, palatine bone, lacrimal bone, ptergoid bone, mandible, hyoidus, spine
Skull sutures
Joints
Muscles
Fascias
Teeth
Numeration
Oral cavity
Pharynx
Esophagus
Paranasal sinuses
Larynx
Central Nervous System
Eye
Hearing
Arteries
Veins
Lymph nodes
Explanation:
What’s the best college and University to study medicines and medical in your opinion?
(in the U.S)
please explain why.
Which of the following is a biotic limiting factor? a. Fire b. Earthquake c. Hurricane d. Predators
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