Answer: Correct option is B . calcium and iron decrease the absorption of lead in the body.
Explanation: calcium and iron decrease the absorption of lead in the body without affecting its solubility,probably by competing for shared absorptive receptors in the intestinal mucosa. The total body burden of lead does not affect lead absorption. Thus, lead does not have a feedback mechanism which limits absorption.
For an arbitrary worm of length L, radius R, and density d, write an equation (using the symbols A and/or B rather than the numbers) that expresses the number of moles of oxygen the worm absorbs per hour and the number of moles the worm uses per hour. How can you tell whether the worm takes in oxygen at a rate fast enough to survive
The number of moles of oxygen a worm absorbs per hour can be calculated using the formula:
A = (LR^2dO2) / (MT)
Where A is the molar flow rate of oxygen, L is the length of the worm, R is the radius of the worm, d is the density of the worm, O2 is the concentration of oxygen in the environment, M is the molar mass of oxygen, and T is the time in hours.
The number of moles of oxygen the worm uses per hour can be calculated using the formula:
B = (k*A)
Where B is the molar flow rate of oxygen used by the worm and k is the rate constant for oxygen consumption.
To determine whether the worm is taking in oxygen at a rate fast enough to survive, we would need to compare the rate of oxygen absorption (A) to the rate of oxygen consumption (B). If A > B, then the worm is absorbing oxygen at a rate that is greater than or equal to the rate at which it is consuming oxygen, and it should be able to survive. If A < B, then the worm is not absorbing oxygen fast enough to sustain its metabolism and it may not survive.
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A
Choose the correct symbol to
compare these numbers.
-4 [?] 0.589
A. <
B. >
C. =
Hello there!
Answer:
A. <
Explanation:
You should remember that all negative numbers are smaller then positive numbers. For example, -10 < 7 or -9479 < 1
-4 is a negative integer
0.598 is a positive number
So -4 < 0.598 (negative < positive)
Paper chromatography is a process used to separate mixtures of substances into their components. The components are carried by a mobile phase through a stationary phase made of absorbent paper. An investigation analyzed a sample of black ink to determine its components.Which property allows the components to separate
Because of its simplicity, comparatively low cost, great sensitivity, and rapid separation, TLC is an extensively used analytical method.
Using a thin stationary phase supported by an inert backing, thin layer chromatography (TLC) is a chromatographic technique used to separate the components of a mixture. It can be carried out on an analytical scale to track the development of a reaction or on a preparative scale to purify minute quantities of a chemical. Similar to all chromatography, TLC works on the premise that a chemical will have varying affinities for the mobile and stationary phases, which will influence how quickly it migrates. TLC aims to produce well-defined, well-separated spots.
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Look at the general chemical equation below. A B C Which situation best describes the effect of a limiting reactant
The situation that best describes the effect of a limiting reactant is that when there is not enough A reactant to react with whole B.
The limiting reactant, also known as the limiting reagent, is the reactant that is used first during a chemical reaction, hence restricting the amount of product that can be produced. The limiting reactant can be identified in a variety of methods ,but they all require employing mole ratios from the balanced chemical equation.
The theoretical yield is the maximum quantity of product possible given the limiting reactant. The quantity of product actually procured, or actual yield, is usually always less than the theoretical yield. The percentage yield used to describe the actual yield indicates what portion of the theoretical yield was attained.
In the equation there is only one situation which describes the effect of limiting reagent when there is not enough of A to react with whole B.
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5. Calculate the heat energy required, in joules, to melt 5.00 x 10² grams of ice at 0.0°C.
Here is the Conclusion 240. Heat energy affects a substance’s intermolecular forces as the substance changes between states.
How to get the State changes?Heat energy increases during the following state changes
Solid - (melting)
Liquid -gas (evaporation)
Solid- gas (sublimation)
Heat energy decreases during the following state changes
Gas- liquid (condensation)
Liquid → solid (freezing)
Gas –solid (deposition)
An intermolecular force (IMF) (or secondary force) is the force that mediates the interaction of molecules, including electromagnetic forces of attraction or repulsion that act between atoms and other types of nearby particles, such as atoms or ions.
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The heat energy required, in joules, to melt 5.00 x 10² grams of ice at 0.0°C. 2016.6 J.
How does heat energy become created?When the temperature rises, molecules and atoms move faster and collide, creating heat generated (also known as heat energy). Thermal energy is the heat that results from heated substance's temperatures.
Calculation :The following phrase may be used to determine the change in heat energy in a process like melting.
S = H * m / T
where:
S = entropy [kJ]
H = fusion heat = 3.36*10¹ [J/kg]
m = mass = 0.02 [kg]
T = temperature in kelvin = 273 [K]
S = 0.02 * 5.00 * 10² / (273 + 0)
S = 2016.6 J
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The complete question is -
Calculate the heat energy of 5.00 * 10² g of ice when it melts at 0.0°C. The heat of fusion of ice is 3.36 x 10'J/kg.
CAN SOMEONE OR SOMEBODY HELP ME ASAP
Answer: ahem...
Explanation: 1. True 2. reproducing 3. All of them 4. i would say true, the only thing is plants dont really digest food and it says "all" organisms... 5. B, C, and D...A is more of defense and not really "maintaining structure"
Write the balanced chemical equation that represents the addition of CL2 to CH3CH=CH2.
The balanced chemical equation that represents addition of CL2 to CH3CH=CH2 is : CH3CH=CH2 = CL2 > CH3CHClCH2Cl.
What is meant by balanced chemical equation?Balanced chemical equations have the same number and type of each atom on both the sides of an equation. Coefficients in a balanced equation has to be the simplest whole number ratio and mass is always conserved in chemical reactions.
Balanced equation is an equation for a chemical reaction where the number of atoms for each element in the reaction and total charge is same for both the reactants and products. In other words, we can say that mass and the charge are balanced on both sides of a reaction.
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A group of students decided to test some parameters of gases using a balloon. The students filled two balloons to the same volume. One balloon was placed in a freezer and the other was left at room temperature. The balloons were left and checked after three hours.
Student A claimed that the balloon in the freezer would be the same size as the balloon at room temperature after the three hours were up.
Student B claimed that the balloon in the freezer would be larger than the balloon at room temperature after three hours.
Student C claimed that the balloon in the freezer would be smaller than the balloon at room temperature after three hours.
Which student's claim is correct? Explain your reasoning!
Answer:
Student C.
Explanation:
At higher temperatures, the particles move faster and collide with each other more frequently, which causes the gas to occupy a larger volume. At lower temperatures, the particles move slower and collide less frequently, which causes the gas to occupy a smaller volume.
When the balloon is placed in the freezer, the temperature inside the balloon will also decrease, causing the gas particles to slow down and collide less frequently, which leads to a decrease in the volume of the gas, hence the balloon will shrink or contract. On the other hand, the room temperature balloon will experience no significant change in the temperature and the gas particles inside the balloon will remain at the same level of activity, causing the balloon to retain the same volume.
Select the correct answer from each drop-down menu. what are the percent compositions of vanadium and lead? a metallurgist begins with 1,250 grams of vanadinite (pb5(vo4)3cl) and ends up with 135 grams of pure vanadium and 915 grams of pure lead. the percent composition of vanadium in the ore is , and the percent composition of lead is .
The percent composition of vanadium in the ore is 1A: 10.8%, and the percent composition of lead is 2B: 73.2%.
Vanadinite (Pb₅ (VO₄)₃Cl) = 1250 grams
Pure vanadium= 135 grams
Pure lead = 915 grams
Percent composition of vanadium =?
Percent composition of lead =?
The formula to find the percent composition is as follows:
Percent composition =(substance mass in grams/ sample mass in grams) × 100
1: Now solving to find the percent composition of vanadium by putting values in the formula:
Percent composition of vanadium = (vanadium mass/sample mass) × 100
Percent composition of vanadium = (135 g/ 1250 g) × 100
Percent composition of vanadium = 10.8 %
2: Now finding the percent composition of lead by using the same formula:
Percent composition of lead = (lead mass/sample mass) × 100
Percent composition of lead = (915 g / 1,250 g) × 100
Percent composition of lead = 73.2%
"
Complete question:
What are the percent compositions of vanadium and lead?
A metallurgist begins with 1,250 grams of vanadinite (pb5(vo4)3cl) and ends up with 135 grams of pure vanadium and 915 grams of pure lead.
The percent composition of vanadium in the ore is ______ , and the percent composition of lead is ________ .
OPTIONS:
1.
A. 10.8%
B. 14.3%
C. 14.8%
D. 62.4%
2.
A. 55.6%
B. 73.2%
C. 16.0%
D. 23.8%
"
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Answer:
10.8%
73.2%
Explanation:
I just did the test and its right on plato, Have a great a day!
Help me please I have been stuck for some time
Answer:275.4 g Al2O3
Explanation: The mass of Al2O3 formed is 2.7 mol * 102 g/mol = 275.4 g. This is because the molar mass of Al2O3 is 102 g/mol. This means that when 1 mol of Al2O3 is formed, it has a mass of 102 g. Therefore, when 2.7 mol of Al2O3 is formed, it has a mass of 2.7 mol * 102 g/mol = 275.4 g.
The kind of molecular motion that mostly relates to the temperature of a substance is
A) translational motion.
B) rotational motion.
C) vibrational motion.
D) all about equally
The kind of molecular motion that mostly relates to temperature of a substance is : A) translational motion.
What is meant by translational motion?Motion in which all the points of a moving body moves uniformly in the same direction. If object is undergoing translatory motion, we can see that there is no change in the orientation of object. Translatory motion is also called translational motion.
In kinetic theory of gasses, increasing the temperature of a gas increases the average kinetic energy of the molecules, causing an increased motion. This increased motion increases outward pressure of the gas, which an expected result from the ideal gas equation (PV=NkT).
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Which of the following is consistent with an exothermic reaction that is nonspontaneous at high temperatures?
A.
?H > 0, ?S > 0, ?G < 0
B.
?H < 0, ?S < 0, ?G > 0
C.
?H < 0, ?S > 0, ?G > 0
D.
?H > 0, ?S < 0, ?G < 0
E.
?H < 0, ?S > 0, ?G < 0
As a result, option c is correct: H must be negative and S must be positive.
What is exothermic reaction?Energy is transmitted to or from the surroundings when a chemical reaction occurs. An exothermic reaction occurs when energy is transmitted to the surroundings, and the temperature of the surroundings rises. The term exothermic implies "heating up." As an exothermic process progresses, energy, frequently in the form of heat, is released. An exothermic reaction is one that is chemical in nature and is characterized by the release of energy in the form of heat or light. Matching a light with a matchstick is an example of this sort of reaction in which the release is both heat and light.
Here,
The spontaneity can be determined by the equation as:
ΔG=ΔH−TΔS
If the Gibbs free energy is negative, it gives a spontaneous reaction. Hence, the ΔH must be negative and ΔS must be positive.
If the Gibbs free energy is positive then it will be non-spontaneous. Hence, ΔS must be negative at very high temperature.
Therefore, option c is correct that is the ΔH must be negative and ΔS must be positive.
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A 2.317 gram sample of an oxide of iron was found to contain 1.677 grams of iron and 0.640 grams of oxygen. What is the simplest formula for this compound?
The simplest formula for a compound is made up of 1.677 grams of iron and 0.640 grams of oxygen would be FeO.
Empirical formulaWhat the question is asking here is the empirical formula of an oxide of iron made up of 1.677 grams of iron and 0.640 grams of oxygen. The empirical formula shows the formula in the simplest whole-number ratio of the atoms.
Iron (Fe) = 1.677 grams
Oxygen (O) = 0.640 grams
Converting the masses to moles:
Fe = 1.677/56 = 0.0299 mol
O = 0.640/16 = 0.0400 mol
Now, let's divide by the smallest mole:
Fe = 0.0299/0.0299 = 1.0
O = 0.0400/0.0299 = 1.3
Thus, the empirical formula of the oxide of iron is FeO.
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Part A
Determine the value of Kp for the following reaction:
4HCl(g)+O2(g)⇌2Cl2(g)+2H2O(g)
Express the equilibrium constant to three significant digits.
To determine the value of Kp for a reaction, we need to know the concentrations of all the reactants and products at equilibrium.
In this case, we are not given the equilibrium concentrations, so we cannot directly calculate Kp. Instead, we can use the ideal gas law to relate the equilibrium concentrations to the partial pressures of the gases, and use those partial pressures to calculate Kp.The equation for the ideal gas law is PV = nRT, where P is the pressure, V is the volume, n is the number of moles, R is the ideal gas constant, and T is the temperature. If we assume that the reaction occurs at a constant volume and a constant temperature, we can use the ideal gas law to relate the equilibrium partial pressures of the gases to the concentrations of the gases.Given that we have no information about the equilibrium concentrations or partial pressures, we can not calculate Kp.
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If methane (CH4) has a tetrahedral molecular geometry, which of the following diagrams most likely represents its Lewis dot structure
The carbon atom is in the center of the structure and is surrounded by four hydrogen atoms.
What is structure?Structure is an organized arrangement of elements, such as components, materials, people, or ideas. It is a way of organizing and arranging the components of a system in order to achieve a desired outcome.
The most likely Lewis dot structure for methane (CH4) is the following:
The carbon atom is in the center of the structure and is surrounded by four hydrogen atoms. Each hydrogen atom has one electron in its outer shell, and the carbon atom has four electrons in its outer shell. All of the atoms are arranged in a tetrahedral shape, which matches the molecular geometry of methane.
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10. A body is found at 2:00 pm on New Year's Eve. The temperature of the liver registers 75. 5° F. What is the approximate TOD of the victim?
The estimated time of death is approximately 10:30 pm the night before.
Estimating the time of death (TOD) can be a complex process, and the methods used will depend on the specific circumstances of the case. Some of the factors that may be taken into consideration include:
The stage of decomposition of the body: As a body decomposes, it will go through several distinct stages, each of which can provide information about the TOD.The temperature of the body: As a body cools after death, the temperature will drop at a predictable rate. By measuring the temperature of the body at different points in time, it may be possible to estimate the TOD.The body's position: The position of the body can provide clues about the time that has passed since death. For example, if a body is found lying on its back, it may indicate that it has been dead for a longer period of time than if it is found on its stomach.The presence of insects or animals: Certain insects and animals are attracted to dead bodies at different stages of decomposition. By examining the presence of these insects or animals, it may be possible to estimate the TOD.Scene examination: The scene examination and any possible evidence collected can give a rough estimate of the time of death.It is important to note that estimating the TOD is not an exact science and there are often significant margins of error. A professional forensic examination is typically needed to determine the TOD.
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How does the volume change if 50mL of a gas material is cooled from 30\deg C to 5\deg C ?
50mL
46mL
100mL
56mL
The final volume can be determined using Charles's law. The volume of gas at 5 degree Celsius will be 8.3 ml.
What is Charles's law of gases ?According to Charles's law, at constant pressure, the volume of a gas is directly proportional to the temperature.
Hence, V/T = constant.
Let, V1 and T1 be the initial volume and temperature and V2, T2 be the final quantities.
then, V1/T1 = V2/T2.
V2 = V1 T2/ T1
Given, V1 = 50 ml
T1 = 30 °C
T2 = 5 °C
Then, V2 = 50 ml × 5 °C /30 °C = 8.3 ml
Therefore, the volume of the gas reduces to 8.3 ml.
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A chemist determined by measurements that moles of silver participated in a chemical reaction. Calculate the mass of silver that participated in the chemical reaction.
A chemist determined that moles of silver participated in a chemical reaction using measurements. The mass of silver involved in the chemical reaction is 1.08 grams.
Moles of silver participated = 0.01
Molar mass of silver = 108 gram/mole
Weight of silver participated= mole* molar mass
= 0.01*108 gram
= 1.08 gram
A chemist (from the Greek chm(a) alchemy; replacing chymist from Medieval Latin alchemist) is a scientist who studies chemistry. Chemists investigate the structure and properties of matter. Chemists meticulously describe the properties of molecules and their constituent atoms in terms of quantities. Chemists carefully measure the proportions of substances, the rates of chemical reactions, and other chemical properties. Pharmacists are commonly referred to as chemists in Commonwealth English.
Chemists apply their knowledge to learn the composition and properties of new substances, as well as to reproduce and synthesize large quantities of useful naturally occurring substances and to create new artificial substances and processes.
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The reaction between NO(g) and O2(g) produces a single product. The reaction occurs in a rigid reaction vessel represented in the diagram above. Which of the following statements correctly predicts the change in average molecular velocity of the molecules as the reaction goes to completion at constant temperature and provides the correct explanation
The average molecular velocity of the molecules will decrease as the reaction goes to completion at a constant temperature.
What is Molecular velocity?
Molecular velocity is the average speed of molecules in a sample of matter. It is determined by the temperature of the sample, with higher temperatures resulting in higher molecular velocities.
This is because the reaction produces a single product, meaning that the number of molecules in the reaction vessel is decreasing as the reaction goes to completion. As the number of molecules decreases, the average molecular velocity of the molecules decreases as well.
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What could occur if the feedback loop of the knee je rk reflex was cut off at any points along its path?
If the feedback loop of the knee reflex was cut off at any points along its path, then there will be no response of knee reflex.
What does it mean if you don't have a knee reflex?Its results in harm to any part of your reflex arc, which can be due to a basic knee-medicinal condition. Healthcare suppliers can disclose hyporeflexia by spouting your knee with a rubber hammer.
If your doctor taps on a band and there isn't a reflexive movement in the muscle, it's a sign of knee-health matter. Usually, absent reflexes are created by an issue with the nerves in the tendon and muscle. You may have other muscle symptoms along with areflexia, like weakness, or atrophy.
So we can conclude that A decline reflex reply can be related to peripheral knee-nervous system disorders.
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A gas has a pressure of 120 kPa, a temperature of 400 K and a volume of 50.0 mL. What volume will the gas have at a pressure of 60 kPa and a temperature of 200 K
The gas will have a volume of 25.0 mL at a pressures of 60 kPa or a temperature of 200 K.
What is temperature?The average kinetic potential of the particle in a system is measured by temperature. Temperature is measured using thermometers, which measure the temperature of a system by taking a reading of the system's average kinetic energy. Temperature is measured in degrees, with higher temperatures indicating a higher average kinetic energy. Temperature can be affected by a variety of factors, including the amount of energy added to or removed from a system, the number of particles present in the system, and the type of particles present in the system.
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why was the bohr model replaced
Answer:
The Bohr model of the atom was replaced by the quantum mechanical model because it was unable to explain the behavior of electrons in atoms. The quantum mechanical model was able to explain the behavior of electrons in atoms more accurately.
Explanation:
How many moles of H3PO4 form from 9 mol P4O10
According to the given chemical equation and stoichiometry of it , 36 moles of H₃PO₄ are formed from 9 moles of P₄O₁₀.
What is stoichiometry?It is the determination of proportions of elements or compounds in a chemical reaction. The related relations are based on law of conservation of mass and law of combining weights and volumes.
Stoichiometry is used in quantitative analysis for measuring concentrations of substances present in the sample.
As per the reaction, 1 mole of P₄O₁₀ produces 4 moles of H₃PO₄, thus 9 moles of P₄O₁₀ will produce 9×4=36 moles of H₃PO₄.
Thus,36 moles of H₃PO₄ are formed from 9 moles of P₄O₁₀.
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Answer:36
Explanation:
taking the class just got it right
P4 +502 — P4010
What is the limiting reactant if you are using 25. 0 grams of phosphorus and 50. 0 grams of oxygen?
A. ) O2
B. ) P4
C. ) P4O10
D. ) P4O2
The limiting reactant is O2.
To determine the limiting reactant, we need to compare the number of moles of each reactant present.
First, we convert the given masses of phosphorus and oxygen to moles:
25.0 g of P4 = 25.0 g / (123.8 g/mol) = 0.202 mol
50.0 g of O2 = 50.0 g / (32.00 g/mol) = 1.5625 mol
Next, we use the balanced equation for the reaction to determine the stoichiometry of each reactant:
P4 + 5O2 → P4O10
From the equation, we can see that for every one mole of P4, 5 moles of O2 are required.
We can then compare the number of moles of each reactant present:
0.202 mol P4 / 1 mol P4 = 0.202
1.5625 mol O2 / 5 mol O2 = 0.3125
We can see that the number of moles of O2 is less than the number of moles of P4 required by the reaction, so the limiting reactant is O2.
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Balance the following double displacement reaction and determine the coefficients of all of the reactants and products.
___ BaCl2 +___ Na2CO3 --> ___ BaCO3 + ___ NaCl
This double displacement reaction and the coefficients of all the reactants and products in this balanced chemical reaction is Bacl₂ + Na₂CO₃ = BaCO₃ + 2Nacl.
What is a double displacement reaction?A double displacement reaction is a particular type of reaction in which two reactants swap ions to produce two new molecules. Water-soluble ionic compounds interact with one another in a number of double displacement processes.
What is the meaning of coefficients?Coefficients are the numbers or expressions put in front of a chemical symbol or formula to balance chemical equations. It provides information on the number of atoms or molecules of the drug or chemical that are a part of the reaction.
What is a chemical reaction?When two or more compounds come into touch with one another and create a new substance, the process is known as a chemical reaction (s). Reactants or reagents are the name(s) for the substance(s) or substances that are initially incorporated into the chemical process. Chemical reactions typically involve a chemical change and produce one or more products, which typically differ from the reactants in some ways.
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A semen sample is received in the laboratory for evaluation of fertility. No sperm are observed upon initial microscopic examination of the sample. How should you proceed
Laboratories are used in many different fields, including medicine, chemistry, biology, physics, engineering, and more.
What is laboratory?A laboratory is a facility where scientists conduct research and experiments. It is equipped with specialized equipment, tools, and supplies required for the specific purpose of conducting scientific tests, experiments, and analysis.
The next step would be to look for other seminal components, such as white blood cells, red blood cells, epithelial cells, and other organic and inorganic components. If no sperm are present, then a detailed analysis of the sample is necessary to determine the cause of the absence of sperm. Possible causes of azoospermia, or the absence of sperm, include hormonal imbalance, anatomical defects, genetic conditions, and medical treatments.
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What is the net charge on the following peptide at pH = 0?
Peptide sequence: DSVK
a. net charge = +2
b. net charge = +1
c. net charge = 0
d. net charge = -2
The net charge on the Peptide sequence: DSVK at pH = 0 is : a. net charge = +2.
What is peptide sequence?The process of identifying the amino acids that make up a peptide chain's structural sequence is known as peptide sequencing. This knowledge must be made public in order to understand the structure and function of a protein within a cell, which is useful for biomedical research applications.
By convention, the names of peptides are always written from left to right, beginning with the N-terminal end. For example, the name glycyl-histidine-phenylalanine refers to a peptide that comprises glycine at the N-terminus, followed by a histidine, and then phenylalanine at the C-terminus.
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A chemist titrates 110.0mL of a 0.2108M methylamine CH3NH2 solution with 0.4152M HCl solution at 25°C. Calculate the pH at equivalence. The pKb
of methylamine is 3.36Round your answer to 2 decimal places.Note for advanced students: you may assume the total volume of the solution equals the initial volume plus the volume of HCl solution added
At equivalence, the number of moles of methylamine and HCl are equal, and the pH of the solution is 4.76.
At equivalence, the number of moles of methylamine and HCl are equal, so we can use the equation:
n(CH3NH2) = n(HCl)
0.2108M * 110.0mL = 0.4152M * V
V = 52.4mL
Total volume of the solution: 110.0mL + 52.4mL = 162.4mL
We can use the Henderson-Hasselbalch equation to calculate the pH at equivalence:
pH = pKb + log([CH3NH2]/[HCl])
pH = 3.36 + log(0.2108M/(0.2108M + 0.4152M))
pH = 3.36 + log(0.2108M/(0.6259M))
pH = 3.36 + log(0.3389)
pH = 3.36 + (-0.4719)
pH = 4.76
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to produce 4.00 L of a 250. mM solution of sodium hydroxide, how many grams of NaOH must bee dissolved
You may determine the number of moles of solution you need by multiplying the volume in liters (4.00L) by the solution's molar concentration (0.250M), and then by the mass of sodium hydroxide (39.99 g/mol) in molar form. 1L = 39.99g × 4.00L x 0.250 M x 39.99g
The number sodium hydroxide of moles of solute dissolved in one liter of a solution is known as its molarity.
where,
250 mM Molarity =
moles of solute = n
= liquid volume in milliliters = 4L = 4000 ml
Now, using the molarity formula to combine all the values provided, we obtain
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QUIZ 4: GOLDEN YEARS TO IONIZATION The elements with the highest ionization energy and thus the most unreactive are:
The elements with the highest ionization energy are the noble gases, which are located in the upper right corner of the periodic table. These elements include helium, neon, argon, krypton, xenon, and radon. These elements have a full valence electron shell, meaning that they have the maximum number of electrons possible in their outermost energy level. This makes them very stable and resistant to chemical reactions, as they do not have any electrons that can be easily removed or added.
As a result, they have very high ionization energy, meaning that a large amount of energy is required to remove an electron and form an ion. Due to these properties, these elements are not readily reactive with other elements and tend to exist as diatomic molecules or as individual atoms. These elements are used in a variety of industrial, medical, and everyday applications such as in lighting, refrigeration, and as inert gases in medical equipment and in the manufacturing of semiconductors.
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