Oxygen deprivation in the cells leads to muscle tiredness. Because oxygen is the last electron acceptor in the chain, mitochondria depend on it to function.
What are mitochondria and what do they do?
The majority of the chemical energy required to drive a cell's metabolic operations is produced by mitochondria, which are lattice cell organelles (mitochondrion, singular). Adenosine triphosphate, a tiny molecule, serves as a storage container for the chemical energy generated by the mitochondria.
Why is the powerhouse of the cell the mitochondria?
Because they are in charge of cellular respiration, the mitochondria are referred to as the "powerhouse" of the cell. Adenosine triphosphate, a type of energy, is released (ATP). It serves as the cell's energy currency.
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Which energy-yielding nutrient is the most satiating?
a. protein
b. carbohydrate
c. water
d. alcohol
e. fat
Answer: protein
Explanation:
The advantage to the cell of the gradual oxidation of glucose during cellular respiration compared with its combustion to co2 and h2o in a single step is that?
Advantage of Gradual glucose oxidation releases ATP, the energy currency of the cell systems. Cells are capable of storing small amount of ATP and therefore, gradual oxidation provides with energy supply for a comparably longer duration releasing only small amount of ATP at a time. That gets utilized for cellular activities and gradual glucose oxidation releases more ATP to restore them.
The process of oxidizing glucose includes formation of Catabolic pathway during which a 6 carbon glucose molecule is split into two 3 carbon sugars which are then oxidized and rearranged by a step-wise metabolic process that produces two molecules of pyruvic acid.
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Organisms without exonuclease activity would replicate somewhat faster than other organisms, since time would not be spent checking newly synthesized DNA and excising mismatched bases. The mutation rate would also be higher true or false
This is true that The mutation rate would also be higher.
What is mutation?A mutation is a change in the nucleic acid sequence of an organism's, virus's, or extrachromosomal DNA's genome. DNA or RNA can be found in the viral genome.
Environmental elements known as mutagens are what trigger mutations. Radiation, chemicals, and pathogenic agents are examples of mutagens. Mutations may occur naturally spontaneously.
Because it generates a new DNA sequence for a particular gene, the mutation is crucial in the initial stage of evolution because it results in the creation of a new allele. Through intragenic recombination, recombination can also produce a new DNA sequence (a new allele) for a particular gene.
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Which factor contributes to the production of mucus associated with chronic bronchitis?
According to the research, the correct option is goblet cells, the overproduction by these cells is a factor that contributes to the production of mucus associated with chronic bronchitis.
What is chronic bronchitis?It is a long-term disease of the lungs characterized by incessant coughing producing purulent sputum due to inflammation of the bronchial tubes resulting in increased mucus production.
Goblet cells are unicellular glands that have a cytoplasm loaded with mucins (main component of mucus) these are located in the walls of the bronchi, in chronic bronchitis, the wall of the bronchi tends to thicken, and the number of goblet cells increases greatly causing the overproduction of mucus.
Therefore, we can conclude that the correct option is goblet cells, the overproduction by these cells is a factor that contributes to the production of mucus associated with chronic bronchitis.
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2. What structure caused rotifers to be called wheel animals or wheel bearers? the foot, the corona ,the brain, the stomach
The name "rotifer" emanated from the Latin term meaning "wheel-bearer"; this refers to the crown of cilia around the mouth of the rotifer. The rapid action of the cilia in some species causes them to seem to whirl like a wheel.
What is Rotifer?The rotifers commonly called wheel animals or wheel animalcules drive up a phylum of microscopic and near-microscopic pseudocoelomate animals.
Some rotifers are free swimming and truly planktonic, others drive by inchworms along a substrate, and some are sessile, living inside tubes or thick holdfasts that are attached to a substrate. Approximately 25 species are colonial either sessile or planktonic. Rotifers are an essential part of the freshwater zooplankton, living in a significant food source and with multiple species also contributing to the deterioration of soil organic issues.To learn more about Rotifer, refer:
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Answer:
The Corona.
Explanation:
Cilia on the Corona is what makes the Rotifer move like a wheel.
In the study of Gigord and colleagues using Elderflower orchids, the allele frequencies of yellow and purple flowers varied such that when the yellow allele started to become rare, the reproductive success of purple flowers decreased and the reproductive success of yellow-flowered individuals increased in a process known as _
In the study of Gigord and colleagues using Elderflower orchids, the allele frequencies of yellow and purple flowers varied such that when the yellow allele started to become rare, the reproductive success of purple flowers decreased and the reproductive success of yellow-flowered individuals increased in a process known as frequency-dependent selection.
Frequency-dependent selection is an evolutionary process in which the fitness of a phenotype or genotype is dependent on the frequency of that phenotype or genotype in a particular population.
Positive frequency-dependent selection raises the fitness of a phenotype or genotype as it becomes more prevalent.In the case of negative frequency-dependent selection, the fitness of an increasingly prevalent phenotype or genotype diminishes.In a broader sense, frequency-dependent selection involves biological interactions that make the fitness of an individual dependent on the frequencies of other genotypes or phenotypes within the population.
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In just a week, my 7-year old cousin developed 0.6 to 1.0 centimeters pustules as shown in image 1. In the next couple of days, some of the pustules broke and formed shallow erosions covered by an amber-colored crust and the lesions expanded. His 45-year old father developed similar pathology a few days later. Carefully study the images in the assignment to answer the questions.
The result shows that the microorganism is Staphylococcus aureus.
How to explain the microorganism?Blood Agar media shows colonies which means the microbe must be a fastidious one. It allows bacteria to be distinguished by the type of hemolysis they produce. Here in the image, beta hemolysis is depicted.
Gram staining depicts a gram-positive coccus. Gram-positive organisms take up crystal violet dye and are stained purple while gram-negative organisms take up the safranin dye and give pink to red colonies.
Catalase protects the organisms from reactive oxygen species and Coagulase. According to the above results, the microorganism is Staphylococcus aureus.
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Effects likely to be encountered when each organism is destroyed in a food chain consists of grean leaf ,slug,shrew and fox
The effects can be encountered to other organisms when each organism is destroyed in a food chain that consists of green leaf, slug, shrew and fox.
What are the effects of destroying organism in the ecosystem?Yes, effects likely to be encountered when each organism is destroyed in a food chain consists of green leaf, slug, shrew and fox because every organism in the ecosystem depends on the other organism for their survival.
So we can conclude that the effects can be encountered to other organisms when each organism is destroyed in a food chain that consists of green leaf, slug, shrew and fox.
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Finds of beads and porcelain pottery from mesopotamia and china, along with copper, gold, and ivory objects, underscore the assumption that which city was a prosperous trade center?
Finds of beads and porcelain pottery from Mesopotamia and china, along with copper, gold, and ivory objects, underscore the assumption that which city was a prosperous trade center: Great Zimbabwe
They wove sturdy baskets from the weeds that grew along the riverbank. They made such lovely pottery from the moist soil that their pottery has become a form of wealth. People in villages started to exchange with other villages in the area. Pottery was traded for food, clothing, and jewelry.
The art of Mesopotamia tiers from the early use of ceramics which had been painted with abstract styles, to the advent of sculpture effigies for spiritual purposes, and styles used in Mesopotamian architecture to create their ornate temples and palaces gates.
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____________________ syndrome occurs when the tendons of the wrist become inflamed and swollen.
The tendons in your wrist are impacted by the painful ailment known as De Quervain's tenosynovitis. It happens when the two tendons near the base of your thumb swell up. The sheaths (casings) that surround the tendons become inflamed as a result of the swelling. This causes pain and numbness by pressing on adjacent nerves.
The additional symptoms:
Swelling close to the thumb's base. The backs of your thumb and index finger are numb. A sensation of "catching" or "snapping" as you move your thumb. As the tendons move inside the bulging sheaths, there is a squeaking sound.To learn more about tendons click here
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______is the comparison of relative concentrations of two solutions, separated by a selectively permeable membrane.
a. always causes cells to burst.
b. does not affect cells.
c. always causes cells to shrink.
d. does not have anything to do with solute concentration.
Tonicity is the comparison of relative concentrations of two solutions, separated by a selectively permeable membrane.
Tonicity is the capacity of an extracellular solution to cause water to osmotically enter or exit a cell. Tonicity differs from osmolarity in that it considers both the relative solute concentrations and the permeability of the cell membrane to those solutes.When describing whether a solution would induce water to move into or out of a cell, three terms—hypertonic, hypotonic, and isotonic—are used:A cell will lose volume if it is immersed in a hypertonic solution because there will be a net flow of water out of the cell.
A cell will increase volume if it is immersed in a hypotonic solution because there will be a net flow of water entering the cell.
If a cell is immersed in an isotonic solution, there won't be any net water inflow or outflow, and the volume of the cell will stay constant.
DISCLAIMER
The above given question is wrong, there are no options. The correct question is ______is the comparison of relative concentrations of two solutions, separated by a selectively permeable membrane.
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1. Which type of fungi fungi decompose dead matter?
Oparasitic
Osymbiotic
Oheterotrophic
Osaprophytic
Answer:
D.) saprophytic
Explanation:
Saprophytic fungi break down dead matter by releasing enzymes. This allows for the matter to be taken up by the fungi as a food source.
There are 3 possible genotypes: NN, MN, or MM. In a group of 500 people, the frequency of genotype NN is 40%. How many individuals would you expect to have the MN genotype
235 are the Individual numbers that would expect to have the MN type of genotype.
There are two equations necessary according to Hardy-Weinberg Equilibrium:-
p + q = 1
p² + 2pq + q² = 1
Let,
NN= p
NM=2pq
MM=q
So, according to the question, the frequency of genotype NN is 40%
40% of 500 = [tex]\frac{500*40}{100} = 200[/tex] Numbers of individuals
Frequency of individuals p = [tex]\frac{Numbers of individuals}{Total populations}[/tex] = [tex]\frac{200}{400} = 0.4[/tex]
Find p² by taking the square root of p.
√(p) = √(0.4)
= 0.632
So, pp + qq = 1
qq = 1 - pp = 1 - 0.63
q = 0.37
The allele frequencies in the population are known, now finding the frequency of heterozygous genotype.
By Multiplying 2 × p ×q to get heterozygous genotype
2pq = 2 × 0.63 × 0.37` = 0.47
2pq = 0.47
So, 2pq × total population = 0.47 × 500 = 235, NM genotype.
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Protective membranous coverings that lie between bony coverings and the soft tissues of the cns are called?
Protective membranous coverings that lie between bony coverings and the soft tissues of the cns are called the meninges.
What are the brain meninges?The brain meninges are the three protective membranous thin layers of tissue that cover and protect the brain and spinal cord of the nervous system.
These meninges are:
The dura mater: They are the tough and inflexible outermost of the three layers of the meninges.Arachnoid mater: The middle layer of the meninges. A membrane that protects the brain and spinal cord below the dura mater and above the subarachnoid space and the pia mater.Pia mater: The innermost of the meninges, the membranes that surround the brain and spinal cord.So therefore, the protective membranous coverings that lie between bony coverings and the soft tissues of the cns are called the meninges
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During meiosis I, _____________________. Group of answer choices homologous chromosome pairs are separated the chromosome number stays the same four daughter cells are formed sister chromatids are separated
Homologous chromosome pairs are separated
Meiosis 1 refers to the initial stage of meiosis where one parent cell divides into two daughter cells. This stage is where homologous pairs of chromosomes will segregate and separate from each other and move into the two daughter cells which result in the division of the total chromosomal number by half.
What happens during Meiosis 1 ?Meiosis I ends when the chromosomes of each homologous pair arrive at opposing poles of the cell.
The microtubules disintegrate, and a new nuclear membrane forms around each haploid set of chromosomes.The chromosomes uncoil, forming chromatin again, and cytokinesis occurs, forming two non-identical daughter cells.Learn more about Meiosis here:
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If a drug slows down central nervous system activity while increasing the activity of the main inhibitory neurotransmitter in the brain, then it is most likely to be a(n)
If a drug slows down central nervous system activity while increasing the activity of the main inhibitory neurotransmitter in the brain, then it is most likely to be a Depressant.
How do neurotransmitters work and what are they?Chemical messengers are called neurotransmitters to facilitate communication between nerve cells. Serotonin, dopamine, glutamate, and acetylcholine are a few of them. Numerous processes are controlled by neurotransmitters, including mood, sleep-wake cycles, and appetite.
DEPRESSANTSThese medications, which are sometimes known as "downers," are available as liquid or colored pills and capsules. As they are intended to lessen the symptoms of mental illness, some medications in this class, including Zyprexa, Seroquel, and Haldol, are referred to as "major tranquilizers" or "antipsychotics." Xanax, Klonopin, Halcion, and Librium are examples of depressants that are frequently referred to as "benzos" (short for benzodiazepines).
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When transporting donated platelet units, what is the maximum amount of time that agitation of platelets can be stopped for
24 hours is the maximum amount of time that agitation of platelets can be stopped.
What are platelets?Platelets are pieces of very large cells in the bone marrow called megakaryocytes. They aid in the formation of blood clots that help wounds heal and to slow or stop bleeding. It can be problematic to have platelets that are too many, too few, or aren't functioning properly.
Platelets' main job is to stop and prevent bleeding. The body sends signals to platelets that direct them to the affected location when a blood artery is damaged. Adults typically have between 150,000 and 450,000 platelets per microliter of blood, which is considered normal. Less than 150,000 platelets per microliter indicate a low platelet count. People with thrombocytopenia have low platelet levels. We can bleed heavily and bruise easily if our platelet counts are low.
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Which part of the central nervous system is responsible for coordinating bodily movements such as writing or sewing
The part of the central nervous system that is responsible for coordinating bodily movements such as writing or sewing is cerebellum.
What is central nervous system?
The central nervous system is the processing center of the body and consists of the brain and the spinal cord.
The brain and the spinal cord are protected by three layers of membranes known as meninges.
What is Cerebellum?The cerebellum, also known as the little brain, is responsible for smooth, coordinated voluntary movements.
Thus, the part of the central nervous system that is responsible for coordinating bodily movements such as writing or sewing is cerebellum.
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What unique ecological attributes do islands generally have? What impacts do exotic species have upon endemic and other species in oceania?
A four-year-old patient exhibits hemorrhagic colitis and is treated via intravenous rehydration. The pathogen is a gram-negative rod. It is isolated and differentiated from related organisms based on its ability to ferment lactose and its inability to ferment sorbitol. Which of the following is a likely diagnosis
The most likely diagnosis of Gastroenteritis based on the presence of organisms which can ferment lactose and its inability to ferment sorbitol is called enterohemorrhagic E. coli.
What is Enterohemorrhagic E. coli?This is referred to a type of pathogen which is a strain of E.coli and causes severe intestinal infection thereby damaging it and leading to bloody diarrhea being observed. Individuals can be infected through food sources such as raw or uncooked meat etc.
This organism mentioned above also has the ability to ferment lactose but not sorbitol and is usually treated using rehydration therapy and requires blood transfusion in sever cases.
This is therefore the reason why Enterohemorrhagic E. coli was chosen as the most appropriate choice.
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Immunocytochemical distribution of the cannabinoid CB1 receptor in the primate neocortex: A regional and laminar analysis
Analysis:
Delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol (Delta9-THC) has a substantial influence on higher cognitive processes, and it has been linked to the emergence or worsening of clinical symptoms of schizophrenia.
These activities appear to be mediated through the CB1 receptor, which is the most abundant cannabinoid receptor in the brain.
However, the location of the CB1 receptor in monkey neocortical areas that influence cognitive activities remains unknown.
Using antibodies that selectively target the N- or C-terminus of the CB1 receptor, we studied the immunocytochemical localization of the CB1 receptor in the brains of macaque monkeys and humans.
In monkeys, CB1 immunoreactivity was most strong in axons and boutons. CB1-immunoreactive (IR) axons showed significant variation in density and laminar distribution throughout neocortical areas of the monkey brain.
When compared to main sensory and motor cortices, neocortical association regions such as the prefrontal and cingulate cortices have a greater density and a distinct laminar pattern of CB1-IR axons.
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What is the visceral mass that every mollusk has
The visceral mass that every mollusk has are internal organs, digestive tract, paired kidneys and reproductive organs
What are invertebrates?Invertebrates are animals which do not have backbone.
Some invertebrates phyla include:
PoriferaCoelentrata/CnidarianAnnelidaPlatyhelminthes e.t.cSo therefore, the visceral mass that every mollusk posses are the internal organs, digestive tract, paired kidneys and reproductive organs
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Which term describes the practice of placing clients with the same infection in a semi private room?
The term that describes the practice of placing clients with the same infection in a semi private room is called Patient cohorting.
What is Patient cohorting?Patient cohorting is defined as the strategy used by health personnel such as nurses to limit the spread of infection from one patient to another and from patients to the health workers.
It is defined as the placement of patients exposed to or infected with the same laboratory-confirmed pathogen in the same inpatient room/geographic area.
It is also a strategy which can be used when patient requirements for private rooms exceed capacity.
The importance of this strategy is to limit the spread of the disease causing microorganisms.
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In addition to several other factors, the overall risks of environmental chemicals depend on genetically determined variations in the ____ involved in transport, metabolism, and excretion of these chemicals
In addition to several other factors, the overall risks of environmental chemicals depend on genetically determined variations in the proteins involved in the transport, metabolism, and excretion of these chemicals.
Environmental Chemicals
Various chemicals and compounds present in the air, food, soil, water, dust, etc are called environmental chemicals. In humans, there are more than 400 listed environmental chemicals. Most of these chemicals are already present in the environment while the others were manufactured for humans to use. Some chemicals may be harmful to all humans while others may be selectively harmful to certain individuals and they are commonly referred to as allergens. Even though there are many environmental chemicals around a human being, most of them are not harmful.
The risks involved in exposure to chemicals depend on variations in the proteins present in various metabolic functions. If the functions of the proteins are hampered then it will create a cascade of errors that may end up causing serious harm to the person.
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If the intake valve is opened too early in the cycle of operation of a four-stroke cycle engine, it may result in:_______.
If the intake valve opens too early in the cycle, vacuum will be reduced and exhaust gasses will be forced into the intake manifold. When exhaust gasses are forced into the intake manifold, vacuum is adversely affected and the intake runners will soot up. This effect is called "reversion".
An internal-combustion engine goes through four strokes: intake, compression, combustion (power), and exhaust. As the piston moves during each stroke, it turns the crankshaft.
The work of is intake valve opens when the piston reaches the TDC; compressed air from high pressure tank rapidly flows into the cylinder. The pressure inside the cylinder rapidly increases to the intake pressure. Meanwhile, the mass and temperature inside the cylinder increase.
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Which explanation is most likely for a particular human population with a higher incidence of polydactyly (extra fingers/toes) than the human population as a whole
Founder effect is most likely for a particular human population with a higher incidence of polydactyly (extra fingers/toes) than the human population as a whole.
In population genetics, the basic effect is the loss of genetic variation that occurs when a new population is founded by a very small number of individuals from a larger population. As a result of the loss of genetic variation, the new population may differ significantly, both genotypically and phenotypically, from the parent population from which it originates. In extreme cases, the founder effect is thought to lead to speciation and the subsequent evolution of new species The founder effect is a form of genetic drift. This is a phenomenon in which a new population is derived from a small isolated group of individuals. The new population is genetically different from the parent populations. The founder effect can arise from cultural isolation. For example, the Amish population in the United States exhibits a founder effect because it grew from very few founders, they do not have any newcomers, and tends to marry within the same community.
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Shakers, homogenizers, sonicators, blenders, centrifuges and cell sorters are examples of equipment that may create an aerosol risk if used with biohazards.
It is true that shakers, homogenizers, sonicators, blenders, centrifuges and cell sorters are examples of equipment that may create an aerosol risk if used with biohazards.
What are biohazards?The term biohazards has to do with those substances that are capable of causing biological damage. A typical example of a biological hazard is a blood sample or a culture that contains microorganism. These materials are able to spread infection from person to person and from place to place as fast as possible if they are not properly handed in the accurate and professional way that they ought to be handled.
As such, it is very risky for a person to make use of equipment such as shakers, homogenizers, sonicators, blenders, centrifuges and cell sorters are examples of equipment that may create an aerosol risk because they may lead to a wider spread of these biohazards and mass infection of people.
As such, it is a true statement that; "shakers, homogenizers, sonicators, blenders, centrifuges and cell sorters are examples of equipment that may create an aerosol risk if used with biohazards."
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The laetoli footprints provide valuable information about the ____ of early hominins.
Early hominins walked on two legs is the answer.
Laetoli's footprint provides a clear snapshot of early Hominini bipedalism with slightly but significantly different limb postures. These data support the hypothesis that significant evolutionary changes in Hominini bipedalism occurred 36 million years ago.
Laetoli is a prehistoric site in the Enduleni district of the Ngorongoro district in the Arusha region of Tanzania. The site dates from the Pliocene to the Pleistocene and is famous for its Hominini footprints preserved in volcanic ash. The location of Laetoli's footprints is 45 km south of the Olduvai Gorge.
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In cellular respiration, the most cellular energy is created during:____.
a. lactic acid fermentation.
b. the krebs cycle.
c. glycolysis.
d. the electron transport chain (and chemiosmosis).
d. the electron transport chain (and chemiosmosis) is the answer.
An electron transport chain is a series of protein complexes and other molecules that transfer electrons from an electron donor to an electron acceptor via a redox reaction and bind this electron transfer to the transfer of protons through the membrane.
The electron transport chain is a series of four protein complexes that combine redox reactions to produce an electrochemical gradient that leads to the formation of ATP in a complete system called oxidative phosphorylation. It occurs in mitochondria in both cellular respiration and photosynthesis.
The electron transport chain works by sending protons into the intermembrane space. This sets up a proton gradient that allows protons to be pumped through ATP synthase to produce ATP.
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What helps determine the properties of certain tissues, particularly connective tissues?
Variations in the composition of the extracellular matrix, determines the properties of the connective tissue. For example, if the matrix is calcified, it can form bone or teeth. Specialised forms of extracellular matrix also makes up tendons, cartilage, and the cornea of the eye.
Please tell me if i am wrong. Hope this helped!
The properties of certain tissues, particularly connective tissues, are determined by the extracellular matrix (ECM). The ECM is a network of proteins and other molecules that surrounds and supports the cells in the tissue.
The ECM determines the strength, flexibility, and other properties of the tissue. The ECM is composed of three main types of proteins: collagen, elastin, and glycosaminoglycans.
Collagen is the most abundant protein in the ECM. It is a strong, flexible protein that gives tissues their tensile strength.
Elastin is a protein that gives tissues their elasticity. It is a rubber-like protein that allows tissues to stretch and return to their original shape.
Glycosaminoglycans are long, sugar-like molecules that give tissues their viscosity. They help to keep tissues hydrated and prevent them from sticking to each other.
The ECM is also home to a variety of other molecules, including growth factors, cytokines, and adhesion molecules. These molecules play a role in the development, maintenance, and repair of tissues.
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