researchers can neither anticipate nor control maturation or history effects. therefore, such threats to internal validity should be noted in what section of a published article?

The estimated score of the student on a biology test two years after getting a score of 84 is P = 66.

Using Ebbinghaus' Law of Forgetting, we can estimate the student's performance level P on the test two years later. Here, t = 24 (since two years is 24 months), c = 0.3, and P0 = 84. We can plug these values into the formula log(P) = log(P0) - c log(t+1) and solve for P.

log(P) = log(84) - 0.3 log(24+1)

log(P) = 1.924 - 0.3(1.431)

log(P) = 1.480

P = antilog(1.480) = 66 (rounded to the nearest whole number)

Therefore, the estimated score of the student on a biology test two years after getting a score of 84 is 66. This suggests that the student's performance level on the test will decrease significantly after two years, as per Ebbinghaus' Law of Forgetting.

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The correct answer is option b. Metcalfe's Law is also known as network externalities, which refers to the positive effect of a network's size on its overall value.

Metcalfe's Law states that the value of a network is proportional to the square of the number of its users. In other words, as the number of users or nodes in a network increases, the value of the network grows exponentially.

Network externalities occur when the value or utility of a product, service, or network is influenced by the number of other users or participants involved. This positive effect arises from increased connectivity, access to information, collaboration opportunities, and network effects.

The alternatives listed, such as "herd instincts," "group impressions," "systemic events," and "cluster effects," do not accurately represent the concept of Metcalfe's Law. The term "network externalities" best captures the essence of Metcalfe's Law by highlighting the positive impact of network size on its overall value.

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Formal analysis, also known as visual analysis, is a fundamental tool in the history of art that focuses on the formal elements and principles of a work of art.

Formal analysis involves a detailed examination and interpretation of the visual aspects of an artwork, such as its lines, shapes, colors, composition, texture, and overall visual arrangement. It seeks to understand how these formal elements interact and contribute to the overall aesthetic experience and meaning of the artwork. Through formal analysis, art historians and critics analyze the visual language employed by artists, exploring aspects like balance, proportion, rhythm, emphasis, and unity. By dissecting the formal qualities of an artwork, formal analysis provides valuable insights into an artist's intentions, style, and the historical context in which the artwork was created.

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The element "Control" is not included in the transactional communication model introduced in Chapter One.

The elements of the transactional communication model outlined in Chapter One are as follows:

A. Message: The information or content being communicated between the sender and receiver is referred to as the message.

B. Environment: The physical, psychological, and cultural setting in which communication takes occur.

C. Channel: The means by which communication is communicated, such as vocal, nonverbal, or written communication.

The element "Control" is absent from the transactional communication model described in Chapter One. However, some other communication models may include this element to represent the sender's or receiver's level of influence or power over the communication process.

Communication is viewed as a dynamic and participatory process in the transactional communication model, in which both parties participate.

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The element not included in the transactional communication model introduced in Chapter One is D. Control.

The transactional communication model includes the following elements: A. Message, B. Environment, C. Channel, and D. Feedback. The message refers to the information or content being communicated, while the environment refers to the physical, social, and cultural context in which the communication takes place. The channel is the medium through which the message is transmitted, such as face-to-face conversation, email, or phone. Feedback is the response to the message, which completes the communication loop. Control, on the other hand, refers to the ability to regulate or manipulate the communication, which is not included in the transactional communication model.

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The chance that two carriers have a child with an autosomal recessive disorder depends on the specific disorder and the genetic makeup of the parents.

In general, carriers of autosomal recessive disorders have one normal copy and one mutated copy of the gene responsible for the disorder. When two carriers have a child, there is a 25% chance that the child will inherit two copies of the mutated gene and develop the disorder, a 50% chance that the child will inherit one mutated gene and one normal gene and be a carrier like their parents, and a 25% chance that the child will inherit two normal genes and not be affected by the disorder.

However, this is just a general guideline, and the chance of having a child with an autosomal recessive disorder may be higher or lower depending on the specific disorder and the genetic makeup of the parents. It is important for individuals who are carriers of autosomal recessive disorders to discuss their risks and options with a genetic counselor before having children.

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Blind embossing is created by the pressure of the embossing, not the application of ink. This means that the design or pattern is raised on the paper without any color or ink applied to it, resulting in a subtle yet tactile effect.

Blind embossing is a printing technique that creates a raised design or pattern on paper without the use of ink or color. This technique uses pressure to create a tactile effect that adds texture and elegance to a printed piece. The absence of ink or color in blind embossing allows the design to be subtle and understated, yet still impactful. This technique is commonly used in stationery, packaging, and branding design, where a tactile and sophisticated look is desired.

To create a blind emboss, a metal die is typically used to press the design onto the paper with sufficient force. The die can be customized to create a specific design, logo, or text. The result is a raised pattern or design on the paper that can be seen and felt. Blind embossing can be used in conjunction with other printing techniques such as foil stamping, letterpress, or digital printing to create complex and layered effects.

Blind embossing is an effective way to enhance the visual and tactile appeal of a printed piece, leaving a lasting impression on the viewer. This technique is often used in high-end printing projects, where attention to detail and quality are essential. When done well, blind embossing can give a sense of depth and dimensionality to a printed piece and provide a unique and memorable experience for the viewer.

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Answer: natural resources were plentiful in Britain. The country's rivers provided water power for the new factories and a means for transporting raw materials and finished products. Britain also had abundant supplies of coal and iron ore.

Explanation:

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Systematic desensitization is a specific application of classical conditioning that targets patients' social anxieties; it may help a patient insist on appropriate service at a restaurant or ask someone out on a date.

Systematic desensitization is a therapeutic technique commonly used in the treatment of phobias and social anxieties. It involves gradually exposing individuals to feared stimuli or situations while pairing them with relaxation techniques. Through this process, individuals learn to associate the once-feared stimuli with relaxation rather than fear, leading to a reduction in anxiety.

In the context of social anxieties, systematic desensitization can be utilized to help patients overcome their fears and engage in social interactions more comfortably. By gradually exposing them to situations that trigger their anxieties, such as ordering food at a restaurant or initiating romantic conversations, and providing relaxation techniques to manage anxiety, patients can build confidence and develop more adaptive behavioral responses.

Overall, systematic desensitization is an effective approach to address social anxieties and facilitate patients in navigating social situations with greater ease and assertiveness.

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A risk avoider is someone who wants to eliminate or minimize potential risks in their business operations. In inventory management, safety stock is a buffer inventory kept to avoid stockouts and unforeseen demand fluctuations.

A risk avoider would want to eliminate the risk of overstocking and tying up capital in excess inventory by maintaining zero safety stock. However, this approach can be risky because it leaves no room for unexpected demand spikes or delays in the supply chain.

In such scenarios, the business may face stockouts, which can lead to lost sales, dissatisfied customers, and damage to the company's reputation. Therefore, even for a risk avoider, it is recommended to maintain a minimum level of safety stock to ensure business continuity and customer satisfaction.

The optimal level of safety stock depends on various factors such as lead times, demand variability, and supply chain disruptions, which should be carefully evaluated to strike a balance between risk and opportunity costs.

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This statement is false. A risk avoider is someone who is risk-averse and prefers to minimize risk whenever possible.

However, having zero safety stock would actually increase the risk of stockouts and other supply chain disruptions. Safety stock is an additional inventory that is held to protect against uncertainties such as unexpected increases in demand or delays in replenishment. While safety stock does represent an additional cost, it is an important part of supply chain risk management and can help to ensure that customer demand is met even in the face of unexpected disruptions. Thus, a risk avoider would likely want to hold some amount of safety stock to minimize the risk of stockouts and ensure a reliable supply of products to customers.

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Suppose an increase in symphony ticket prices reduces the total revenue. This is evidence that demand is price elastic. Price elasticity of demand measures the responsiveness of demand to changes in price.

If an increase in ticket prices leads to a decrease in total revenue, it suggests that the demand for symphony tickets is price elastic. In other words, a change in price has a significant impact on the quantity demanded. When demand is price elastic, consumers are sensitive to price changes, and an increase in price results in a proportionately larger decrease in quantity demanded, leading to a decrease in total revenue. This indicates that consumers are price-conscious and tend to reduce their purchases when prices rise. The price elasticity of demand can vary across different goods and services.

Understanding the price elasticity of demand helps businesses make informed pricing decisions and assess the potential impact on revenue based on changes in price.

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As the mediator in a discussion about dividing work for a paper and project, the critical thinking skill that will be most helpful is problem-solving.

Problem-solving is a critical thinking skill that involves analyzing a situation, identifying challenges or obstacles, and developing effective strategies to overcome them. In the context of being a mediator in a group discussion, problem-solving is crucial for addressing conflicts, finding common ground, and reaching consensus on how to divide the work for the paper and project.

Here are some ways in which problem-solving can be helpful as a mediator:

Identifying the underlying issues: A skilled mediator can analyze the discussion and identify the root causes of disagreements or concerns related to the work division. By understanding the core issues, they can guide the group towards effective solutions.

Generating alternative solutions: The mediator can facilitate brainstorming sessions to encourage group members to propose different approaches to divide the work. This involves considering individual strengths, preferences, and deadlines while finding a fair and equitable distribution of tasks.

Evaluating pros and cons: Critical thinking involves evaluating the advantages and disadvantages of various options. The mediator can help the group assess the potential benefits and drawbacks of different work division strategies, considering factors such as workload balance, expertise, and time constraints.

Facilitating consensus: Problem-solving also entails guiding the group towards consensus and agreement. The mediator can employ active listening, effective communication, and negotiation skills to help group members understand each other's perspectives and find mutually acceptable solutions.

Implementing and monitoring: After reaching a decision on how to divide the work, the mediator can ensure that the agreed-upon plan is implemented effectively. They can also monitor the progress, address any issues that arise, and facilitate adjustments if needed.

By applying problem-solving skills, the mediator can navigate the discussion, help the group overcome challenges, and guide them towards a successful resolution regarding the division of work for the paper and project.

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Providing social codes and guidance for personal conduct are two functions of social norms.

Social norms are the unwritten rules or expectations that govern behavior within a particular society or group. They serve several functions, including:

1. Regulating Behavior: Social norms provide guidelines and expectations for how individuals should behave in different social situations. They help establish standards for what is considered acceptable or appropriate conduct, promoting social order and cohesion.

2. Facilitating Cooperation: Norms play a crucial role in facilitating social interactions and cooperation among individuals. By setting shared expectations, norms help individuals anticipate and understand the behavior of others, promoting smooth communication, collaboration, and social coordination.

3. Reinforcing Values and Beliefs: Social norms reflect and reinforce the values, beliefs, and cultural practices of a society or group. They serve as a mechanism for transmitting and preserving cultural traditions, customs, and moral principles from one generation to another.

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True, shapefiles and coverages are older versions of vector data that can be converted into a geodatabase feature class.

Shapefiles and coverages are file formats commonly used to store vector data in geographic information system (GIS) applications. They are older formats that have been widely used in the past but have limitations compared to more modern formats like geodatabase feature classes.

A shapefile is a popular format developed by Esri that stores spatial and attribute data as a collection of files, including a main file (.shp) that contains the geometry, an index file (.shx) for fast access, and a dBASE table (.dbf) for attribute data. Coverages, on the other hand, were used in older versions of Esri's GIS software and consist of a collection of files organized in a specific directory structure.

While shapefiles and coverages are still supported in many GIS applications, converting them into a geodatabase feature class offers advantages such as better data management, improved performance, and more advanced functionality. Geodatabase feature classes are part of Esri's geodatabase model, which provides a comprehensive and integrated framework for storing, managing, and analyzing spatial data.

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"Involvement is one of the elements of the Peppers and Rogers CRM model". Other elements include analysis, interaction, and customization. Option B is correct.

The Peppers and Rogers CRM model is a customer-centric approach to managing customer relationships. It consists of three key elements: identification, differentiation, and interaction. However, in addition to these elements, involvement is also recognized as an important component of the model.

Involvement refers to actively engaging customers in the relationship-building process. It emphasizes the importance of understanding customer needs, preferences, and desires, and involving them in the decision-making process. By actively involving customers, companies can create a sense of ownership and foster stronger relationships.

This can be achieved through various means such as personalized communication, feedback mechanisms, and collaborative problem-solving. Ultimately, involvement helps to enhance customer satisfaction and loyalty, leading to long-term business success.

Option B holds true.

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Attracting, motivating, and retaining outstanding personnel is key to an effective correctional system.

A correctional system's success relies heavily on the quality of its personnel. The missing word in the statement is "retaining." Attracting, motivating, and retaining outstanding personnel are crucial factors for the effectiveness of a correctional system.

To create a well-functioning correctional system, it is important to attract skilled and competent individuals who possess the necessary qualifications and dedication to perform their roles effectively.

Motivating personnel is equally important to enhance their job satisfaction, morale, and commitment to their duties. Adequate compensation, opportunities for professional growth, supportive work environments, and recognition can contribute to their motivation and overall job performance.

Furthermore, retaining outstanding personnel helps ensure continuity, institutional knowledge, and expertise within the correctional system. By reducing turnover and retaining experienced staff, the system can benefit from the accumulated skills leading to improved efficiency and effectiveness in achieving its goals.

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The military policy adopted by the George W. Bush administration that permitted the use of force to prevent hostile acts by our enemies even if the U.S. is not attacked is called the doctrine of preemption. This policy asserted that the U.S. had the right to take preemptive military action against perceived threats, such as weapons of mass destruction in the hands of hostile nations or terrorist organizations.

The doctrine of preemption was a departure from traditional U.S. foreign policy, which emphasized diplomacy and deterrence rather than preemptive military action. The doctrine of preemption was a key component of the George W. Bush administration's national security strategy, which was unveiled in 2002. The strategy was developed in response to the 9/11 attacks and the perceived threat of terrorism and weapons of mass destruction. The doctrine of preemption was based on the idea that the U.S.

could not wait for threats to fully materialize before taking action, and that preemptive military action was necessary to protect American interests and prevent future attacks. The policy of preemption was controversial from the start, with critics arguing that it was a dangerous departure from traditional U.S. foreign policy. Critics also questioned the legal basis for preemptive military action, arguing that it violated international law and norms. The doctrine of preemption was used to justify the U.S. invasion of Iraq in 2003, which was based on the claim that Iraq possessed weapons of mass destruction and posed an imminent threat to U.S. national security. The Iraq war and the doctrine of preemption were highly divisive issues, both domestically and internationally. The war was costly in terms of both lives and resources, and the failure to find weapons of mass destruction undermined the credibility of the doctrine of preemption. In the years since the Iraq war, the doctrine of preemption has largely fallen out of favor, with many policymakers and analysts arguing that the U.S. should prioritize diplomacy, alliances, and other non-military tools in addressing threats to national security. The military policy adopted by the George W. Bush administration that permitted the use of force to prevent hostile acts by our enemies even if the U.S. is not attacked is called the "preemptive strike" or "preemptive war" policy. This policy allows the U.S. to take action against perceived threats before they materialize, aiming to protect national security and prevent potential attacks.

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True. If a member of your support network holds influence with a prospective employer, it can be beneficial to ask them to make a follow-up phone call to the interviewer or send a letter of recommendation on your behalf.

Utilizing their influence and endorsement can enhance your chances of being considered for the job and potentially strengthen your application. However, it is important to approach this with professionalism and ensure that the member of your support network is willing and comfortable with making such a contact.

Communication and consent are key in leveraging their influence effectively.

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According to Robert Solow and the neoclassical growth theory, a steady-state of zero growth will be achieved when the equality: between investment and depreciation holds true.

In this context, investment refers to the amount of capital accumulation or increase in physical capital stock, while depreciation refers to the reduction in the value of capital assets over time due to wear and tear or obsolescence.

In the steady-state, the economy achieves a balance between investment and depreciation, leading to a constant level of capital stock and zero growth in output. This occurs because any new investment is just enough to replace the depreciated capital, maintaining a stable capital stock without increasing it.

The neoclassical growth model emphasizes the importance of technological progress and population growth as the main drivers of long-term economic growth. In the absence of these factors, the economy would eventually reach a steady-state with zero growth, highlighting the limitations of capital accumulation as a source of sustained growth.

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Although more recent research on observations of behavior suggests that women and men are equally agentic and assertive, research assessing attitudes finds that agentic and communal traits are D. still considered to be fundamental aspects of masculinity and femininity.

This means that despite the fact that women are just as capable as men when it comes to displaying agentic and assertive behavior, society still holds onto the idea that these traits are more closely associated with masculinity. Furthermore, agentic and communal traits are not just accurate descriptions of men and women, but they are also inclusive of other characteristics such as competency and ambition.

In fact, the traditional definition of masculinity and femininity as solely agentic and communal, respectively, is becoming increasingly outdated as people begin to recognize the importance of intersecting social identities such as race, sexuality, and gender expression. Therefore, while it is important to acknowledge that women and men are equally capable of displaying agentic and assertive behavior, it is equally important to recognize that these traits are not solely associated with one gender or the other.

By embracing a more inclusive definition of agentic and communal traits that takes into account intersecting social identities and a range of other characteristics, we can begin to break down gender stereotypes and create a more equitable society for all. Therefore, the correct option is D.

The question was incomplete, Find the full content below:

although more recent research on observations of behavior suggests that women and men are equally agentic and assertive, research assessing attitudes finds that agentic and communal traits are A. accurate descriptions of men and women.

A. accurate descriptions of men and women.

B. inclusive of other characteristics such as competency and ambition

C. inclusive of intersecting social identities.

D. still considered to be fundamental aspects of masculinity and femininity

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The term that does not contribute to the divergence of populations in isolation is (a) sexual selection.

Here's a brief explanation of each term:
a. Sexual selection: This is a form of natural selection that occurs when individuals with certain traits are more likely to find mates and reproduce. Sexual selection does not necessarily lead to divergence in isolated populations, as it is focused on the traits that are attractive to potential mates within the same population.
b. Advantageous mutation: This is a change in the genetic code that results in a beneficial trait for an organism. These mutations can lead to divergence in isolated populations, as the organisms with these beneficial traits are more likely to survive and reproduce.
c. Genetic drift: This is a random change in the frequency of genetic variants (alleles) within a population. In isolated populations, genetic drift can lead to divergence as different alleles become more common or disappear entirely due to chance events.
d. Natural selection: This is the process where organisms with traits that are better suited for their environment have a higher chance of surviving and reproducing. Over time, natural selection can lead to divergence in isolated populations as the traits that are best suited for each specific environment become more prevalent.

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In J.D. Salinger's novel "The Catcher in the Rye," Holden Caulfield, the protagonist, expresses a strong dislike for certain individuals, including Ackley and Stradlater.

Holden's feelings towards these characters are rooted in his perception of them as inauthentic, phony, or superficial.

He criticizes their behaviors and attitudes, often seeing them as pretentious or hypocritical.

Holden finds Ackley annoying due to his poor hygiene, intrusive nature, and lack of social skills. He sees Ackley as someone who lacks self-awareness and personal hygiene, which contributes to his disdain for him.

As for Stradlater, Holden is resentful of his womanizing and superficiality. Stradlater's pursuit of physical relationships without emotional connections goes against Holden's values and his desire for genuine human connection.

Holden's strong aversion to these characters stems from his disillusionment with the adult world and his yearning for authenticity and sincerity in people. He feels a deep frustration with those he perceives as fake, leading to his harsh judgments and expressions of hating them.

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If you are navigating through unfamiliar side streets to find your way home, you are likely using your spatial intelligence. This type of intelligence involves the ability to visualize and mentally manipulate objects in space, such as maps and physical surroundings.

Spatial intelligence helps you understand where you are in relation to your destination, and allows you to mentally create a route to get there. By using landmarks, street signs, and other visual cues, you can create a mental map of the area and navigate your way home.

This type of intelligence is important for tasks such as driving, navigating, and even playing sports.

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The Transcendentalist movement, which emerged in the early 19th century, was primarily focused on the spiritual and philosophical aspects of life.

The transcendentalist movement emerged in the early 19th century in America as a response to what many of its members saw as the growing materialism and lack of spirituality in American society.

They rejected the idea that material possessions and wealth were the ultimate goal of human existence, and instead emphasized the importance of individualism, self-reliance, and spiritual growth.

The transcendentalists were highly critical of organized religion, which they saw as stifling individual thought and creativity, and instead promoted a more personal, intuitive approach to spirituality. They also placed great emphasis on the natural world, seeing it as a source of inspiration and spiritual renewal.

Overall, the transcendentalist movement can be seen as a call for Americans to reject the narrow focus on material gain that was becoming increasingly prevalent in their society, and instead to pursue a more meaningful and fulfilling existence.

They often criticized the materialistic pursuits that dominated American society at the time, emphasizing spiritual development and simplicity instead.

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The Spanish duo that originally recorded the dance hit "Macarena" is Los del Río. This infectious song became an international phenomenon in the mid-1990s, reaching number one on the charts in several countries.

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If a person holds a deep-seated belief that all individuals are equals and must share basic interests and receive similar treatment, he/she holds an egalitarian value system.

Egalitarianism is a philosophy or belief system that emphasizes equality and fairness among individuals. It promotes the idea that all people should have equal opportunities, rights, and access to resources and that social and economic disparities should be minimized or eliminated. An egalitarian value system recognizes the importance of equal treatment, equal distribution of resources, and the reduction of social inequalities. It values the idea of a just and equitable society where individuals are afforded the same fundamental rights and opportunities, regardless of their background, social status, or other characteristics.

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"You are a team leader and most of your team members are requesting to take a vacation next week. You resolved this conflict by focusing on what professional concessions every member can make to avoid getting behind schedule on the project. This conflict resolution technique is called compromising."

Engineers quit their jobs beca-use of ethical concerns that per-sist after raising them within the comp-any because, it is not professional to be part of un-ethical practices will-ingly. Unethical Practices or Unethical beha-vior is an action that falls out-side of what is considered moral-ly right or proper for a per-son, a profession, or an industry.

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False. A one-tailed alternative is a hypothesis that predicts a direction of the effect. It states that the effect will only occur in one direction, either positive or negative. For example, a one-tailed alternative hypothesis might state that a new drug will improve test scores, rather than simply stating that the drug will have an effect on test scores.

This is different from a two-tailed alternative, which states that the effect could go in either direction. In a two-tailed alternative hypothesis, the effect could be positive or negative.

Therefore, a one-tailed alternative hypothesis is not supported by evidence in either direction, but rather predicts that the effect will only occur in one specific direction.
False. A one-tailed alternative hypothesis is supported by evidence in only one direction. In hypothesis testing, there are two types of alternative hypotheses: one-tailed and two-tailed. A one-tailed alternative hypothesis tests whether the population parameter is either greater than or less than a specific value, depending on the research question. In contrast, a two-tailed alternative hypothesis tests whether the population parameter is simply not equal to a specific value, without specifying a direction.

For example, if you want to test whether a new drug increases the average height of plants, a one-tailed alternative hypothesis would be that the average height of plants treated with the drug is greater than the average height of untreated plants. On the other hand, a two-tailed alternative hypothesis would be that the average height of plants treated with the drug is simply different from the average height of untreated plants, without specifying whether it is greater or smaller.

In summary, a one-tailed alternative hypothesis is supported by evidence in only one direction, making the initial statement false.

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