The slight increase in reverse current at small reverse bias voltages ranging from -5 V to -25 V is due to tunneling.
What is a Si p-n junction diode?A diode is a type of electrical component that allows electric current to flow in only one direction, and a p-n junction diode is a type of diode that is made up of p-type and n-type semiconductor materials. The current-voltage characteristic of a Si p-n junction diode at 300 K is given in the figure above. The slight increase in reverse current at small reverse bias voltages ranging from -5 V to -25 V is due to tunneling.
Tunneling is a quantum mechanical phenomenon in which particles penetrate through a potential barrier that would be impossible to overcome under the principles of classical mechanics. This phenomenon explains why the current flowing through a p-n junction increases at small reverse bias voltages.
The current in a Si p-n junction diode is extremely tiny when reverse-biased, but it begins to rise at a certain point, and this phenomenon is referred to as tunneling. The magnitude of this reverse-bias current is quite small, but it is not negligible, and it is referred to as the reverse saturation current.
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What is the approximate diffraction limit, in arc second, of a 84 meter diameter radio telescope observing 24 cm radiation?
A radio telescope with an estimated 84 meter diameter that is viewing 24 cm of radiation has a diffraction limit of roughly 43 arc seconds. The Rayleigh criteria, which asserts that the angular resolution .
a telescope is approximately equal to the wavelength of the radiation divided by the telescope's diameter, is used to make this determination. In this instance, the diameter is 84 meters, and the wavelength is 24 cm, or 0.24 meters. The result of dividing the wavelength by the diameter is around 0.002857 radians, or roughly 163 arc seconds. The Rayleigh criteria, which asserts that the angular resolution . Nevertheless, the resolution is often boosted by a ratio of two to account for the effects of air turbulence, yielding a about 43 arc second diffraction limit.
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The circuit below contains a battery with negligible internal resistance, three resistors, and a switch. The value of resistor R1R1 is 2 Ohms.a) When the switch is open, what is the value of the current passing through R1R1 ?
b) When the switch is closed, what is the value of the current passing through R1R1?
a) When the switch is open, the value of the current passing through R1 is calculated by using Ohm's Law that states that the current through a conductor between two points is directly proportional to the voltage across the two points.
The equation is written as:
V = IR
Where, V is the voltage, I is the current and R is the resistance.
In this case, the resistance is
R1 = 2Ω.R1
is the only resistor in the circuit when the switch is open. Therefore, the current through R1 is given as:
I = V / R1
where, V is the voltage provided by the battery.
I = 12V / 2ΩI = 6 A
Therefore, when the switch is open, the value of the current passing through R1 is 6 A.
b) When the switch is closed, the equivalent resistance of the circuit can be calculated by adding the resistances of the three resistors.
R = R1 + R2 + R3
where, R1 = 2Ω, R2 = 5Ω, and R3 = 8Ω.
R = 2Ω + 5Ω + 8ΩR = 15Ω
Now, the current through the resistor can be calculated by using Ohm's Law that states that the current through a conductor between two points is directly proportional to the voltage across the two points.
I = V / R
where, V is the voltage provided by the battery which is 12 V.
I = 12V / 15ΩI = 0.8 A
Therefore, when the switch is closed, the value of the current passing through R1 is 0.8 A.
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the third harmonic frequency of a standing wave is 864 hz on a string of length 94 cm that is bound at the two ends and is under tension. what is the speed of traveling waves on this string?
The speed of traveling waves on the string is 48.6 m/s.
The fundamental frequency of a string that is bound at both ends and is under tension is calculated as follows:
f = v/2L
Where v is the velocity of waves on the string and L is the length of the string.
The third harmonic frequency of the standing wave can be expressed as f₃ = 3f₁. Therefore,864 = 3f₁.
Simplifying the above expression, we obtain f₁ = 864/3 = 288
Using the formula above, we can calculate the velocity v of the string as follows:
v = 2Lf₁
Substituting the values, we get:
v = 2(0.94 m)(288 Hz)
Evaluating the above expression gives us the velocity of the string as v = 48.6 m/s. Thus, the speed of traveling waves on the string is 48.6 m/s.
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Two asteroids, drifting at constant velocity, collide. The masses and velocities of the asteroids before the collision are indicated in the figure. During the collision, is the magnitude of the force of asteroid A on asteroid B greater than, less than, or equal to the magnitude of the force of asteroid B on asteroid A?
Answer:a) The momentum of asteroid A is and the momentum of asteroid B is .b) At the time of collision, the magnitude of force of asteroid A on asteroid B is greater than the magnitude of force of asteroid B on asteroid A.c) The total momentum of the two asteroids at the time of collision is
Explanation:
two forces are applied to a 12 kg cart on a frictionless surface as shown. at a certain instant, force a is 77 n to the right, and force b is 15 n to the left. what is the acceleration of the cart at this instant, in m/s2?
The acceleration of the cart at the instant where force a is 77 N to the right and force b is 15 N to the left in m/s² is 5.17 m/s².
A force is an action or influence that can alter the movement of an object. A force can cause an object to accelerate, slow down, or change direction. Friction is the force that opposes motion when two surfaces come into touch with one another. In general, friction opposes movement in the opposite direction to that of the movement.
The forces applied on the cart in the diagram are given as force A = 77 N towards the right direction and force B = 15 N towards the left direction, and the mass of the cart is given as 12 kg, so the equation of motion for the cart is,
F = m × a ……(1)where,F = Net force acting on the cart,m = Mass of the cart,a = Acceleration of the cart
From the given forces, we have the net force F as: F = Fa - Fb where, Fa = 77 N towards the right direction and Fb = 15 N towards the left direction.F = 77 N - 15 N = 62 N. Substitute the values of F and m in equation (1), 62 N = 12 kg × a.Therefore, acceleration of the cart, a = 62/12= 5.17 m/s².Therefore, the acceleration of the cart at this instant, in m/s² is 5.17 m/s² (approx).
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calculate the magnitude and direction of the electric field which would be needed to balance the weight of (a) an electron, (b) a proton, (c) an oil drop
The magnitude and direction of the electric field which would be needed to balance the weight of an electron, proton, and oil drop can be calculated using the following equation: Electric field (E) = (Force of gravity (Fg)) / (Charge (q)) is 1.59 × 10⁵ N/C.
What is the magnitude and direction of the electric field?For an electron, q = -1.6 × 10⁻¹⁹ C and Fg = 9.81 N. Therefore, the magnitude of the electric field needed to balance the weight of an electron is:
E = (9.81 N) / (-1.6 × 10⁻¹⁹ C) = 6.13 × 10¹⁸ N/C. For a proton, q = +1.6 × 10⁻¹⁹ C and Fg = 9.81 N.
Therefore, the magnitude of the electric field needed to balance the weight of a proton is:
E = (9.81 N) / (1.6 × 10⁻¹⁹ C) = 6.13 × 10¹⁸ N/C
For an oil drop, q = +6.2 × 10⁻¹⁴ C and Fg = 9.81 N.
Therefore, the magnitude of the electric field needed to balance the weight of an oil drop is:
E = (9.81 N) / (6.2 × 10⁻¹⁴ C) = 1.59 × 10⁵ N/C
The direction of the electric field for all three objects is the same, upward. The direction of the electric field is upward or downward depending on the charge of the oil drop. If the oil drop is negatively charged, then the electric field will be upward, and if the oil drop is positively charged, then the electric field will be downward.
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A model of a helicopter rotor has four blades, each of length 4.00m from the central shaft to the blade tip. The model is rotated in a wind tunnel at a rotational speed of 540rev/min.
A. What is the linear speed of the blade tip?
B. What is the radial acceleration of the blade tip expressed as a multiple of the acceleration of gravity, g?
Circular Motion:
The motion of the object along the circumference of the fixed radius circular path about the stationary specified axis is called the rotational motion or circular motion of the object. The linear speed of any particle on the body is tangential to the circular path. The inward acceleration possessed by the particle depends upon the tangential speed and the radius of rotation of the particle, and it is known as the radial acceleration.
The linear speed of the tip of the blade is 13571.68\ m/min and the radial acceleration is 4693947.63.
The linear speed of the blade tip can be calculated using the formula:
[tex]linear \ speed = (rotational \ speed) \times (2 \times \pi \times radius)[/tex]
where the radius is the length of the blade, which is 4.00m. Therefore, the linear speed of the blade tip is:
[tex]linear \ speed = (540 \ rev/min) \times (2 \times \pi \times 4.00\ m/rev)[/tex]
[tex]linear \ speed = 13571.68\m/min[/tex]
The radial acceleration of the blade tip can be calculated using the formula:
[tex]radial\ acceleration = (linear\ speed)^2 / radius[/tex]
where the radius is the length of the blade, which is 4.00 m. Therefore, the radial acceleration of the blade tip is:
[tex]radial \ acceleration = (linear \ speed)^2 / radius[/tex]
[tex]radial \ acceleration = 46047626.29 \ m/min^2[/tex]
To express this as a multiple of the acceleration of gravity, we divide the radial acceleration by g:
[tex](radial \ acceleration) / g = (46047626.29\m/min^2) / 9.81 \ m/s^2[/tex]
[tex](radial \ acceleration) / g = 4693947.63[/tex]
Therefore, the radial acceleration of the blade tip is approximately 4693947.63 times the acceleration of gravity.
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an earth satellite is in an elliptical orbit. the satellite travels fastest when it is farthest from the earth. nearest the earth. it travels at constant speed everywhere in orbit.
An earth satellite is in an elliptical orbit. The satellite travels fastest when it is nearest to the earth.
A satellite is an object which revolves around a planet, and an elliptical orbit is one where the distance from the central body varies from time to time.
The satellite covers the maximum distance from the central body at the endpoints of the major axis and it covers the minimum distance at the endpoints of the minor axis.
When an earth satellite is in an elliptical orbit, the gravitational force varies with distance from the earth's surface. Therefore, the speed of the satellite varies with distance.
Therefore, the option "nearest to the earth" is correct.
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What two planets are coming together?
The two planets that are coming together are Saturn and Jupiter. On December 21st, 2020, the two planets will be at their closest point, an event known as the Great Conjunction.
To observe the Great Conjunction, look in the direction of the southwest sky shortly after sunset. The two planets will appear to be close together and will look like one bright star. Make sure to look for them with binoculars or a telescope if you can, as you'll get a better view.The Great Conjunction occurs because Saturn and Jupiter have different orbital periods. Jupiter completes its orbit around the Sun every 11.86 Earth years, while Saturn takes 29.5 Earth years. This means that their orbits don't intersect and they don't come this close together very often. The next time the two planets will come this close together will be in 2080, so be sure to take advantage of this rare opportunity to witness this event in 2020.For more questions on Great Conjunction
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greenhouse gases in the atmosphere selectively absorb radiation at what wavelength?
Answer:
They absorb radiation in the ultraviolet area - somewhat less than 4000 Angstroms or 400 mμ.
The reduction of the ozone layer in the upper atmosphere causes more of the shorter wavelengths to reach the surface of the earth and then to be reradiated at longer wavelengths causing global warming.
Assume that a drop of mercury is an isolated sphere. What is the capacitance in picofarads of a drop that results when two drops each of radius R = 5.61 mm merge?
The formula C=4R, where is the permittivity of open space, may be used to determine the capacitance of a merged mercury drop, assuming it is an isolated sphere. The capacitance is around 1.68 pF with R = 5.61 mm.
The formula C=4R, where R is the drop's radius and is the permittivity of free space, may be used to determine the capacitance of a merged mercury drop. As the capacitance of an isolated sphere is exactly proportional to its radius, the capacitance produced by the merger of two drops with similar radii is equal to the total of the capacitances of the individual drops. Given that the radius of the combined drop in this instance is R = 5.61 mm, the capacitance can be estimated using the formula C = 4(8.85 x 10-12 F/m) (5.61 x 10-3 m)2, yielding a capacitance of around 1.68 pF.
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a car of mass 772 kg is traveling 21.4 m/s when the driver applies the brakes, which lock the wheels. the car skids for 4.87 s in the positive x-direction before coming to rest.
A car of mass 772 kg is traveling at 21.4 m/s when the driver applies the brakes, which lock the wheels. The car skids for 4.87 s in the positive x-direction before coming to rest.
The required calculations can be performed using the following equations:
1. F = ma2. v = u + at3. s = ut + (1/2) at^2
Here, u = 21.4 m/s (initial velocity)
a = (-μg) = (-0.5 x 9.8) = -4.9 m/s^2 (deceleration due to the lock)
μ = 0.5 (frictional coefficient between road and tires)
g = 9.8 m/s^2 (acceleration due to gravity)
The normal force is given as:
N = mgN = 772 x 9.8N = 7580.6 N
Now, the force due to friction can be calculated:
F = μN = 0.5 x 7580.6F = 3790.3 N
Therefore, acceleration can be calculated as follows:
F = ma=> a = F/m=> a = 3790.3/772a = 4.91 m/s^2
Now, the final velocity can be calculated as:
v = u + at=> v = 21.4 + (-4.91 x 4.87)v = -0.384 m/s
A negative sign indicates that the car is moving in the negative x-direction.
In order to calculate the distance traveled, we will use the formula:s = ut + (1/2) at^2=> s = 21.4 x 4.87 + (1/2) x (-4.91) x (4.87)^2s = 52.79 mT
herefore, the car skids for 52.79 m in the negative x-direction before coming to rest.
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Experiment 1: Exploring Charge with Scotch® Tape
In this experiment, you will observe the behavior of charged objects using pieces of Scotch® tape.
Materials
Scotch® Tape
Ruler
*Pen
*Flat Work Surface
Procedure
Part 1
1. Use the ruler to measure a piece of tape that is 10 cm long.
2. Tear the tape to remove the 10 cm piece from the roll.
3. Create a "handle" on one side of the piece of tape by folding down the piece of tape 1 cm from the end, leaving a 9 cm sticky piece with a 1 cm handle.
4. Stick the entire sticky surface of the tape to a table top, counter top, or another flat surface.
5. Repeat Steps 1 – 4 with a second 10 cm piece of tape. Stick the second piece of tape at least 15 cm away from the first piece on the same surface.
6. Quickly pull off both strips of tape from the surface and ensure that the pieces do not touch.
7. Carefully bring the non-sticky sides of the tape together and record observations about the behavior of the pieces in Table 1.
8. Discard the tape.
Part 2
1. Use the ruler to measure a piece of tape that is 10 cm long.
2. Tear the tape to remove the 10 cm piece from the roll.
3. Create a "handle" on one side of the piece of tape by folding down 1 cm of tape from one end.
4. Stick the entire sticky surface of the tape to a table top, counter top, or another flat surface.
5. Use a pen and write "B1" on the tape. "B" stands for bottom.
6. Repeat Steps 1 – 4 with a second 10 cm piece of tape. This time, press the second strip of tape on top of the one labeled "B1".
7. Use the pen to label the top piece with a "T1". "T" stands for top.
8. Create a second pair of pieces of tape by repeating Steps 1 – 7. This time, label the bottom piece "B2" and the top piece "T2".
9. Use the T1 handle to quickly pull off T1 strip of tape from the flat surface.
10. Use the B1 handle to peel off the bottom strip from the flat surface. Keep both B1 and T1 pieces away from each other.
11. Bring the non-sticky sides of B1 and T1 together and record observations about the behavior of the pieces in Table 1.
12. Set the pieces of tape, non-sticky side down, on the table approximately 15 cm away from each other. Do not stick them back on the table!
13. Repeat Steps 9 - 12 for B2 and T2.
14. Carefully bring the non-sticky sides of piece "T1" and "B2". Record observations about the behavior of the pieces in Table 1.
15. Set them back down, non-sticky side down.
16. Repeat Steps 14 - 15 for "T1" and "T2". Record your observations in Table 1.
17. Repeat Steps 14 - 15 for "B1" and "B2". Record your observations in Table 1.
18. Repeat Steps 14 and 15 for "T1" and the hair on your leg or arm. Record your observations in Table 1.
19. Repeat Steps 14 and 15 for "B1" and the hair on your leg or arm. Record your observations in Table 1.
Table 1: Electric Charge Observations
procedure
interacting pieces observation
Part 1 Two pieces on table Part 2 T1 / B1 T2 / B2 T1 / B2 T2 / B1 B1 / B2 T1 / Arm Hair B1 / Arm Hair ***The observation is filled.
Post-Lab Questions
1. Describe the interaction between the top and bottom strips as they relate to electric charge. Did the behavior of the pieces change when the tape was from different sets?
2. Describe the interaction between two top and two bottom pieces of tape as they relate to electric charge. Is this consistent with the existence of only two types of charge? Use your results to support your answer.
3. Did the top tape attract your arm hair? Did the bottom tape attract your arm hair? Usually arm hair is neutral; it has equal number positive and negative charges. Use this information to explain your results.
4. Which pieces of tape are positively charged? Which pieces of tape are negatively charged? Explain your reasoning.
5. Use your data to create a rule describing how like charges, opposite charges, and neutral bodies interact.
6. What do you observe about the force of attraction or repulsion when the pieces of tape are closer together and farther apart? Does this change happen gradually or quickly?
1.When the non-sticky sides of the two pieces of tape recording are brought together, they repel each other. This is due to the buildup of electric charge on the face of the tape recording when it was hulled off from the flat face.
2.The pieces didn't change when the tape recording was from different sets. When two top or two nethermost pieces of tape recording are brought together, they repel each other.
3.When a top and nethermost piece of tape recording are brought together, they attract each other. This is harmonious with the actuality of only two types of charge, positive and negative. The results support the fact that the top and nethermost pieces of tape recording had contrary charges. The top tape recording attracted the arm hair, while the bottom tape recording didn't attract the arm hair. Arm hair is generally neutral, but it can be concentrated by the electric field of the charged tape recording.
4.The top tape recording is negatively charged, and it concentrated the arm hair, which has a positive charge. This redounded in magnet between the top tape recording and the arm hair. The pieces of tape recording labeled" T1" and" B2" are appreciatively charged, while the pieces of tape recording labeled" B1" and" T2" are negatively charged. This can be determined from the compliances.
5.When the appreciatively charged tape recording was brought near to a negatively charged tape recording, they attracted each other. When two appreciatively charged videotapes or two negatively charged videotapes were brought near together, they repelled each other. Like charges repel each other, contrary charges attract each other, and neutral bodies aren't affected by electric fields.
6.The force of magnet or aversion between the pieces of tape recording increases as they get near together and decreases as they move further piecemeal. This change happens gradationally, not snappily.
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A small, 200 g cart is moving at 1.70 m/s on a frictionless track when it collides with a larger, 2.00 kg cart at rest. After the collision, the small cart recoils at 0.830 m/sWhat is the speed of the large cart after the collision? Express your answer to three significant figures and include the appropriate units.
The speed of the large cart after the collision would be 0.087 m/s
Momentum problemWe can use the law of conservation of momentum to solve this problem, which states that the total momentum of a closed system remains constant before and after a collision.
The momentum before the collision is given by:
p1 = m1v1 + m2v2
where m1 = 0.2 kg is the mass of the small cart, v1 = 1.70 m/s is its velocity before the collision, m2 = 2.00 kg is the mass of the large cart, and v2 = 0 m/s is its velocity before the collision.
p1 = (0.2 kg)(1.70 m/s) + (2.00 kg)(0 m/s) = 0.34 kg m/s
The momentum after the collision is also given by:
p2 = m1v1' + m2v2'
where v1' = -0.830 m/s is the velocity of the small cart after the collision (since it recoils in the opposite direction), and we want to find v2', the velocity of the large cart after the collision.
p2 = (0.2 kg)(-0.830 m/s) + (2.00 kg)(v2')
Since momentum is conserved, we have:
p1 = p2
0.34 kg m/s = (0.2 kg)(-0.830 m/s) + (2.00 kg)(v2')
Solving for v2', we get:
v2' = (0.34 kg m/s - 0.166 kg m/s) / 2.00 kg
v2' = 0.087 m/s
Therefore, the speed of the large cart after the collision is 0.087 m/s, to three significant figures.
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Question 15 (3. 33 points) Solve: What work is done when 3. 0 C is moved through an electric potential difference of 1. 5 V?
A)
0. 5 J
B)
2. 0 J
C)
4. 0 J
D)
4. 5 J
The following formula can be used to determine the work involved in moving a charge via an electric potential difference:
W = qΔV
where W stands for work completed, q for charge transported, and V for potential difference.
Inputting the values provided yields:
W = (3.0 C) x (1.5 V) = 4.5 J
As a result, 3.0 C moving across a 1.5 V electric potential differential requires 4.5 J of labour.
Response: D) 4.5 J
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An experiment is done to compare the initial speed of bullets fired from different handguns: a 9 and a. 44 caliber. The guns are fired into a 10-pendulum bob of length. Assume that the 9 bullet has a mass of 6 and the. 44 caliber bullet has a mass of 12. If the 9 bullet causes the pendulum to swing to a maximum angular displacement of 4. 3, and the. 44-caliber bullet causes a displacement of 10. 1, find the ratio of the initial speed of the 9 bullet to the speed of the. 44 caliber bullet. Express the answer numerically
The required ratio of initial speeds of the bullet to the caliber bullet is calculated as 0.62.
The mass of the pendulum is given as M = 10
The mass of the bullet is m₁ = 6.
The mass of the caliber bullet is m₂ = 12.
The maximum angular displacement due to bullet is θ₁ = 4.3
The maximum angular displacement due to caliber displacement θ₂ = 10.1
Speed of the bullet is calculated from the relation v₀ = (1 + M/m) √2 g l(1 - cosθ)
where,
l is the length of the pendulum
v₀₁ = (1 + M/m₁) √2 g l(1 - cosθ₁)
⇒ (1 + 10/6) √2 g l(1 - cos 4.3) ---(1)
Speed of the caliber bullet is calculated as,
v₀₂ = (1 + M/m₂) √2 g l(1 - cosθ₂)
⇒ (1 + 10/12) √2 g l(1 - cos 10.1) ---(2)
Dividing (1) and (2), we have,
v₀₁/v₀₂ = [(1 + 10/6) √2 g l(1 - cos 4.3)]/[(1 + 10/12) √2 g l(1 - cos 10.1)] = (2.67 × 0.053)/(1.84 ×0.124) = 0.62
Thus, the required ratio of initial speeds of the bullet to the caliber bullet is calculated as 0.62.
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a suspicious-looking man runs as fast as he can along a moving sidewalk from one end to the other, taking 2.00 s. then security agents appear, and the man runs as fast as he can back along the sidewalk to his starting point, taking 12.6 s. what is the ratio of the man's running speed to the sidewalk's speed?
The ratio of the man's running speed to the sidewalk's speed is 6.3.
To solve the problem, we can start by using the formula:
distance = speed × time
Let's assume that the length of the moving sidewalk is L, and the speed of the man is v and the speed of the sidewalk is u.
When the man runs along the sidewalk from one end to the other, his speed relative to the ground is (v + u), and the distance he covers is L. Therefore, we have:
L = (v + u) × 2.00 s
When the man runs back along the sidewalk to his starting point, his speed relative to the ground is (v - u), and the distance he covers is also L. Therefore, we have:
L = (v - u) × 12.6 s
Now we can solve for v/u by dividing the two equations:
(v + u)/(v - u) = 2.00/12.6
Solving for v/u gives:
v/u = (2.00/12.6 + 1)/(2.00/12.6 - 1) = 6.3
Therefore, the ratio of the man's running speed to the sidewalk's speed is 6.3.
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A typical meteor is created by a particle about the size of a ______. pea. A rock found on Earth that crashed down from space is called ______. a meteorite.
A typical meteor is created by a particle about the size of a small pea, ranging from a few millimeters to several centimeters in diameter.
These particles, known as meteoroids, originate from asteroids, comets, or other bodies in the solar system and enter Earth's atmosphere at high speeds, typically around 20 kilometers per second.
As they travel through the atmosphere, they experience high levels of friction, causing them to heat up and produce a bright trail of light known as a meteor or shooting star. If the meteoroid survives its journey through the atmosphere and impacts Earth's surface, it is then called a meteorite.
Meteorites can provide valuable information about the formation and evolution of our solar system and the materials that make up our planet.
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p1. an airplane is flying at an altitude of 20,000 ft. what is the local atmospheric pressure at this altitude? what pressure differential would be required to to keep the passengers comfortable? what discomfort might the passengers feel if the cabin pressure drops below this? explain your answer.
When an airplane is flying at an altitude of 20,000 ft, the local atmospheric pressure is 3.3 psi.
What is the local atmospheric pressure?The pressure differential that would be required to keep the passengers comfortable is 0.5 to 0.7 psi. If the cabin pressure drops below this, the passengers might feel discomfort, such as ear pain, shortness of breath, or headache.
Atmospheric pressure decreases as altitude increases. At sea level, atmospheric pressure is approximately 14.7 psi. At an altitude of 20,000 ft, atmospheric pressure is 3.3 psi. Therefore, an airplane flying at an altitude of 20,000 ft is experiencing a significantly lower atmospheric pressure than it would be on the ground.
To maintain passenger comfort and prevent discomfort, the airplane's cabin pressure must be maintained at a level closer to that of the ground. The pressure differential that would be required to keep the passengers comfortable is 0.5 to 0.7 psi.
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Sam, whose mass is 72 kg, takes off across level snow on his jet-powered skis. The skis have a thrust of 230 N and a coefficient of kinetic friction on snow of 0.1. Unfortunately, the skis run out of fuel after only 10 s. a) What is Sam's top speed? b) How far has Sam traveled when he finally stops?
a) To find Sam's top speed, we need to consider the forces acting on him. Since the coefficient of kinetic friction is 0.1, we can calculate the frictional force by multiplying the mass of Sam (72 kg) and gravitational acceleration (9.81 m/s2) by the coefficient of kinetic friction. This gives us a frictional force of 70.92 N. The force of thrust (230 N) is greater than the frictional force, so the net force acting on Sam is 230 - 70.92 = 159.08 N.
We can then use Newton's Second Law to calculate Sam's top speed. Force is equal to the mass of an object multiplied by its acceleration, so we can rearrange this equation to give us acceleration = Force / Mass. This means that Sam's acceleration is 159.08 / 72 = 2.2 m/s2. We can use the equation v2 = u2 + 2as to calculate Sam's top speed. u is initial velocity, which is 0, a is acceleration which is 2.2 m/s2, and s is the distance traveled. Sam's top speed is 7.4 m/s.
b) To calculate the distance Sam traveled, we can use the equation s = ut + 0.5at2. u is initial velocity (0) a is acceleration (2.2 m/s2) and t is time (10 s). This gives us a distance of 110 m.
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Sam's top speed is 17.9 m/s. And Sam has traveled 179 m when he finally stops.
Sam's top speed can be found by solving the following equation:
F = ma = (72 kg) (a) = 230 N
a = 230/72 = 3.19 m/s2
Using the equation v2 = vo2 + 2ad, where vo is the initial velocity, a is the acceleration, and d is the distance traveled, we can find the final velocity, v, at the end of the 10 seconds:
v2 = 02 + 2(3.19 m/s2) (10 s)
v = 17.9 m/s
Therefore, Sam's top speed is 17.9 m/s.
Sam has traveled a distance of d = vt, where v is the final velocity and t is the time of 10 seconds, when the skis run out of fuel.
d = (17.9 m/s)(10 s) = 179 m
Therefore, Sam has traveled 179 m when he finally stops.
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A particle of charge q is fixed at point P, and a second particle of mass m and the same charge q is initially held a distance r1 from P. The second particle is then released. Determine its speed when it is a distance r2 from P. Let q=3.1 μC,m=20 mg,r1=0.90 mm, and r2=2.5 mm.
The speed of the charge when the distance r₂ from P is 2.5 mm is about 3.80 × 10⁶ m/s. This is because the energy of the charge remains conserved.
What is the speed of charge?The expression for the electric potential energy of two point charges separated by a distance r is given as:
U = k × q₁ × q₂/r
where, U = electric potential energy, k = Coulomb's constant (9 × 10⁹ Nm²/C²)
q₁ and q₂ are the charges
r = separation between the charges
In the given problem, a particle of charge q is fixed at point P, and a second particle of mass m and the same charge q is initially held a distance r₁ from P. The second particle is then released.
Therefore, the electric potential energy of the second particle, when it is held at a distance r₁ from P is given as:
U = k × q²/r₁
Mass of the second particle, m = 20 mg
Let the speed of the second particle when it is a distance r₂ from P be v. The initial energy of the second particle when it is held at a distance r₁ from P is all converted to kinetic energy when it reaches a distance r₂ from P.
Energy gained by the second particle is given by the difference in electric potential energy between the two distances, U = k × q²(1/r₁ - 1/r₂)
At a distance r₂ from P, the kinetic energy of the second particle is given as:
K.E = (1/2) × m × v²
According to the principle of conservation of energy, the total energy of the second particle remains constant.
U + K.E = constant
m × v²/2 + k × q²(1/r₁ - 1/r₂) = k × q²/r₁
v = sqrt(2 × k × q² /r₁ × (1/r₂ - 1/r₁) / m)
Substituting the given values in the above expression,
v = sqrt(2 × 9 × 10⁹ Nm²/C² × (3.1 μC)²/0.9 mm × (1/2.5 mm - 1/0.9 mm) / (20 × 10⁻⁶ kg)) = 3.80 × 10⁶ m/s
Therefore, the speed of the second particle when it is a distance r₂ from P is 3.80 × 10⁶ m/s.
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determine the force p required to maintain equilibrium of the 186.7 lb container. report the force p in units of pounds to one decimal point.
The force p required to maintain the equilibrium of the 186.7 lb container is: 116.7 lb
The problem statement requires us to determine the force P required to maintain the equilibrium of the 186.7 lb container. The force P can be determined using the principle of static equilibrium.
Principle of Static EquilibriumThe principle of static equilibrium states that for an object to be in static equilibrium, the net force acting on the object must be zero and the net torque acting on the object must also be zero. This principle is based on Newton's laws of motion which state that the sum of forces acting on an object is equal to the mass of the object multiplied by its acceleration.
In other words, F = ma
Where F is the force acting on the object, m is the mass of the object, and a is the acceleration of the object. If the object is in static equilibrium, then a = 0.
Therefore, the net force acting on the object is zero. For the container to be in static equilibrium, we can apply the principle of static equilibrium to determine the force P required to maintain equilibrium. To do this, we need to find the forces acting on the container and the torques acting on the container.
Forces acting on the container: Weight of the container = 186.7 lb
Reaction force (upward force exerted by the ground on the container) = WReaction force (upward force exerted by the cable on the container) = P. For the container to be in static equilibrium, the net force acting on the container must be zero.
Therefore, W + W + P = 0P = -2W/3
Where W is the weight of the container.
Torques acting on the container: Torque due to the weight of the container = W*d
The torque due to the reaction force exerted by the cable on the container = P*L
Where d is the distance between the weight and the pivot point, L is the distance between the cable and the pivot point, and P is the force exerted by the cable on the container.
For the container to be in static equilibrium, the net torque acting on the container must be zero. Therefore,
[tex]W*d - P*L = 0P = W*d/L[/tex]
Where W is the weight of the container, d is the distance between the weight and the pivot point, and L is the distance between the cable and the pivot point.
Substituting the value of W in the above equation, we get
P = 186.7 lb * 5 ft / 8 ftP = 116.7 lb (approximately)
Therefore, the force P required to maintain the equilibrium of the 186.7 lb container is 116.7 lb (approximately).
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this is a less well-known paradox than the pole and barn paradox, and has a more subtle resolution. consider a submarine that has a neutral buoyancy with respect to water it is in when it is at rest. for simplicity, we take the sea it is in to have zero viscosity and constant density. then consider the submarine moving through the fluid at some relativistic speed and as always, consider from two frames of reference. here is the paradox: from the fluid's reference frame, where the fluid is at rest, the density of the fluid is the same as when the submarine is at rest. however, due to length contraction, the submarine is shorter, the volume is smaller, and the mass density of the submarine is now greater. thus, the submarine sinks in this frame of reference. from the submarine's frame of reference, the density of the submarine is the same but the water is length contracted and thus the density of the water is greater. in this case the submarine floats up! these are mutually exclusive results and cannot both be true. is relativity wrong? how do you resolve this? some caveats: first, this problem involves gravity and thus should properly be treated by general relativity. however, we don't know enough yet about gr to resolve this, we will use special relativity only. to help see the resolution, place this submarine in a sea that has a flat floor and sea surface in the water's frame. [hint: think of the sea floor and do spacetime physics l-10 (and maybe l-11,12 as well).]
The paradox arises because we are assuming that density is an absolute quantity, whereas it is relative to the observer's frame of reference. The submarine will find an equilibrium point where its density is equal to the density of the water, and it will neither sink nor float up.
What is Density?
The density of a substance indicates how dense it is in a particular area. Mass per unit space is the definition of a material's density. Density is basically a measurement of how tightly matter is packed together.
The paradox arises because the density of the fluid in the frame of reference of the submarine is different from the density of the fluid in the frame of reference of the fluid itself. This is because the length contraction of the fluid in the submarine's frame of reference means that the volume of the fluid decreases, and so the mass density of the fluid increases. This means that in the submarine's frame of reference, the submarine is more dense than the water and so floats upwards.
Meanwhile, in the frame of reference of the fluid, the submarine is not length contracted, so the mass density of the submarine remains the same, and the density of the water increases due to the length contraction of the fluid. This means that in this frame of reference, the submarine is less dense than the water and so sinks downwards.
The resolution of this paradox is found by considering the effect of gravity on the fluid and the submarine. In both frames of reference, the gravity acts upon the fluid and the submarine. In the frame of reference of the submarine, the gravity acts on the water, increasing the pressure of the water and thereby reducing its density. This reduces the buoyancy of the submarine, causing it to sink. In the frame of reference of the fluid, the gravity acts on the submarine, increasing its pressure and thereby reducing its density. This reduces the buoyancy of the submarine, causing it to sink.
Thus, the effects of gravity balance out the effects of length contraction, leading to the same result in both frames of reference: the submarine will sink. This resolution can be understood more clearly by considering the sea floor and the spacetime diagrams of L-10, L-11, and L-12.
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Suppose the current in a conductor decreases exponentially with time according to the equation I(t) = I0e-t/τ, where I0 is the initial current (at t = 0), and τ is a constant having dimensions of time. Consider a fixed observation point within the conductor. (Use the following as necessary: I0 and τ)
(a) How much charge passes this point between t = 0 and t = τ? (If applicable, round any coefficients to 3 decimal places.)
Q(τ) =
(b) How much charge passes this point between t = 0 and t = 10τ? (If applicable, round any coefficients to 5 decimal places.)
Q(10τ) =
(c) How much charge passes this point between t = 0 and t = [infinity]? (If applicable, round any coefficients to 3 decimal places.)
Q([infinity]) =
The charge on the point as it passes is 10τ, the charge on this point is 10τ(1-e-10), and the charge that passes this point is 10τ.
The charge that passes this point between t = 0 and t = τ can be calculated using the following equation:
Q(τ) = I0τ
Therefore, Q(τ) = I0τ = I0 × τ.
The charge that passes this point between t = 0 and t = 10τ can be calculated using the following equation:
Q(10τ) = I0τ(1-e-10)
Therefore, Q(10τ) = I0τ(1-e-10) = I0 × τ × (1-e-10).
The charge that passes this point between t = 0 and t = [infinity] can be calculated using the following equation: Q([infinity]) = I0τ
Therefore, Q([infinity]) = I0τ = I0 × τ.
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X-rays carry more energy than visible light. Compare the frequencies and wavelengths of these two types of EM radiation.
X-rays carry more energy than visible light. The frequency of X-rays is much higher than that of visible light, and their wavelengths are much shorter.
Electromagnetic waves are waves that transport electric and magnetic fields, fluctuating together in perpendicular planes. They are generated by the oscillation of charged particles, such as electrons. Electromagnetic radiation, often known as EM radiation, is another term for electromagnetic waves. X-rays are part of the electromagnetic spectrum that has a shorter wavelength than visible light.
The frequency of X-rays is much higher than that of visible light, and their wavelengths are much shorter. As a result, X-rays are more energetic and can penetrate through matter more easily than visible light. Visible light, on the other hand, has a longer wavelength and a lower frequency than X-rays. It is referred to as "visible" light because humans can see it. Visible light has a wavelength range of around 400-700 nanometers, with the red end of the spectrum having longer wavelengths and the violet end having shorter wavelengths.
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given what you learned from the figure, rank these types of light in order of increasing energy. 1. radio 2. infrared 3. orange 4. green 5. ultraviolet
Answer:
✓ 1. radio 2. infrared 3. orange 4. green 5. ultraviolet
Explanation:
an unsaturated parcel of air has a temperature of -5c at an elevation of 3000 meters. the parcel, remaining unsaturated, sinks all the way to the surface. what is the temperature of the parcel when it reaches the surface?
The temperature of the unsaturated parcel of air when it reaches the surface will be higher than -5°C. As the parcel descends, it will expand, which increases the air's internal energy and causes the temperature to rise. The amount of temperature rise depends on the rate of descent, which is determined by the parcel's buoyancy and surrounding air density.
In general, the temperature increase of an unsaturated parcel of air is approximately 0.65°C per 100 m of descent. For a parcel descending from 3000 m elevation to the surface, the temperature increase will be approximately 19.5°C (0.65°C/100 m * 3000 m). Therefore, the temperature of the unsaturated parcel of air when it reaches the surface will be approximately 14.5°C (19.5°C + -5°C).
The temperature of the unsaturated parcel of air when it reaches the surface after descending from an elevation of 3000 meters is +11°C.
What is the unsaturated parcel of air?
In meteorology, an unsaturated parcel of air refers to a parcel of air that has a relative humidity that is less than 100 percent. If the temperature of the unsaturated parcel of air is lower than the dew point temperature, the relative humidity of the parcel of air is decreased as the temperature of the air rises. In this case, since the parcel is unsaturated, we can make the assumption that the lapse rate is dry and equal to 10°C/km or 1°C/100 meters. Calculating the temperature of the unsaturated parcel when it reaches the surface can use the dry adiabatic lapse rate to determine the temperature of the unsaturated parcel of air when it reaches the surface. Since the lapse rate is dry and the parcel is unsaturated, the dry adiabatic lapse rate is used in the calculation. The formula used in this calculation is: T = T_0 + (dry adiabatic lapse rate × altitude)where T = temperature, T_0 = initial temperature, and altitude = elevation temperature of the unsaturated parcel of air at an elevation of 3000 meters is -5°C. Using the dry adiabatic lapse rate of 1°C/100 meters, we get: Altitude = 3000 meters Dry adiabatic lapse rate = 1°C/100 metersInitial temperature (T_0) = -5°CT = -5°C + (1°C/100 meters × 3000 meters)T = -5°C + 30°CT = 25°CAfter descending to the surface, the temperature of the unsaturated parcel of air is +11°C, according to the above calculation.
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a cliff diver drops from rest to the water below. how many seconds does it take for the driver to go from 0 mi/h to 60 mi/h? (for comparison, it takes about 3.5 s to 4.0 s for a powerful car to go from 0 to 60 mi/h.)
Assuming that the only force acting on the diver is gravity and neglecting air resistance, we can use the kinematic equations of motion to determine that it takes 2.7 s for the diver to reach a speed of 60 mi/h (or 88 ft/s).
Since the diver starts from rest, we can use the kinematic equation:
[tex]$$v_f = v_i + at$$[/tex]
where [tex]$v_i$[/tex] is the initial velocity (0 mi/h), [tex]$v_f$[/tex] is the final velocity (60 mi/h or 88 ft/s), [tex]$a$[/tex] is the acceleration due to gravity [tex](32.2 ft/s$^2$)[/tex], and [tex]$t$[/tex] is the time it takes to reach the final velocity.
Converting the final velocity to feet per second, we get:
[tex]$$v_f = 60\ \text{mi/h} \times \frac{5280\ \text{ft/mi}}{3600\ \text{s/h}} = 88\ \text{ft/s}$$[/tex]
Substituting the given values, we get:
[tex]$$88\ \text{ft/s} = 0\ \text{ft/s} + (32.2\ \text{ft/s}^2)t$$[/tex]
Solving for [tex]$t$[/tex], we get:
[tex]t = \frac{88\ \text{ft/s}}{32.2\ \text{ft/s}^2}[/tex]
Therefore, it takes approximately 2.73 seconds for the diver to go from 0 mi/h to 60 mi/h.
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1. Most of the exposed surface of the Earth is covered with: a) sediment and sedimentary rocks b) sediment and igneous rocks c) sediment and metamorphic rocks
a) sediment and sedimentary rocks. Sedimentary rocks, which are more prevalent on the Earth's surface and generated from deposited sediment as a result of erosion and weathering, are more prevalent than igneous and metamorphic rocks.
Sedimentary rocks, formed from the deposition of sediment due to erosion, weathering, and other geological processes, are the most common type of rock on the Earth's surface. Sandstone, shale, and limestone are examples of sedimentary rocks, which form over long periods of time through the accumulation and consolidation of sediment. Igneous rocks, formed from the solidification of magma or lava, are less common on the Earth's surface compared to sedimentary rocks. Metamorphic rocks, formed from the alteration of existing rocks through heat and pressure, are also less common on the Earth's surface. The distribution and type of rocks on the Earth's surface can provide insight into the geological history of an area, including past environmental conditions and geological events.
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Star A is identical to Star B, but Star A is twice as far from us as Star B. Therefore, _______________.
Star A's light will take longer to reach us.