Some proteins that are on the surface of mammalian cells contain carbohydrates. These proteins are synthesized by _____ and the carbohydrates are added in the _____. a) Golgi apparatus; rough endoplasmic reticulum b) cytoplasmic ribosomes; cell membrane c) mitochondrial ribosomes; smooth endoplasmic reticulum

In organelle, mitochondrion energy stored in the form of ATP is produced from carbohydrates, fats, and proteins.

Mitochondria are the main site for ATP synthesis in mammals, and some ATP is also synthesized in cytoplasm and lipids are broken down into fatty acids, proteins into amino acids, and carbohydrates into glucose.

The functions of mitochondria  includes oxidative phosphorylation to produce cellular ATP. Mitochondria are membrane bound organelles that are present in almost all eukaryotic cells. They are responsible for orchestrating cellular energy production, and also they are central to the maintenance of life and gatekeepers of cell death.

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Answer:

D. Virus are not killed by antibiotics

Explanation:

Viruses are different to bacteria; they have a different structure and a different way of surviving. Viruses don't have cell walls that can be attacked by antibiotics; instead they are surrounded by a protective protein coat.

During meiosis, homologous chromosomes (one from each parent) mate along their lengths. Chiasma points are where the chromosomes cross. every chiasm.

Boveri and Sutton presented the chromosomal hypothesis of inheritance in the early 1900s. It is the underlying concept of genetics. This hypothesis contends that genes, which are located in chromosomes, are the basic building blocks of inheritance.

In recombination, the chromosomal pairs align and unite again such that each chromosome contains a portion of the next one. Genetic variety is guaranteed in this way. Thus, four haploids are produced by meiosis through recombination.

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a. ​Mitochondria  cell organelle is the power house of the cell where nutrients are digested and energy is created for the cell

The traditional function of the mitochondria is called oxidative phosphorylation, which produces ATP by using the energy generated through the oxidation of the food we ingest. The majority of biochemical and physiological functions, including growth, mobility, and equilibrium, all require ATP as their main energy source.

Plants' energy centres are called chloroplasts. They are where photosynthesis occurs, a chemical reaction that turns carbon dioxide and sunlight into the energy that sustains life on Earth.

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The five layers of the epidermis are the stratum basale (which is the deepest portion of the epidermis), stratum spinosum, then the stratum granulosum, followed by stratum lucidum, and stratum corneum.

Skin is basically the largest organ of our body and it covers the entire external surface of the body. It is basically made up of three layers which are the epidermis, dermis, as well as the hypodermis, all three of which vary in their anatomy as well as their function. The structure of the skin is made up of basically an intricate network which happens to serve as the body’s initial barrier against pathogens, ultraviolet light, as well as chemicals, and also mechanical injury.

It also regulates temperature and also the amount of water which is released into the environment. There are five layers of skin or the epidermis which are the stratum basale (which is the deepest portion of the epidermis), stratum spinosum, then the stratum granulosum, followed by stratum lucidum, and stratum corneum.

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Answer:

The part of the flower where the pollen lands is called the stigma. The stigma is located at the top of the pistil, which is the female reproductive part of the flower. The stigma is usually sticky or has small hairs or grooves that help trap and hold the pollen grains that are carried by pollinators such as bees, butterflies, or birds. Once the pollen lands on the stigma, it germinates and grows a pollen tube down the style to the ovary, where fertilization occurs and seeds are formed.

Sugars and other organic compounds are produced during photosynthesis, which harnesses the power of sunlight. Other species use these compounds as nourishment in return.

Respiration and photosynthesis work in tandem. On this world, plants, animals, and microorganisms have coexisted for such a long time that many of them have contributed significantly to the surroundings of the others. Nearly all organisms use the oxygen produced by photosynthesis to burn organic compounds. And some of the CO2 molecules that are today converted into organic molecules by photosynthesis in a green leaf were yesterday discharged into the atmosphere by an animal's respiration or by a fungus or bacteria decomposing dead organic matter.

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The tribe Homininae includes all species of great apes that are more closely related to humans than to chimpanzees and gorillas, including the genus Homo, which contains modern humans (Homo sapiens). Here option B is the correct answer.

The family Hominidae, which includes the tribe Homininae and several extinct genera, contains all species of great apes and their extinct relatives.

The superfamily Hominoidea, which includes the family Hominidae and several other families of primates, encompasses all species of monkeys and apes, including humans. The genus Australopithecus, which lived in Africa between 4 and 2 million years ago, is not a direct ancestor of modern humans but is considered a close relative.

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Gluconeogenesis is the mechanism by which glucose is created from non-carbohydrate substances.

The process through which glucose is produced from non-carbohydrate metabolites is known as glucoseneogenesis. Pyruvate, lactate, a few gluconeogenic amino acids, & glycerol, which is mostly produced by fat metabolism, are the main gluconeogenic precursors.  While gluconeogenesis is a process that produces glucose and is crucial for sustaining blood glucose levels during hunger, glycolysis is indeed a catabolic process of glucose hydrolysis required for energy & biosynthetic intermediates. When blood glucose levels fall, the liver breaks down glycogen, whereas gluconeogenesis creates glucose using non-carbohydrate sources such lactic acid, glycerol, and amino acids.

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The ecliptic is an imaginary line that marks the path of the Sun as it appears to move through the sky over the course of a year.

It is essentially the plane of Earth's orbit around the Sun projected onto the celestial sphere, the imaginary sphere surrounding Earth on which all objects in the sky appear to be located.

The ecliptic is inclined at an angle of approximately 23.5 degrees to the celestial equator, the imaginary line that divides the sky into northern and southern hemispheres. As a result, the Sun's apparent path through the sky appears to shift north and south of the celestial equator over the course of the year.

The positions of the planets and other celestial objects in the sky are also measured relative to the ecliptic. This makes the ecliptic an important reference point for astronomers and astrologers alike.

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The internal skeleton of vertebrates is made of bone, cartilage, or both. The vertebral column, which partially encloses the spinal cord, the skull, which encloses the brain, and typically two sets of limbs make up the skeleton.

Vertebrates have a spine or backbone as part of their skeletal system. In contrast to vertebrates, which have a backbone and a highly developed internal skeleton made of bone and cartilage, which is protected by a skull, invertebrates lack a backbone.

The majority of mollusks, crustaceans, and insects are examples of invertebrates, which often have soft bodies and lack a stiff internal skeleton for the attachment of muscles, but frequently have a hard external skeleton that also provides protection for the body.

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During photosynthesis, carbon dioxide is reduced to glucose.

In the presence of sunlight, plants create nitrogen-containing carbohydrates like through a process called photosynthesis. As a result, water is oxidized to produce oxygen and carbon dioxide is converted to glucose. This process is a redox reaction in which carbon dioxide is reduced to glucose and water is oxidized to oxygen.

Green plants use a process called photosynthesis to turn carbon dioxide and water into glucose and oxygen. The body's cells use glucose as an energy source and carbon dioxide to break it down. A cellular respiration reaction's one-electron reduction and a photosynthesis reaction's two electron reduction are the same.

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If we wish to maintain the health of the environment, it is essential to appropriately dispose of laboratory waste. Waste comes in two varieties: hazardous and non-hazardous. For the proper disposal of hazardous materials, only certified techniques should be utilised.

Hazardous materials are substances or compounds that can be harmful to the environment, constitute a risk to human health, or both. The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), U.S. Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA), U.S. Transportation Department (DOT), and U.S. Nuclear Regulatory Commission all define and regulate hazardous materials (NRC).

Acids, caustic compounds, cleaners, glues, heavy metals (mercury, lead, aluminium), paint, insecticides, petroleum products, and solvents are examples of hazardous chemicals.

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At metaphase of meiosis II, a single cell would have a DNA content of 0.25x if we continued to follow the cell lineage from problem 4.

Meiosis enters a metaphase during which the cell's DNA content doubles. This cell lineage proceeds through meiosis II's metaphase. The sister chromatids are fused together during metaphase II.

DNA is created during the S phase, changing the DNA content to 4C. The amount of DNA in the cell again drops to 2C at the conclusion of meiosis I. the DNA content once more following meiosis II

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Mutations in DNA molecules can occur when a change occurs in DNA nucleotide bases.

Mutations is any change in the DNA sequence of a cell. Mutations may be caused by mistakes during cell division, or they may be caused by exposure to DNA-damaging agents in the environment. Mutations can be harmful, beneficial, or have no effect.

Mutations can result from errors in DNA replication during cell division, exposure to mutagens or a viral infection. Germline mutations (that occur in eggs and sperm) can be passed on to offspring, while somatic mutations (that occur in body cells) are not passed on.

These hereditary (or inherited) mutations are in almost every cell of the person's body throughout their life. Hereditary mutations include cystic fibrosis, hemophilia, and sickle cell disease.

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Answer: Forest

Explanation: A ecosystem is a physical place where animals typically live in.

The major plant body and the growth of the roots and shoots are produced by apical meristems. Because they are in charge of secondary growth, lateral meristems are also referred to as secondary meristems.

Both primary (taller/longer) and secondary (wider) growth are influenced by meristems. The two lateral meristems, known as the vascular cambium and the cork cambium, regulate secondary growth whereas root or shoot apical meristems regulate primary growth.

Secondary meristems, also known as the vascular cambium and cork cambium, are the organs in plants that cause secondary growth. The plant body becomes thicker as a result.

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The cranial nerves are located within the skull, on the underside of the brain is True

Brain and spinal cord are components of the central nervous system (CNS). In the spinal column and the skull, respectively, they are discovered to be housed.

One or more of the cranial nerves are connected to a group of neurons (grey matter) in the brain stem called a cranial nerve nucleus. These nuclei serve as the earliest sites of synapse development for axons transporting information to and from the cranial nerves.

The nerves that emanate from the spinal cord and connect to every area of the body make up the peripheral nervous system.

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The transparent, spherical portion of the cornea is called the cornea. The cornea is incredibly painful and has no blood vessels.

Through the optic nerve, the retina transforms light into light into an electrical compulsions that are then transmitted to the brain. The transparent, spherical portion of the cornea is called the cornea. The cornea is incredibly painful and has no blood vessels. The blind patch is indeed the location where the optic separates from the retina at the rear of the eye. This area of the eye lacks light-sensitive cells, so any light that hits this region of the retina does not trigger an electrical impulse and causes a void in the image.

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The blastocoel, also known as the cleavage cavity, segmentation cavity, or blastocele, is a fluid- or yolk-filled hollow that develops in the gastrulation during the very early stages of embryonic development.

The blastocoel, also known as the segmentation cavity or cleavage cavity, is a fluid- or raw egg cavity that develops in the lobules during the very early stages of embryonic development. It can also be spelled blastocoele or blastocele.

Around the fourth week of development, this primitive intraembryonic coelom develops in the lateral or cardiogenic mesoderm. Two foldings occur during the embryo's development, and the resulting cavity is eventually separated into the pericardial, pleural, & peritoneal embryonic body cavities.

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The simulated number of birds in the third generation for each flock are: First flock: 3 birds, Second flock: 18 birds and Third flock: 9 birds.

Divide the total number of food pieces consumed by 300 for each flock to determine the percentage of food consumed:

For the first flock: 32/300 = 0.1067 or 10.67%

For the second flock: 180/300 = 0.6 or 60%

For the third flock: 88/300 = 0.2933 or 29.33%

Multiply the food percentage for each flock by the overall number of birds (30) to replicate the number of birds in the third generation for each flock:

For the first flock: 10.67% of 30 birds = 3.2 birds ≈ 3 birds

For the second flock: 60% of 30 birds = 18 birds

For the third flock: 29.33% of 30 birds = 8.8 birds ≈ 9 birds

Therefore, the simulated number of birds in the third generation for each flock are:

First flock: 3 birds

Second flock: 18 birds

Third flock: 9 birds

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The endocrine system is in charge of releasing hormones into the circulation to control body activities. The exocrine system is in charge of secretion release through ducts or pores in the body, such as saliva, mucus, and enzymes.

The endocrine system is comprised of many glands that are in charge of releasing hormones into the circulation. These hormones are subsequently delivered to different areas of the body to govern various biological activities. Hormones regulate processes such as metabolism, growth and development, and sexual function. The endocrine system is also in charge of mood, emotions, and stress levels.

The exocrine system is made up of a variety of glands that are in charge of secreting substances into the body. These fluids are subsequently expelled from the body via ducts or pores. The exocrine system secretes compounds such as saliva, mucus, and digestive enzymes. These fluids lubricate the body and protect it from infection and sickness. The exocrine system is also in charge of sweat production, which aids in body temperature regulation.

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A myelin sheath is a protective covering made up of glial cells. Glial cells, also known as neuroglia or simply glia, are a type of non-neuronal cells that provide support and insulation to neurons in the central and peripheral nervous systems.

A myelin sheath is a specialized form of glial cell that wraps around the axons of many neurons to provide electrical insulation and increase the speed of neural impulses.

The myelin sheath is composed of multiple layers of lipid-rich membrane that insulate the axon and prevent the loss of electrical signals. It is produced by two types of glial cells: oligodendrocytes in the central nervous system and Schwann cells in the peripheral nervous system.

The myelin sheath is essential for the proper functioning of the nervous system, as it allows for rapid and efficient transmission of electrical impulses.

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The Galápagos Tortoises demonstrate Darwin's theory of evolution by natural selection.

Darwin's theory of evolution is a scientific explanation of how species of organisms change over time through the process of natural selection. He observed that the tortoises differed in their physical characteristics.Over time, those traits that helped individuals survive and reproduce in their specific environments became more common in the population.

It is believed that a single species of tortoise initially colonized the Galápagos Islands, likely by drifting on ocean currents. Once on the islands, the tortoises likely underwent speciation through natural selection and genetic drift, leading to the evolution of the different subspecies that we see today.

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The  good example of genotype- by environment interaction are strain of corn whose yield varies with the amount of nutrients in the soil and line of dairy cows that increases milk yield in relation to feed amount. The correct option is D .

Fair-skinned folks are more susceptible to skin cancer from sunlight exposure than people with darker complexion. This is an illustration of the relationship between genotype and environment.

The term "genotype by environment (G E) interaction" describes the variance in how different genotypes react to various surroundings (Falconer and Mackay, 1996). Due to scaling or re-ranking effects, there are two basic types of G E interaction.

The phrase "genotype environment (GxE) interaction effect") refers to both the modification of genetic risk factors by environmental risk and protective factors as well as the function of specific genetic risk factors in determining individual differences in vulnerability to environmental risk factors.

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Because they include a lot of iron and magnesium, light silicates have a lower specific gravity than dark silicates, which have a greater specific gravity.

Light and dark silicates differ primarily in terms of their relative specific gravities, or densities; light silicates have a lower specific gravity than dark silicates.

Silicate minerals with a higher concentration of iron and magnesium are known as dark silicate minerals. They are referred to as dark silicate minerals because of the darker colour that their composition provides them. A black silicate mineral with a green tint and a reputation for withstanding high temperatures is olivine.

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RNA polymerase initiates transcription by recognizing and binding to specific DNA sequences called promoters, which are located upstream of the gene being transcribed.

The enzyme then unwinds the DNA double helix and begins synthesizing an RNA molecule using the DNA template strand. RNA polymerase continues elongating the RNA transcript until it reaches a specific DNA sequence called a terminator, which signals the enzyme to stop transcription and release the newly synthesized RNA molecule. The process of transcription is a highly regulated and complex process that plays a critical role in gene expression and cellular function.

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Given left atrial pressure of 2 mm Hg and pulmonary trunk pressure of 15mmhg, the driving pressure is 13 mm Hg.

Driving pressure is basically calculated as the difference between the plateau pressure as well as the positive end-expiratory pressure which is also known as PEEP. Driving pressure is basically composed of two types of pressures which are distributed to the lung itself, which is the trans-pulmonary pressure, and also the pressure which is applied to the chest wall.

The left atrial pressure is 2 mm Hg and the pulmonary trunk pressure is 15mmhg.Therefore,

Driving pressure = 15 - 2 = 13 mm Hg

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Cerumen impaction is a condition where earwax (cerumen) builds up in the ear canal and causes a blockage. This can lead to symptoms such as hearing loss, ear pain, and dizziness.

The International Classification of Diseases, Tenth Revision (ICD-10) is a system used by healthcare professionals to classify and code diagnoses, symptoms, and procedures. The ICD-10 code for cerumen impaction is H61.23. This code is used to indicate a diagnosis of cerumen impaction for billing and documentation purposes.

It is important to seek medical treatment for cerumen impaction, as it can lead to complications such as infection or damage to the eardrum. Treatment may include removal of the impacted cerumen by a healthcare professional using specialized tools or the use of ear drops to soften and break up the earwax.

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The steps of lymphatic flow are as follows, with the interstitial fluid coming first and the blood vessel coming last in the proper sequence: lymph nodes lymph vessels liquid interstitial a lymph node Trunk lymphatic clavicular vein

White blood cells, particularly lymphocytes, are cells that fight bacteria with in blood and body tissues, make up the clear to white fluid known as lymph. Chyle is an intestinal fluid that contains proteins and lipids.

The neck, armpits, groyne, area surrounding the gut, and space between the lungs are just a few places on the body where lymph nodes can be found. Lymph nodes remove lymph fluid from bodily tissues or organs that are close by.

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