T/F. a series of studies show that environmental stressors, particularly severe stressors (e.g., loss of a significant relationship), can worsen the symptoms of bipolar disorder.

The incidence rate in January-March is 869.0 cases per 100,000 population and the Incidence rate in April-June is 482.8 cases per 100,000 population

One reason for the change in the incidence of upper respiratory infections from January-March to April-June is the end of the flu season.

We are measuring incidence rather than prevalence in this example in order to determine the rate of new infections.

The incidence rate is the rate of new cases of upper respiratory infection.

The incidence rate is calculated using the formula below:

Incidence in January-March = (126/14,500) x 100,000

Incidence in January-March = 869.0 cases per 100,000 population

Incidence in April-June = (70/14,500) x 100,000

Incidence in April-June  = 482.8 cases per 100,000 population

b. There reasons for the change in the incidence of upper respiratory infections from January-March to April-June include people spending more time outside and the end of the flu season.

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A patient's resistance to therapy would typically be of primary concern to the healthcare provider responsible for the patient's treatment.

This could include various healthcare professionals such as doctors, nurses, psychologists, therapists, or counselors, depending on the nature of the therapy being provided. The healthcare provider would be interested in addressing and understanding the reasons behind the patient's resistance to therapy in order to ensure the effectiveness of the treatment. They would closely monitor the patient's progress, and make any necessary adjustments to the therapeutic approach.

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When caring for a patient with cognitive impairments during AM care, the nurse should consider the following actions:

b. Increase the frequency of skin assessment: Patients with cognitive impairments may be at higher risk for skin breakdown or pressure ulcers. Increasing the frequency of skin assessment allows for early detection of any skin issues.

c. Reduce triggers in the environment: Cognitive impairments can make patients more sensitive to environmental stimuli. The nurse should create a calm and quiet environment by reducing noise, minimizing distractions, and ensuring adequate lighting.

d. Keep the room temperature cool: Some patients with cognitive impairments may have difficulty regulating body temperature. Keeping the room temperature cool can help ensure their comfort and prevent overheating.

It is important to note that administering medication (a) should be done according to the prescribed medication administration schedule, rather than specifically timed to bath time. Additionally, being as quick as possible (e) may increase patient distress and compromise safety. It is essential to provide care in a gentle and unhurried manner to minimize anxiety and ensure thoroughness.

Please consult the patient's healthcare provider or follow institutional protocols for specific care instructions and individualized interventions for patients with cognitive impairments.

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A nurse is reviewing the formulary about NPH insulin before administering the medication to a client. Which of the following information should the nurse expect discard NPH insulin vial if the medication is cloudy

The correct answer is D.

The nurse should expect to find the information that NPH insulin should be discarded if the medication is cloudy. NPH insulin is a type of intermediate-acting insulin used to control blood sugar levels in people with diabetes.

It is administered subcutaneously, not by IV bolus. The usual time to administer NPH insulin is before breakfast or before the evening meal, not 30 minutes before breakfast.

It is not used to treat ketoacidosis, which is a serious complication of diabetes that requires immediate medical attention. If NPH insulin is cloudy, it indicates that it has deteriorated and should not be used, as it may not be effective in controlling blood sugar levels.

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Answer: True

Explanation: Pathologists have specific codes for clinical pathology consultations

The given statements "Pathologists have specific codes for clinical pathology consultations" is True. These codes are essential for accurate documentation, billing, and communication within the healthcare system.

Clinical pathology consultations involve the examination and interpretation of patient specimens, such as blood, tissue, or other bodily fluids, to diagnose and monitor diseases.

The American Medical Association (AMA) maintains the Current Procedural Terminology (CPT) codes, which are a standardized set of codes used to describe medical, surgical, and diagnostic services. Pathologists utilize these codes to identify and classify clinical pathology consultations. These codes provide a uniform language for healthcare professionals, ensuring consistency and clear communication.

There are different CPT codes for various types of clinical pathology consultations, ranging from general consultations to more specialized examinations, such as cytopathology, surgical pathology, and hematopathology. By using the appropriate codes, pathologists can effectively communicate the type of consultation performed, the extent of the service provided, and the level of complexity involved.

In conclusion, it is true that pathologists have specific codes for clinical pathology consultations. These codes, part of the larger CPT system, ensure accurate documentation, billing, and communication among healthcare professionals. By consistently using these codes, pathologists contribute to a more efficient and well-organized healthcare system.

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The nurse should consider the client's recent transient ischemic attacks (TIAs) as a significant warning sign for potential future strokes.

TIAs, also known as "mini-strokes," occur when there is a temporary disruption of blood flow to the brain. Although the symptoms usually resolve within a few minutes to 24 hours, TIAs indicate an increased risk of a full-blown stroke in the future. As a result, the nurse should monitor the client closely and collaborate with the healthcare team to manage any underlying conditions and risk factors that may contribute to TIAs and strokes, such as hypertension, high cholesterol, or diabetes.

In summary, the nurse at a long-term care facility should attach great significance to the client's recent TIAs, as they can serve as warning signs for future strokes. Prompt identification and management of risk factors can help to reduce the client's risk and improve their overall health.

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The medication that the nurse should expect to administer for a client with bacterial vaginosis is A. Metronidazole.

Metronidazole is an antibiotic commonly used to treat bacterial vaginosis. It is effective in targeting and eliminating the bacteria causing the infection. Metronidazole can be administered orally in tablet form or as a topical gel or cream that is applied directly to the affected area.

Option B, Fluconazole, is an antifungal medication used to treat fungal infections such as vaginal yeast infections, but it is not typically used for bacterial vaginosis.

Option C, Acyclovir, is an antiviral medication used to treat viral infections such as herpes simplex virus (HSV) infections, but it is not effective against bacterial vaginosis.

Therefore, the correct answer is A. Metronidazole. It is important for the nurse to verify the specific medication and dosage with the healthcare provider and follow the prescribed treatment plan for the client's bacterial vaginosis.

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The endocrine gland that sits atop the kidneys and releases the hormone epinephrine is the adrenal gland.

The adrenal gland is a small, triangular-shaped gland located above each kidney. It is divided into two main parts: the outer cortex and the inner medulla. The adrenal medulla is the innermost portion of the adrenal gland and it secretes hormones called catecholamines, including epinephrine (also known as adrenaline) and norepinephrine. These hormones are released into the bloodstream in response to stress or danger, and they help prepare the body for the "fight or flight" response by increasing heart rate, blood pressure, and respiration.

In summary, the adrenal gland sits atop the kidneys and its innermost portion releases the hormone epinephrine as part of the body's stress response.

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Low-income urban residents today often struggle to find jobs in downtown areas primarily because the jobs available in these locations often require college degrees.

Low-income urban residents today often struggle to find jobs in downtown areas for a variety of reasons. Firstly, they may face persistent discrimination, particularly if they belong to minority groups or have limited education and work experience. Secondly, many jobs in downtown areas may require college degrees or specialized skills, making it difficult for low-income residents to compete with more qualified candidates. Additionally, downtown areas often have higher living costs, including housing, food, and transportation, which can be difficult to afford for low-income residents. Finally, commuting to downtown areas can be time-consuming and expensive, especially if public transportation is not readily available or reliable. Overall, low-income urban residents face significant barriers to finding employment in downtown areas, and addressing these issues requires a comprehensive approach that includes education and training programs, anti-discrimination policies, and affordable housing and transportation options.

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Tonya's doctor advises her that having a vaginal birth after cesarean (VBAC) is possible but carries some risks.

The risks include uterine rupture, which can be life-threatening for both the mother and baby. However, the chances of a successful VBAC increase if certain criteria are met, such as the reason for the previous c-section being unlikely to occur again, the scar on the uterus being low-transverse, and the pregnancy progressing normally without any complications. Tonya and her doctor should discuss these factors and come up with a plan that works best for her and her baby. It's important for Tonya to understand all of her options and make an informed decision about her delivery method.

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The given statement is True, as the signs of moderate to severe frostbite include white or grayish skin, blisters, and numbness.

Signs of moderate to severe frostbite can include white or grayish skin, blisters, and numbness. Frostbite occurs when tissues freeze due to exposure to extremely cold temperatures, and the severity of frostbite can vary. In moderate to severe cases, the skin may appear white or grayish, blisters may develop, and the affected area may become numb due to damage to the underlying tissues. These signs indicate a more advanced stage of frostbite and require immediate medical attention for proper treatment and prevention of further complications.

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As the nurse taking care of a patient receiving peritoneal dialysis, the first thing you should do when you notice the return fluid is slowly draining is to assess the patient's condition and monitor vital signs.

You should also inspect the catheter site for signs of infection or other issues that may be causing the slow drainage. If necessary, you may need to adjust the patient's positioning or contact the healthcare provider to address any concerns and ensure proper functioning of the peritoneal dialysis system. Peritoneal dialysis is a kidney failure treatment that filters your blood inside of your body using the lining of your abdomen, often known as your belly. This lining is known by the medical community as the peritoneum. A few weeks before to beginning peritoneal dialysis, a surgeon inserts a soft tube into your abdomen known as a catheter.

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The drug that might be used specifically to reduce heart rate in cardiac patients is a beta blocker. The Correct option is C

A beta blocker, works by blocking the effects of epinephrine and norepinephrine on the beta-adrenergic receptors in the heart. This leads to a decrease in heart rate and can also result in decreased blood pressure. Beta blockers are commonly prescribed for various cardiac conditions, such as hypertension, angina, and arrhythmias.

By reducing heart rate, beta blockers help to decrease the workload on the heart and improve cardiac function, making them a suitable choice for cardiac patients requiring heart rate control.

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When using a body drag to pull a patient who is on the ground, the following steps should be followed:

Ensure the safety of the environment: Before initiating the body drag, assess the surroundings for any hazards or obstacles that may impede the movement. Clear the path to create a safe pathway for the drag.

Position yourself correctly: Position yourself behind the patient, facing their head. Place your feet shoulder-width apart and lower your body into a squatting position. This will provide stability and leverage during the drag.

Grasp the patient securely: Reach under the patient's armpits and clasp your hands together, locking your elbows. Maintain a firm grip on the patient's upper body to ensure control during the drag.

Begin the drag: Engage your leg muscles and use your body weight to start pulling the patient towards your body. Maintain a smooth and steady motion, using short, controlled movements. Ensure that the patient's head and neck are supported and aligned with the rest of their body.

Continuously assess the patient: As you drag the patient, monitor their condition and response. Look for any signs of discomfort or distress and adjust your technique if needed. Communicate with the patient throughout the process, providing reassurance and support.

In the second part, the explanation can further elaborate on the rationale behind each step and provide additional tips for a successful body drag. The body drag technique is commonly used to move a patient safely and efficiently when they are unable to stand or walk on their own. It is particularly useful in emergency situations or when transferring a patient over a short distance, such as from the ground to a safer location.

The first step emphasizes the importance of assessing the environment to identify any potential hazards or obstacles that may hinder the drag. This includes removing any objects, debris, or tripping hazards from the path to ensure a smooth and safe movement.

Proper positioning is crucial for maintaining balance and stability during the body drag. Squatting with a wide stance provides a solid base and allows for better control and strength. By reaching under the patient's armpits and clasping your hands together, you create a secure grip and distribute the weight evenly.

Initiating the drag requires engaging the leg muscles and using the body's strength to pull the patient towards you. Short, controlled movements help prevent excessive strain and maintain control. Supporting the patient's head and neck throughout the process is essential to prevent any potential injuries or discomfort.

Continuous assessment of the patient's condition and response is crucial during the drag. Observing their vital signs, level of consciousness, and any signs of distress allows for prompt intervention if necessary. Effective communication with the patient provides reassurance, maintains trust, and helps alleviate any anxiety or fear they may have.

Overall, the body drag technique should be performed with caution and attention to the patient's comfort and safety. Regular training and practice in proper body mechanics and patient handling techniques are essential for healthcare providers to ensure the well-being of both themselves and their patients.

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No, it cannot be concluded that heart surgeons are less competent than dermatologists solely based on the fact that a greater percentage of heart surgeons than dermatologists are sued for malpractice.

There could be other factors at play, such as the complexity and risk associated with heart surgeries compared to dermatological procedures. Additionally, the number of malpractice lawsuits does not necessarily reflect the overall competence of a profession. It is important to consider a variety of factors before making any conclusions about the competence of a group of professionals. A dermatologist is a physician who focuses on diseases of the skin, hair, and nails. No one knows your skin, hair, and nails better than a board-certified dermatologist, whether it's rashes, wrinkles, psoriasis, or melanoma.

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If you are identified as a witness in a malpractice case involving a VA patient, you should Stay calm and professional, Review the facts, and Gather any relevant documents as detailed below:

1. Stay calm and professional: Remember that your role as a witness is to provide accurate and unbiased information to help resolve the case.

2. Review the facts: Go over the details of the incident to ensure that you have a clear understanding of what happened and your involvement in the situation.

3. Gather any relevant documents: Collect any records, notes, or communications that may be relevant to the case. This could include medical records, treatment plans, or correspondence with other healthcare providers.

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To evaluate the effectiveness of a client's prescription for rosuvastatin, the nurse should implement regular monitoring of the client's lipid profile, including total cholesterol, low-density lipoprotein (LDL), and high-density lipoprotein (HDL) levels.

This will help determine if the medication is effectively reducing cholesterol levels and promoting heart health.

Here's why regular monitoring of the lipid profile is important:

Total Cholesterol: Total cholesterol represents the sum of different types of cholesterol in the blood. High levels of total cholesterol, particularly elevated LDL cholesterol, are associated with an increased risk of developing cardiovascular diseases.

By monitoring the total cholesterol level, healthcare professionals can assess whether the prescription for rosuvastatin is effectively lowering the client's overall cholesterol levels.

Low-Density Lipoprotein (LDL): LDL cholesterol is often referred to as "bad cholesterol" because high levels can lead to the buildup of plaque in the arteries, increasing the risk of heart disease.

Rosuvastatin works by inhibiting the production of cholesterol in the liver and promoting the clearance of LDL from the bloodstream. Regular monitoring of LDL levels helps determine if the medication is effectively reducing LDL cholesterol to target levels.

High-Density Lipoprotein (HDL): HDL cholesterol is often referred to as "good cholesterol" because it helps remove LDL cholesterol from the bloodstream, reducing the risk of plaque buildup in the arteries.

Higher levels of HDL cholesterol are associated with a lower risk of cardiovascular diseases.

Monitoring HDL levels alongside LDL levels provides a comprehensive picture of the client's lipid profile and can help assess the medication's impact on the balance of good and bad cholesterol.

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If Desiree and her spouse have been instructed to use the stop-start technique in the bedroom, it is likely that her spouse suffers from premature ejaculation.

Premature ejaculation is a common sexual disorder in which a man ejaculates earlier than desired during sexual activity. The stop-start technique is a behavioral technique used to manage and prolong the time before ejaculation. It involves stopping sexual stimulation when the man feels close to ejaculation and then resuming once the sensation subsides.

The stop-start technique helps individuals with premature ejaculation to gain better control over their arousal levels and delay ejaculation, thus improving sexual satisfaction for both partners. It is often recommended as part of behavioral therapies or interventions for managing premature ejaculation.

It is important to note that a definitive diagnosis and appropriate treatment should be provided by a healthcare professional specializing in sexual health or a qualified therapist experienced in treating sexual disorders. They can provide personalized guidance and interventions based on the specific needs and circumstances of the individual and their partner.

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False. Persons with limited health literacy skills are more likely to have chronic conditions and may struggle to manage them effectively.

Health literacy refers to an individual's ability to obtain, understand, and use health information to make informed decisions about their health. Limited health literacy can pose significant challenges for individuals in managing their health, especially when it comes to chronic conditions.
Studies have consistently shown that individuals with lower health literacy are more prone to developing chronic conditions such as diabetes, hypertension, and asthma. Limited health literacy can hinder their understanding of important health concepts, medication instructions, treatment plans, and self-care strategies. This can lead to poor adherence to medications, difficulty navigating the healthcare system, increased hospitalizations, and overall poorer health outcomes.
Improving health literacy is crucial to empowering individuals to better manage their chronic conditions. Health education, clear communication, simplified health materials, and support from healthcare professionals are important strategies to help individuals with limited health literacy effectively manage their health conditions.

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It is true that contingent exercise has been found to be useful in the treatment of pica.

The use of contingent exercise as a treatment for pica, a condition characterised by the ingestion of non-food objects, has been investigated. In order to discourage pica behaviour, this strategy uses physical exertion as a consequence.

However, due to individual characteristics and ethical concerns, its efficacy varies.

When considering contingent exercise or similar behavioural therapies for the treatment of pica, advice from healthcare practitioners is essential.

Thus, the given statement is true.

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Answer: The answer is true

Explanation: GHB can be detected in a drug test. However, the type of test may be a factor in whether or not it will show up.

If your doctor advises you to undergo a monthly pregnancy test, it is important to follow their recommendation for your health and well-being.

Regular pregnancy testing is essential to monitor your reproductive health and ensure appropriate medical care. While it may seem repetitive, monthly tests allow for early detection of any potential pregnancies, which can guide treatment decisions, medication adjustments, and ensure the safety of certain interventions.
By complying with your doctor's instructions and undergoing monthly pregnancy tests, you are taking a proactive approach to your healthcare. It enables your healthcare provider to make informed decisions, tailor treatments, and ensure your safety, especially if you are taking medications or undergoing procedures that may pose risks to a developing fetus. Regular testing provides a reliable way to stay informed about your reproductive status and enables you to make well-informed choices regarding your health and family planning.

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Mixing barbiturates and alcohol can result in a synergistic interaction, where the combined effect is greater than the sum of their individual effects.

Barbiturates and alcohol are both central nervous system depressants, which means they slow down brain activity and can induce sedation. When taken together, they can potentiate each other's effects, leading to an intensified depressive impact on the central nervous system. The combined depressant effect can result in severe drowsiness, impaired coordination, respiratory depression, and even overdose. It is crucial to avoid mixing barbiturates and alcohol due to the increased risk of adverse effects and potential harm. If you have concerns or questions about specific drug interactions, it is advisable to consult a healthcare professional or pharmacist.

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As directed by the plan of care, the nurse should assist the client in performing the prescribed isometric exercises every 2 hours. Isometric exercises involve contracting a muscle without moving the joint, which can help maintain muscle strength and prevent atrophy during periods of bedrest. The nurse should also monitor the client's response to the exercises and document their performance in the client's medical record.

When a client is on bedrest and their plan of care states that they should perform isometric exercises every 2 hours, the nurse should take the following actions as directed by the plan of care:
1. Assess the client's current physical condition and ensure they are stable enough to perform the exercises.
2. Explain the purpose and benefits of isometric exercises to the client, which include maintaining muscle strength and preventing muscle atrophy.
3. Demonstrate the appropriate isometric exercises for the client, such as muscle contractions in the arms, legs, and abdominal area without moving the joints.
4. Instruct the client to perform the exercises for a specified duration (e.g., 5-10 seconds per contraction) and frequency (e.g., every 2 hours).
5. Assist the client as needed in performing the exercises and provide encouragement and support throughout the process.
6. Monitor the client's progress and response to the exercises, making any necessary adjustments to the plan of care based on their individual needs and feedback.
7. Document the client's participation in the isometric exercises and any relevant observations in their medical record.

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A potential safety hazard for the RNFA (Registered Nurse First Assistant) during endoscopic surgery is the risk of electrical burns or injuries associated with the use of electrosurgical units (ESUs).

During endoscopic surgery, the use of electrosurgical units (ESUs) is common for cutting, coagulating, and cauterizing tissues. While ESUs provide effective surgical interventions, they also pose potential safety hazards. One of the primary risks is the potential for electrical burns or injuries.

ESUs use high-frequency electrical currents to generate heat and coagulate tissues. If not used properly or if there are equipment malfunctions, electrical burns can occur. These burns can range from minor superficial burns to more severe injuries that may require further medical intervention. It is crucial for the RNFA to be aware of the potential hazards associated with ESUs, such as improper grounding, faulty equipment, or incorrect application of the instrument, and take appropriate precautions to minimize the risk of electrical burns.

Precautions may include ensuring proper grounding of the equipment, verifying the integrity of the instrument and cables, using the appropriate power settings, and closely monitoring the patient's condition during the procedure. The RNFA should also be familiar with the equipment's operating instructions, follow established safety protocols, and collaborate closely with the surgical team to maintain a safe surgical environment.

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Patients being treated with anti-inflammatory ophthalmic drugs should be instructed to follow the prescribed dosing schedule, avoid touching their eyes without washing their hands first, and report any adverse effects such as eye redness, itching, or swelling to their healthcare provider. Additionally, they should not stop using the medication without consulting their healthcare provider first.

Ophthalmic anti-inflammatory drugs are administered directly to the eye to decrease discomfort that may develop during or following some types of eye surgery. During operations, the eye's pupil might occasionally shrink. Because of this, it is more challenging for the surgeon to access particular parts of the eye. Some of these medications are employed to aid in its prevention. Additionally, some of them are utilised post-op to treat side effects including inflammation or edoema (excess fluid in the eye). Your ophthalmologist (eye doctor) will decide if these medications are appropriate for use in treating other disorders.

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The majority of total airway resistance occurs in the bronchi, specifically the smaller bronchioles.

The bronchi and bronchioles are responsible for conducting air from the trachea to the alveoli in the lungs. The smaller the airways, the greater the resistance to airflow due to factors such as airway diameter and smooth muscle constriction. The nose, oral pharynx, and diaphragm do not contribute significantly to airway resistance.

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The amount of fluid that will be used over a 24-hour period when administering fluids at a maintenance rate to a 700 gram guinea pig is 25 ml.

Maintenance fluid requirements for small animals like guinea pigs are typically calculated based on their body weight. A commonly used guideline for maintenance fluid rate in guinea pigs is approximately 3-5% of their body weight per day. For a 700-gram guinea pig, this would amount to approximately 21-35 ml of fluid per day.
Among the given options, the closest value to this range is 25 ml. Therefore, 25 ml would be the appropriate amount of fluid to use over a 24-hour period for the maintenance rate in this 700 gram guinea pig.

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The statement "A chi-squared goodness-of-fit can be used to test hypotheses about the proportion of the population falling into each of the possible categories" is true because it is commonly used to determine whether observed categorical data follows an expected distribution or proportion across different categories. Meanwhile, the statement "the observed cell counts are compared to the cell counts that would be expected when the alternative hypothesis is true" is false because the observed cell counts are compared to the expected cell counts under the null hypothesis

A chi-squared goodness-of-fit can be used to test hypotheses about the proportion of the population falling into each of the possible categories.

This statement is true. A chi-squared goodness-of-fit test is commonly used to determine whether observed categorical data follows an expected distribution or proportion across different categories. It is used to test whether the observed frequencies in each category are significantly different from the expected frequencies based on a specified null hypothesis.

In order to decide whether the observed data is compatible with the null hypothesis, the observed cell counts are compared to the cell counts that would be expected when the alternative hypothesis is true.

This statement is false. In a chi-squared goodness-of-fit test, the observed cell counts are compared to the expected cell counts under the null hypothesis, not the alternative hypothesis. The purpose is to assess whether there is evidence to reject the null hypothesis and conclude that the observed data significantly deviates from the expected distribution.

Therefore, the correct statements are:

A chi-squared goodness-of-fit can be used to test hypotheses about the proportion of the population falling into each of the possible categories. (True)

In order to decide whether the observed data is compatible with the null hypothesis, the observed cell counts are compared to the cell counts that would be expected when the alternative hypothesis is true. (False)

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