The 1970s were marked by a great deal of turmoil in the middle east. which two statements correctly describe the effects that events in the middle east had on the carter administration and on the united states?

Answer:

secession, in U.S. history, the withdrawal of 11 slave states (states in which slaveholding was legal) from the Union during 1860–61 following the election of Abraham Lincoln as president. Secession precipitated the American Civil War.

Explanation:

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The Supreme Court strengthened the rights of people accused of a crime through various landmark decisions that upheld constitutional protections and ensured fair treatment throughout the criminal justice process.  

One of the significant ways the Supreme Court strengthened these rights was through the recognition and enforcement of the Fourth, Fifth, Sixth, and Eighth Amendments of the United States Constitution. These amendments guarantee the right to be free from unreasonable searches and seizures, protection against self-incrimination, the right to a fair trial, and protection against cruel and unusual punishment.

The Supreme Court's rulings, such as Miranda v. Arizona (1966) and Gideon v. Wainwright (1963), established crucial principles to safeguard the rights of the accused. Miranda v. Arizona introduced the requirement of reading suspects their rights (Miranda rights) before custodial interrogations, ensuring that individuals are aware of their rights against self-incrimination. Gideon v. Wainwright established the right to counsel, ensuring that defendants who cannot afford an attorney are provided with legal representation.

These landmark decisions and others like them have played a vital role in enhancing the legal protections and procedural safeguards for individuals accused of crimes, ensuring a fair and just criminal justice system.

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Answer:

1. Last leader of the Soviet Union- Mikhail Gorbachev

2. Soviet leader during the Cuban Missile Crisis- Nikita Khrushchev

3. A corrupt South Vietnamese leader- Ngo Dinh Diem

4. The Allied military commander during the Korean War- Douglas MacArthur

5. The U.S. president during the Cuban Missile Crisis- John F. Kennedy

The future course of the war and the postwar world were decided upon in Yalta by Soviet Premier Joseph Stalin, British Prime Minister Winston Churchill, and American President Franklin D. Roosevelt.

Stalin desired control of Eastern Europe to both defend the Soviet nation and advance socialism, the communist economic system. He held that the future development of socialism in the world was predetermined by the "scientific laws" of history.

When two or more factions fight for military superiority, an arms race results. It consists of a race between two or more states to have the best armed forces and a production race.

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Adolf Hitler learned from the Armenian Genocide that the international community would largely turn a blind eye to large-scale atrocities, emboldening him to pursue his genocidal ambitions during the Holocaust.

The Armenian Genocide, which took place during World War I, involved the systematic extermination of an estimated 1.5 million Armenians by the Ottoman Empire. Hitler observed the international response, or rather lack thereof, to this genocide and drew significant lessons from it. The inaction and silence of the international community, which failed to intervene or hold the Ottoman Empire accountable, demonstrated to Hitler that he could potentially carry out his own genocidal plans without significant consequences.

Hitler saw the Armenian Genocide as a blueprint for his own ambitions. He believed that by carefully orchestrating a large-scale genocide against the Jewish population, he could similarly avoid substantial international intervention. Hitler was emboldened by the fact that the Armenian Genocide had largely gone unpunished, with no significant repercussions for the Ottoman Empire. This understanding influenced his decision-making during the Holocaust, as he believed that the world would once again turn a blind eye to such horrific acts.

In this way, the Armenian Genocide played a crucial role in shaping Hitler's perception of international reactions to genocide and provided him with a distorted sense of impunity, ultimately contributing to his pursuit of the Holocaust.

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Students' refusal to participate in faith-based community service projects raises questions about their right to freedom of religion and the school's obligation to accommodate them.

The first legal issue is the students' right to freedom of religion and the school's obligation to accommodate their religious beliefs. The students' refusal to participate in the faith-based community service projects due to religious grounds may invoke protections under the First Amendment of the United States Constitution. It raises questions about whether the school board should have provided alternative non-faith-based service options to accommodate the students' religious beliefs.

The second legal issue concerns the students' possession and use of marijuana. While the students claim their cantheist beliefs make marijuana a sacrament, the possession and use of marijuana are generally illegal under federal and state laws, unless specifically permitted for medical or recreational use. The students could potentially face charges related to drug possession, depending on the jurisdiction and applicable laws.

Furthermore, the consequences for the students' actions are also relevant. The fact that they were in possession of marijuana and admitted to using it before school raises potential disciplinary consequences within the school system. Additionally, the involvement of the police and their subsequent arrest may result in criminal charges and legal proceedings.

As the defense attorney, these legal issues would need to be carefully examined and addressed in the defense strategy for the students.

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Joyce worked approximately 6 hours of overtime..

to determine the number of hours of overtime joyce worked, we need to calculate her regular pay and compare it to her total pay.
given:
hourly rate: $14.85
regular working hours in a week: 40 hours
total pay: $727.65

step 1: calculate joyce's regular pay for 40 hours of work:
regular pay = hourly rate * regular working hours
regular pay = $14.85/hour * 40 hours

step 2: calculate joyce's overtime pay for the remaining amount:
overtime pay = total pay - regular pay
overtime pay = $727.65 - (hourly rate * regular working hours)

step 3: calculate the overtime hours worked:
overtime pay = overtime hours * overtime rate
overtime hours = overtime pay / overtime rate
overtime hours = (total pay - regular pay) / (hourly rate * 1.5)

let's plug in the values:
overtime hours = ($727.65 - ($14.85/hour * 40 hours)) / ($14.85/hour * 1.5)

calculating:
overtime hours = ($727.65 - $594.00) / $22.275
overtime hours ≈ 5.997

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Manifest Destiny is a term used to describe the belief that the United States was destined to expand from coast to coast.

The concept of Manifest Destiny emerged in the mid-19th century and was used to justify territorial expansion to the Pacific Ocean. This concept was motivated by a number of factors, including the belief in American exceptionalism, economic motives, and concerns about security and power.Costs: The costs of Manifest Destiny were high. The United States government spent millions of dollars on land purchases, military expeditions, and infrastructure projects, such as roads and railroads. Additionally, the policy of Manifest Destiny often led to conflict with other countries, such as Mexico, and with Native American tribes, resulting in significant human costs. The cost of the Mexican-American War was approximately $100 million, and approximately 13,000 American soldiers died.

Reasons: The primary reasons for Manifest Destiny were economic, political, and cultural. The United States government wanted to expand westward to secure its borders, to gain access to new resources, and to increase its economic power. Many Americans also believed that it was their duty to spread democracy and American culture to the western frontier.Impact: Manifest Destiny had a significant impact on the United States and its people. It led to the acquisition of new territories, such as Texas, California, and New Mexico, and paved the way for the expansion of the United States to the Pacific Ocean. However, the policy also had negative consequences, including the displacement and mistreatment of Native American tribes and the subjugation of people living in the new territories.

Additionally, the idea of Manifest Destiny contributed to a sense of American exceptionalism that persists to this day.Migration: The policy of Manifest Destiny led to significant migration westward. Tens of thousands of Americans moved to the western frontier in search of new opportunities, such as land and gold. Additionally, the United States government encouraged immigration to the new territories, offering incentives such as free land and transportation to those willing to settle in the West. This migration had significant impacts on the people and culture of the western United States.

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The  sentence that  describes a factor that motivated American colonists to declare their independence from the British is:  O D. Great Britain taxede colonies but did not allow them to participate in politics.

Option D  was one of the primary reasons why American colonists decided to separate from Great Britain. The colonists believed that their rights as British citizens were being violated and that they were being unfairly taxed without their permission.

They as well  argued that if they were going to pay taxes they should have representation in the British government but the British government forbade the colonists from taking part in politics. Widespread protests followed which ultimately resulted in the American Revolution and the Declaration of Independence.

Therefore the correct option is D.

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While the British presence in India may have been welcomed by some indigenous ruling elites, it is important to note that this was not the case for all as the sources confirmed.

The British military first intervened in India around 1700, and while their presence did bring about certain economic and infrastructural developments, it also had significant negative consequences for Indian society.

The formal end of British rule in India did not come until just after World War II, and the lasting effects of colonialism continue to be felt in India today. To say that the British presence had little lasting effect on Indian society is to overlook the many ways in which colonialism disrupted and transformed Indian culture, politics, and economy.

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False, most neoclassical musicians are not influenced by free jazz musicians like Ornette Coleman.

While there may be some neoclassical musicians who are influenced by free jazz musicians like Ornette Coleman, it is not accurate to say that most neoclassical musicians are influenced by him. Neoclassical music is a style that draws from classical music but often incorporates elements of other genres such as jazz, rock, and folk. While free jazz may be one influence on some neoclassical musicians, there are many other influences as well. Additionally, not all neoclassical musicians are influenced by jazz at all, as they may draw more heavily from traditional classical composers or other genres entirely. Therefore, it is false to say that most neoclassical musicians are influenced by free jazz musicians like Ornette Coleman.

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When organizing qualifications, it is recommended to create as few headings as possible, preferably fewer than six, to avoid cluttering the document.

When presenting qualifications in a document, it is important to maintain a clear and organized structure. Having too many headings can make the document appear cluttered and overwhelming to the reader.

By limiting the number of headings to fewer than six, the document maintains a streamlined and focused layout, allowing the reader to easily navigate and comprehend the information.

This approach ensures that the qualifications are presented in a concise and effective manner, highlighting the key skills and experiences without overwhelming the reader with an excessive number of sections.

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The equation y = x + 4 represents the relationship between the hours spent writing (x) and the total pages written (y).

Based on the given information, we can establish the relationship between the hours spent writing (x) and the total pages written (y) using an equation.
Given:
Ezra has already written 4 pages.
He expects to write 1 page for every additional hour spent writing.
To form the equation, we need to consider the initial pages written (4) and the additional pages written for each hour spent writing.

The equation that represents the relationship is:
y = 1 * (x + 4)
The variable x represents the additional hours spent writing beyond the initial time. The expression (x + 4) accounts for the initial pages already written (4) and the additional pages written for each hour spent writing (1 page per hour). Multiplying this expression by 1 represents the ratio of pages written to hours spent.

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Answer:

The blockadee blockade was lifted, and Berlin remained divided.

Explanation:

The ancient Greeks believed that the perfect man should be well-rounded and accomplished in various areas. However, whether this approach is best for the efficiency of a society or if citizens should specialize in certain skills is a matter of perspective and context.

The ancient Greek ideal of a well-rounded individual who excels in multiple domains may have its merits, but specialization in specific skills can also contribute to the efficiency of a society.

In many ways, the ancient Greek ideal of a versatile individual had its advantages. A society composed of individuals with diverse skills and knowledge can foster a more well-rounded and intellectually rich environment. Such individuals may possess a broader understanding of the world and be better equipped to tackle a variety of challenges. Moreover, their multidisciplinary expertise may promote innovative thinking and cross-disciplinary collaborations.

However, specialization in specific skills also plays a crucial role in the efficiency of a society. As societies advance and become more complex, the depth of knowledge required in certain fields increases. Specialization allows individuals to dedicate their time and efforts to mastering a particular domain, leading to advancements in technology, science, medicine, and other specialized fields. By focusing on specific skills, individuals can become experts in their respective fields, contributing to the overall progress and efficiency of society.

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The moon likely does not have movement in its core (Option A), as a magnetic field typically requires a dynamo effect.

Scientists believe that the absence of a magnetic field on the moon is due to a lack of movement in its core (Option A).

This is because magnetic fields are often generated by the dynamo effect, which occurs when a rotating, convecting, and electrically conducting fluid generates a magnetic field. If the moon had a molten, rotating core, it might produce a magnetic field.

However, current evidence suggests that the moon's core is small and partially solidified, which would prevent the generation of a magnetic field.

This doesn't rule out the presence of life, mountains, or an atmosphere (Options B, C, and D).

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Tanzimat reforms were series of reforms in the Ottoman Empire between 1839 and 1876, established Western-style university, state postal system, railways, extensive legal reforms, resulted in the creation of a new constitution in 1876.

The series of reforms in the Ottoman Empire between 1839 and 1876 are commonly referred to as the Tanzimat reforms. These reforms were implemented in order to modernize and strengthen the empire, as it was facing increasing pressure from European powers.

The Tanzimat reforms included the establishment of Western-style universities, the creation of a state postal system, the construction of railways, and extensive legal reforms. These changes aimed to bring the Ottoman Empire in line with Western standards and to improve its administrative efficiency.

One of the most significant outcomes of the Tanzimat was the creation of a new constitution in 1876. This constitution established a constitutional monarchy in the Ottoman Empire and guaranteed certain rights and freedoms to its citizens, including freedom of speech and the press, the right to a fair trial, and the abolition of slavery.

However, the implementation of the Tanzimat reforms was not without its challenges. Some conservative elements within the Ottoman Empire resisted these changes, and there were also concerns about the cost of modernizing the empire. Additionally, the reforms did not fully address the underlying economic and political issues facing the empire, and it continued to decline in power and influence in the decades that followed.

Note: The question is incomplete. The complete question probably is: _____ were series of reforms in the Ottoman Empire between 1839 and 1876, established Western-style university, state postal system, railways, extensive legal reforms, resulted in the creation of a new constitution in 1876.

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Central Asia has been facing several challenges in effectively managing its energy and water resources since the Soviet Union's collapse.

These include inadequate infrastructure, ineffective use of resources, insufficient investments, and political tensions among the countries in the area.

As a consequence of this, problems such as insufficient water supply, inadequate energy availability, and degradation of the environment have arisen.

The area has experienced conflicts due to disagreements over shared water resources and energy transportation routes, resulting in political tensions and sporadic clashes. The region's economic growth has been impeded by these complications, presenting obstacles to its long-term durability and steadiness.

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The areas of the ocean that are absorbing more CO2 from the air are the cold northern oceans and the cold southern oceans.

In the cold northern oceans, such as the Arctic Ocean and parts of the North Atlantic, the absorption of CO2 is primarily driven by the process of oceanic upwelling. Cold waters from deeper layers rise to the surface, bringing with them dissolved CO2 from the deep ocean. This process enhances the CO2 absorption capacity of these regions.

Similarly, the cold southern oceans, including parts of the Southern Ocean surrounding Antarctica, also experience significant CO2 absorption. The cold temperatures and strong oceanic currents in these areas facilitate the dissolution of CO2 from the atmosphere into the ocean waters. Additionally, the presence of sea ice in certain regions promotes the exchange of gases between the air and the ocean, further enhancing CO2 absorption.

On the other hand, warm equatorial oceans tend to have lower CO2 absorption rates compared to the colder regions. The warm surface waters in these areas are often associated with lower dissolved CO2 concentrations due to higher water temperatures and reduced solubility of CO2. However, it's important to note that equatorial upwelling zones, where nutrient-rich waters rise to the surface, can contribute to localized CO2 absorption.

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The treaty that limited the development of weapons systems designed to intercept incoming missiles, as part of the détente between Nixon and Brezhnev, was called the Anti-Ballistic Missile (ABM) Treaty.

The ABM Treaty was signed on May 26, 1972, between the United States and the Soviet Union during the height of the Cold War. The treaty aimed to reduce the arms race and promote stability by restricting the deployment of anti-ballistic missile systems that could intercept incoming missiles. Under the ABM Treaty, both countries agreed to limit the deployment of ABM systems to two specified areas. The United States chose to protect its capital, Washington, D.C., while the Soviet Union protected Moscow. This limitation was meant to prevent either side from gaining a significant advantage in defense capabilities.

The rationale behind the treaty was to deter the development of advanced missile defense systems that could potentially undermine the principle of mutually assured destruction (MAD). MAD was based on the concept that neither side would launch a nuclear attack due to the certainty of catastrophic retaliation.

The treaty remained in force until 2002 when the United States withdrew from it, citing the need to develop a more comprehensive missile defense system to address emerging threats. Nonetheless, the ABM Treaty played a crucial role in shaping the dynamics of the Cold War and the pursuit of arms control agreements.

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The gap between the percentage of whites registering to vote and the percentage of African Americans registering to vote declined after the passage of Voting Rights.

The Voting Rights Act of 1965 had impact on voter registration in southern states most particularly in addressing the disparity between white and African American voters.

Prior to the passage of the act, discriminatory practices such as literacy tests, poll taxes and other voter suppression tactics were widespread and affected African Americans and other minority groups.

The Voting Rights Act aimed to eliminate these barriers to voting and enforce equal access to the ballot box. It provided federal oversight and enforcement mechanisms to ensure that states with a history of voter discrimination particularly in the South did not engage in discriminatory practices.

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The following best explains why, in the 1956 edition of the book, the author stated, "I no longer think that all wars are unnecessary": The Second World War had to be fought to stop the expansion of Nazi Germany in Europe.

The statement indicates a change in the author's perspective regarding the necessity of wars. The Second World War, which occurred between 1939 and 1945, was a global conflict primarily fought against Nazi Germany, Italy, and Japan. It was a war of immense scale and impact, with significant geopolitical consequences.

The experience of witnessing the rise of Nazi Germany and the atrocities committed by the regime may have influenced the author's revised view on the necessity of wars. The author acknowledges that while they once believed all wars were unnecessary, the Second World War changed their perspective. The war, in this context, can be seen as a justifiable response to the expansionist ambitions and threat posed by Nazi Germany, which required military intervention to prevent further aggression and preserve peace in Europe.

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The forces that shape cities are primarily social, economic and political. These forces determine its spatial organization, infrastructure, culture etc.

Cities are shaped by a interplay of social, economic, and political forces. Social forces include factors such as population dynamics, cultural diversity and social inequalities. The economic forces encompass market dynamics, investment patterns and labor markets that drive economic growth and development in cities.

The political forces involve governance structures, policies and decision-making processes that influence urban planning, land use, and public services. These forces interact and shape the physical manifestation of cities, influencing their layout, architecture, transportation systems and social fabric.

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The presidential doctrine that George H.W. Bush invoked to justify the military buildup in the Middle East and the liberation of Kuwait in 1991 through Operation Desert Storm was the "Bush Doctrine".

The Bush Doctrine was a foreign policy stance that emphasized the need for preemptive action against potential threats to U.S. national security. It was specifically invoked in response to Iraq's invasion of Kuwait in 1990. President Bush argued that Saddam Hussein's regime posed a direct threat to the stability of the region and to U.S. interests, and that military action was necessary to prevent further aggression. The Bush Doctrine represented a departure from previous presidential doctrines, such as the Truman Doctrine and the Reagan Doctrine, which emphasized containment and deterrence rather than preemptive action.

In conclusion, the Bush Doctrine was the presidential doctrine that George H.W. Bush invoked to justify the military buildup in the Middle East and the liberation of Kuwait in 1991 through Operation Desert Storm. This doctrine emphasized the need for preemptive action against potential threats to U.S. national security and represented a departure from previous doctrines that emphasized containment and deterrence.

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  June's diary is best thought of as a collection of her personal memories.

  A diary serves as a record of one's personal experiences, thoughts, and emotions, providing a glimpse into the individual's life and inner world. It serves as a repository of memories, documenting significant events, daily occurrences, and the individual's reflections on them. June's diary, therefore, can be seen as a compilation of her personal memories, capturing moments that have impacted her life and preserving her thoughts and emotions associated with those experiences.

  Diaries are often used as a means of self-expression and self-reflection. They allow individuals to chronicle their lives, process their thoughts and feelings, and make sense of their experiences. June's diary likely provides a personal narrative, giving insight into her perspectives, experiences, and the development of her identity. It serves as a valuable resource for understanding her past, as well as the influences and events that have shaped her as an individual.

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The Manifesto's legal interpretation of the Fourteenth Amendment differs from the Court's by emphasizing broader protections for civil rights and invoking nonlegal factors such as social and moral considerations.

The Manifesto's legal interpretation of the Fourteenth Amendment diverges from the Court's approach by taking a broader view of civil rights protections. While the Court's interpretation has focused primarily on the text and original intent of the amendment, the Manifesto incorporates additional factors, including social and moral considerations.

The Fourteenth Amendment, ratified in 1868, guarantees equal protection of the laws and due process to all citizens. The Court has traditionally interpreted the amendment through a narrow legal lens, primarily examining the text, historical context, and original intent as expressed by the framers. This approach aims to adhere closely to the literal meaning of the Constitution.

In contrast, the Manifesto presents a more expansive understanding of the Fourteenth Amendment, drawing on nonlegal factors. It considers societal and moral principles, acknowledging that constitutional interpretation should evolve to address changing social circumstances and promote justice and equality. The Manifesto may invoke contemporary values, public opinion, and evolving standards of decency to interpret the amendment's scope and implications.

By incorporating nonlegal factors, the Manifesto advocates for a dynamic interpretation of the Fourteenth Amendment, adapting its application to modern challenges and expanding civil rights protections. This approach recognizes that legal interpretation cannot exist in isolation from broader societal considerations and the evolving norms of a democratic society.

Overall, the Manifesto's legal interpretation of the Fourteenth Amendment differs from the Court's by emphasizing a more inclusive and contextual approach, invoking nonlegal factors such as social and moral considerations. It seeks to ensure that the constitutional protections guaranteed by the amendment are responsive to the changing needs and values of society.

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Confucianism, founded by Confucius, aimed to create a harmonious society through the cultivation of moral conduct and social order. Daoism, founded by Laozi, sought to embrace the Dao, which can be understood as the natural way of the universe. Legalism, associated with the philosopher Shang Yang, focused on maintaining social stability through strict laws and harsh punishments.

The below paragrapgh provides information on the major philosophies that developed in ancient China, including Confucianism, Daoism, and Legalism. It includes details about their founders, goals, and important ideas.

Confucianism, founded by Confucius, aimed to create a harmonious society through the cultivation of moral conduct and social order. Key ideas in Confucianism include filial piety, which emphasizes respect for elders and ancestors, and the Five Relationships, which outline proper conduct in various social roles.

Daoism, founded by Laozi, sought to embrace the Dao, which can be understood as the natural way of the universe. The goal of Daoism is to achieve balance and harmony by embracing non-action (wu-wei) and allowing things to unfold naturally. Daoist philosophy values simplicity, spontaneity, and aligning oneself with the natural flow of life.

Legalism, associated with the philosopher Shang Yang, focused on maintaining social stability through strict laws and harsh punishments. It emphasized the importance of a strong and centralized government that enforces strict rules and regulations. Legalist thought placed a heavy emphasis on order, discipline, and control to prevent chaos and maintain social order.

These three major philosophies in ancient China represent different approaches to society, morality, and governance, reflecting the diversity of thought and ideas that emerged during that time.

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The Moriscos in fifteenth-century Spain were individuals of mixed ancestry, specifically those with Moorish and Spanish heritage. They occupied an ambiguous and marginalized position within Spanish society.

During the fifteenth century in Spain, the term "Moriscos" referred to individuals who were descendants of Muslims (Moors) and Christians. This period marked the Reconquista, a long process of Christian reconquest of the Iberian Peninsula. As Christian forces gained control over former Muslim territories, the Muslim population faced increasing pressure to convert to Christianity.

The Moriscos found themselves in a complex and uncertain position within Spanish society. They were officially considered to be Christians, having converted from Islam, but their mixed heritage and cultural practices set them apart from the mainstream Christian population. This often resulted in marginalization and discrimination.

The Moriscos faced various restrictions on their religious and cultural practices, including prohibitions on speaking Arabic and practicing Islamic rituals. They were subjected to surveillance and scrutiny from both religious authorities and the general population. The Spanish crown attempted to assimilate the Moriscos into mainstream Christian society, but the process was met with resistance and resentment.

Overall, the Moriscos in fifteenth-century Spain represented a distinct group with roots in both Moorish and Spanish heritage. Their position in society was marked by marginalization and cultural suppression as Spain underwent significant religious and social transformations during the Reconquista.

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Coretta Scott King, the wife of Martin Luther King Jr., believed that the ultimate goal of both Martin Luther King Jr. and Malcolm X was human and civil rights for everyone.

She stated that both Martin and Malcolm had a deep belief in freedom and equality, and wanted to make sure that everyone had the same rights and opportunities regardless of race, gender, or religion. She said that both men were committed to creating a more just and equal society, so that African Americans could enjoy the same benefits and rights that all citizens should enjoy.

However, while they each had a different approach to achieving this equality, they could agree that a world with equality for all was their ultimate goal.

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A divisive issue of the 1970s was the implementation of affirmative action. Mandated on federal projects, the procedures were imposed to  The correct answer is  c. redress a history of discrimination against non-whites and women in employment and education.

Affirmative action policies implemented in the 1970s aimed to address and rectify the historical discrimination faced by non-whites and women in the areas of employment and education.

These policies sought to promote equal opportunities and increase representation of underrepresented groups in these domains. The goal was to counteract the effects of past systemic discrimination and create a more inclusive and diverse society.

The implementation of affirmative action in the 1970s was aimed at addressing and rectifying the historical discrimination faced by non-whites and women in the realms of employment and education. These policies were put in place to promote equal opportunities and increase representation for marginalized groups who had been historically disadvantaged. The goal was to combat systemic discrimination and create more inclusive and equitable environments in the workforce and educational institutions.

At the time, affirmative action measures were mandated on federal projects, meaning that government-funded initiatives and programs were required to adhere to specific guidelines to ensure fair and inclusive practices. The goal was to redress the historical inequalities and systemic discrimination that non-white individuals and women had faced in these areas.

Affirmative action sought to create a more level playing field by actively promoting the inclusion and advancement of underrepresented groups. It aimed to overcome the barriers and biases that had limited access to employment and educational opportunities for non-whites and women in the past.

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