the best strategic offensives for companies involve which of the following? (choose every correct answer.) multiple select question. striving to convert a competitive advantage into a sustainable advantage overwhelming rivals with swift and decisive action applying resources that rivals are capable of handling doing what rivals expect slowly and deliberately over a long period of time

REIT dividends are considered portfolio income and thus do not qualify as passive income to offset passive losses. The correct option is (A).

REITs stands for Real Estate Investment Trusts. The definition of REITs is an investment company that owns or funds income-producing real estate properties.

The dividend income from a REIT is typically non-qualified, which means it is taxed at the same rate as ordinary income.

However, REIT dividends are generally considered portfolio income. As a result, they don't qualify for offsetting passive losses.

In contrast, passive income is required to offset passive losses. A portion of the losses can be written off by those with passive income. As a result, passive income is an important consideration when calculating tax liability.

Ordinary income is taxed at a higher rate than capital gains and dividends. Passive income is therefore useful because it can help to offset tax liabilities.

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If a media company wants information on consumers' television viewing habits, it can purchase reports compiled by commercial research firms such as Nielsen. This is an example of market research.

Market research is the process of gathering information on the market, consumers, and competitors. It includes collecting data, analyzing information, and presenting results to assist a company in making strategic business decisions. This helps businesses to determine what is happening in the market and what their customers want. Nielsen is one of the largest market research firms that specialize in measuring and analyzing consumer behavior in the media industry.

It assists businesses in making informed decisions. By gathering and analyzing data, businesses can make informed decisions based on facts and data rather than assumptions and guesses.

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Bids for treasury bonds specify a price that the bidder is willing to pay and a dollar amount of securities to be purchased competitive. The correct answer is the B option.

Treasury bonds are sold at a competitive auction, which means that all bidders will be able to see all of the other bids placed in the auction, and the securities will be awarded to the highest bidder.
Bids for treasury bonds specify a price that the bidder is willing to pay and a dollar amount of securities to be purchased is done under competitive bidding.

Competitive bidding is a solicitation process for determining the best value for money for the goods or services being offered.

It issues two types of securities:

The former is the only form of the bid where the price is not pre-specified. The latter guarantees that the bidder will obtain the security as long as the auction's average yield is lower than the Treasury bill’s rate.

Therefore, option b is correct and competitive.

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It is important to build credibility by citing sources. Business writers follow a narrative pattern in business documents. The best way to build credibility in a business document is the option "b) Standard and Poor's 2014 study on global financial literacy found that only 57 per cent of American adults had basic financial skills, putting the U.S. 4th among nations with advanced economies."

How to build your credibility in a business document? When creating a business document, it is essential to follow a narrative pattern, and you have to present the ideas, concisely, and precisely. You must also ensure that you don't provide any unsupported claims, inaccuracies, or misinterpretations to maintain your credibility. To build your credibility in a business document, you should do the following: Cite sources for the claims that you make. Use credible sources when writing any claims you have in the business document. Use evidence to support your claims.

Use precise and clear language with no jargon or technical words that may confuse the audience. Select the best way to build credibility in a business document. Option B is the best way to build your credibility in a business document. This option makes use of a credible source, which is Standard and Poor's 2014 study on global financial literacy, to back up the claim made. It provides specific details that support the argument, including the fact that only 57% of American adults had basic financial skills. This option uses clear language, and it is easy to read and understand.

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The process by which competition for monopoly profits leads to technological progress is called creative destruction.

Creative destruction refers to the economic concept of innovation that simultaneously disrupts and creates new markets by replacing older and less efficient technology. When new innovations are introduced, old ones are phased out, causing changes in the market structure and the economy at large. In a way, it is a process of market competition, where new companies compete with existing ones to take over the existing market by introducing better products or services.

The notion of creative destruction comes from the work of Joseph Schumpeter, who viewed economic growth and prosperity as being driven by disruptive innovation. Innovation brings about new products, processes, and business models that disrupt old patterns and cause economic systems to transform. This creative destruction can lead to technological progress and an overall improvement in the standard of living.

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In the following question, among the conditions given on investment, (a.) If the discount rate is 5 per cent, the present value of these cash flows is $42,894.23. (b.) If the discount rate is 23 per cent, the present value of these cash flows is $16,438.79.

What is the present value? Present value refers to the current value of an amount of cash in the future after a certain amount of time. It is commonly referred to as the "time value of money." It is also referred to as the amount of cash that would be required now to generate the same future amount of cash assuming a specific interest rate. Present value is important because it provides a method of evaluating cash flows that are expected to occur in the future. Investment X will pay $4,900 every year for 9 years while investment Y will pay $6,500 every year for 5 years.

If the discount rate is 5%, calculate the present value of these cash flows. Present Value of Investment X: For nine years, Investment X would pay $4,900 per year. Using a financial calculator or formula, we can find the present value of this annuity: PV = $4,900 x (1 - 1 / (1 + 0.05)⁹) / 0.05 PV = $4,900 x 6.62235 PV = $32,410.15

Present Value of Investment Y: For five years, Investment Y would pay $6,500 per year. Using a financial calculator or formula, we can find the present value of this annuity: PV = $6,500 x (1 - 1 / (1 + 0.05)⁵) / 0.05 PV = $6,500 x 4.32948 PV = $28,146.25If the discount rate is 23%, calculate the present value of these cash flows.

Present Value of Investment X: PV = $4,900 x (1 - 1 / (1 + 0.23)⁹) / 0.23 PV = $4,900 x 3.22154 PV = $15,772.52Present Value of Investment Y: PV = $6,500 x (1 - 1 / (1 + 0.23)⁵) / 0.23 PV = $6,500 x 1.68949 PV = $10,666.27Therefore, the present value of these cash flows for a 5% discount rate is $42,894.23, and for a 23% discount rate is $16,438.79.

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If a competent job analysis is performed, the knowledge, skills, and abilities needed for performance in that department are considered to be a significant factor for the department's performance.

Job analysis is a systematic procedure used to gather, analyze, and document data about a job's crucial features, including the education, experience, and abilities required to complete the task appropriately. Job analysis is a crucial component of the HR management process that helps to enhance organizational productivity. Job analysis is critical since it helps to identify what is required of employees in a particular job.

This is particularly essential when it comes to recruitment and selection, performance appraisal, and training and development processes. A proper job analysis ensures that job requirements and employee qualifications are matched efficiently. Job analysis ensures that the organization hires the best candidates who possess the requisite knowledge, skills, and abilities for the job. Furthermore, a proper job analysis aids in establishing objective performance standards, training requirements, and assessing job performance effectively.

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If a competent job analysis is performed, the knowledge, skills, and abilities needed for performance in that department are considered to be a significant factor for the department's performance.

Job analysis is a systematic procedure used to gather, analyze, and document data about a job's crucial features, including the education, experience, and abilities required to complete the task appropriately. Job analysis is a crucial component of the HR management process that helps to enhance organizational productivity. Job analysis is critical since it helps to identify what is required of employees in a particular job.

This is particularly essential when it comes to recruitment and selection, performance appraisal, and training and development processes. A proper job analysis ensures that job requirements and employee qualifications are matched efficiently.

Job analysis ensures that the organization hires the best candidates who possess the requisite knowledge, skills, and abilities for the job. Furthermore, a proper job analysis aids in establishing objective performance standards, training requirements, and assessing job performance effectively.

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Amanda talks with several different brokers at a social gathering. She hears the following advice from brokers A, B, and C. Out of the given options, Broker C gave her incorrect advice.A. Broker A: "There are risks in holding stocks, even in a highly diversified portfolio.

"This statement is correct because, even if a portfolio is highly diversified, risks are still present. This is because, in the stock market, there is always uncertainty, and it is not possible to eliminate all risk.B. Broker B: "Portfolios with smaller standard deviations have lower risk."This statement is also correct because standard deviation is a measure of the amount of variation or dispersion of a set of values. It is a statistical measure of volatility. Lower the standard deviation, lower is the risk.C. Broker C: "Stocks with greater risks offer lower average returns."This statement is incorrect because stocks with greater risks offer higher average returns. This is because there is a direct relationship between risk and return. The higher the risk, the higher the returns. So, Broker C gave her incorrect advice.D. They all gave her correct advice. Therefore, the correct option is (C). Broker C gave her incorrect advice.

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The answer to the question about Zappos's use of holacracy, which enables employees to have autonomy over their work, is 'freedom.'

"Holacracy" refers to an approach to organizational management. It is a system of governance that is decentralized and emphasizes transparency and autonomy. Zappos is an online shoe retailer that has embraced holacracy as a management system that enables their employees to have autonomy over their work. Holacracy is based on the principle of distributed control. In a holacratic system, the decision-making process is decentralized, and individuals are given the authority to make decisions based on their area of expertise. Zappos has been able to foster a creative work environment by providing its employees with the freedom to be innovative and come up with solutions that best suit their work. Self-management is an essential element of holacracy. It enables employees to have the freedom to make decisions about their work, and they are encouraged to take ownership of their roles. This means that they are empowered to act as entrepreneurs and to be accountable for their decisions.

By doing so, they are motivated to be creative and to find ways to improve their performance, which leads to a more creative work environment. Zappos uses Holacracy as a management system to encourage creativity among employees. This has been achieved by giving employees the freedom to make decisions about their work, which allows them to be innovative and come up with solutions that best suit their roles.

Therefore, the correct answer is 'freedom.'

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If the interest is compounded monthly, the quoted rate must be multiplied by 12, quarterly by 4, semi-annually by 2, or annually by 1. Once these steps have been completed, the resulting number is the effective interest rate.

One step in calculating an interest rate is to multiply the quoted rate by the number of times that the interest is compounded. For example, if an interest rate is quoted at 8% compounded quarterly, the calculation would be 8% x 4, which would result in an effective interest rate of 32%.

To calculate an effective interest rate, start by determining the quoted interest rate, which is typically expressed as a percentage.

Next, determine how often the interest is compounded, as this will determine the number of times that the quoted interest rate must be multiplied.

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The items have been identified by a letter, and their respective accounts have been listed. The accounts used are Notes Payable, Building, Land Improvements, Land, Prepaid Insurance, Other Income, and Interest Expense.

(a) Money borrowed to pay building contractor (signed a note) $292,600 - Notes Payable

(b) Payment for construction from note proceeds $292,600 - Building

(c) Cost of landfill and clearing $11,790 - Land Improvements

(d) Delinquent real estate taxes on property assumed by purchaser $7,630 - Land

(e) Premium on a 6-month insurance policy during construction $11,040 - Prepaid Insurance

(f) Refund of 1-month insurance premium because construction completed early ($1,840) - Other Income

(g) Architect’s fee on building $25,450 - Building

(h) Cost of real estate purchased as a plant site (land $200,400 and building $52,600) $253,000 - Land and Building

(i) Commission fee paid to real estate agency $8,320 - Land

(j) Installation of fences around property $3,930 - Land Improvements

(k) Cost of razing and removing building $11,710 - Loss on Disposal of Building

(l) Proceeds from the salvage of demolished building ($5,080) - Other Income

(m) Interest paid during construction on money borrowed for construction $13,690 - Interest Expense

(n) Cost of parking lots and driveways $17,940 - Land Improvements

(o) Cost of trees and shrubbery planted (permanent in nature) $12,930 - Land Improvements

(p) Excavation costs for new building $3,110 - Building

The above table shows a columnar form of the expenditures and receipts related to land, land improvements, and buildings acquired for use in a business enterprise. All receipt amounts are shown in parentheses.

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The most correct statement about the legal forms of for-profit business organizations is "Corporations have the advantage of limited liability to owners." Option C is the correct answer.

Corporations, in general, have the advantage of limited liability to owners. This means that if the company goes bankrupt, the owner's assets are not at risk of being seized to pay the company's debts. This is not the case with partnerships or proprietorships. Partnerships and proprietorships are similar in that they do not provide limited liability to owners. This means that if the company goes bankrupt, the owner's assets are at risk of being seized to pay the company's debts.

Option A is wrong because corporations are more difficult to form than proprietorships or partnerships. There are many regulations and legal procedures that corporations must follow, which can be time-consuming and expensive. Proprietorships and partnerships, on the other hand, are relatively easy to form and do not require a lot of paperwork.

Option B is wrong because there is no legal requirement that proprietorships be used when there are three or fewer owners or that partnerships be used when there are more than three owners. The choice between proprietorships, partnerships, and corporations depends on the company's specific needs.

Option D is wrong because there are hybrid forms of business, such as a Limited Liability Partnership (LLP) or a Limited Liability Company (LLC), that can be used by healthcare organizations. Hybrid forms of business combine some of the advantages of partnerships and corporations.

Option E is wrong because corporations' income is taxed twice. First, the corporation pays taxes on its profits, and then the shareholders pay taxes on the dividends they receive. Proprietorships and partnerships are not taxed twice, but the owner's income is taxed at the individual tax rate.

Option C is most correct: "Corporations have the advantage of limited liability to owners." This means that owners of corporations are not personally liable for the debts and other liabilities of the business.

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A true statement about closing techniques used in a major sale is that: Reliance on closing techniques instead of engaging in identifying needs and providing solutions reduces the chances of making a sale.

What is closing?

The stage where a sales representative requests the client to make a commitment to buy and sign the deal is known as closing. A salesperson has done a good job of obtaining a commitment if they have created value for the customer, established a relationship of trust and respect, and uncovered the customer's needs and concerns. The method used to obtain the commitment is known as the closing technique.

Therefore, it is essential to emphasize identifying needs and offering solutions in a sales pitch rather than just relying on closing techniques to achieve the sale. It is suggested that salespeople concentrate on developing relationships with customers rather than just closing orders as relationships will bring more opportunities for future sales.

A high-pressure close is not necessary as it may turn the customer off, and closing receives great importance in sales training, especially in sales techniques.

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A production company needs to finance a piece of equipment (fixed asset) with a useful life of 5 years. As a result, businesses must use loan credit structures to help them finance the purchase of equipment.

The most appropriate credit structure for a production company to finance a piece of equipment with a useful life of 5 years is a medium-term loan. Medium-term loans, also known as installment loans, are financial loans that are repayable in 2 to 10 years, with monthly, semi-annual, or annual payments.

Since the equipment has a useful life of 5 years, a medium-term loan with an equal repayment period would be ideal for a production company to finance a piece of equipment with a useful life of 5 years. Medium-term loans are advantageous in that they can be used to finance capital investments, such as equipment purchases.

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The bundle of goods x and y that maximizes the individual's utility can be determined using the budget constraint.

The budget constraint states that the total amount spent on goods x and y must be equal to the individual's total budget. In this case, the budget is $400.

We know that the price of good x is $12 per unit and the price of good y is $8 per unit. The marginal rate of substitution is constant and equal to 1/2. This means that for each unit of good x the individual can purchase two units of good y.

Therefore, the individual can purchase 33.33 units of good x and 66.66 units of good y to maximize utility while still staying within the $400 budget.

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In total, the Land, Building, and Land Improvements accounts would equal $3,722,400.

The proper balances for the Land, Building, and Land Improvements accounts of Secrest Investment Company would be:

The Land account includes the cost of the land site and the associated fees ($205,000).

The Building account includes the original contract price and the cost of changes made during construction ($3,400,000 + $95,000).

The Land Improvements account includes all of the expenses related to preparing the land for construction, such as surveying, removing railroad tracks, grading, basement excavation, and special assessments ($8,300 + $1,100 + $6,500 + $8,000 + $3,700 + $26,000 + $20,500). Additionally, it includes the proceeds from the sale of timber and salvaged railroad track, and the out-of-court settlement for the mud slide onto adjacent property ($23,000 + $3,500 - $10,000).

In total, the Land, Building, and Land Improvements accounts would equal $3,722,400.

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The type of e-commerce transaction that allows consumers to interact with government or authoritative bodies for activities such as paying taxes, securing building permits, or paying tuition at a university, is referred to as a Business-to-Administration (B2A) transaction.

What is B2A e-commerce transaction? B2A (Business-to-Administration) e-commerce is a method of conducting transactions between businesses and governmental bodies that involve online interactions. B2A e-commerce is a combination of Business-to-Business (B2B) and Business-to-Consumer (B2C) e-commerce. B2A e-commerce is also known as Business-to-Government (B2G) e-commerce because it includes interactions between businesses and governments. This type of e-commerce is employed by businesses that deal with government agencies or authorities, such as banks, insurance companies, accounting firms, and legal firms that provide services for the government.

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The partnership between Big Apple Circus and Coca-Cola, where Coca-Cola contributes to the selling of its products at the circus by providing advertising dollars, product, favorable pricing of the product, and repairing dispensing equipment, is an example of : Strategic Alliance.

A strategic alliance is a cooperative agreement between two or more businesses to mutually benefit from the collective knowledge and resources of the companies. It is a relationship between two or more entities, created for mutual benefits, in which they share knowledge, resources, and capabilities with each other.

A strategic alliance allows for each company to gain something from the other that it may not have been able to achieve independently. Coca-Cola and Big Apple Circus are two independent companies that have come together to achieve mutual benefits.

Coca-Cola provides the circus with advertising dollars, product, favorable pricing of the product, and repairing dispensing equipment. Big Apple Circus provides Coca-Cola with an opportunity to market its products and increase sales. To conclude, the partnership between Big Apple Circus and Coca-Cola is an example of a Strategic Alliance.

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The best way to build your credibility in a business document is the example b) Standard and Poor's 2014 study on global financial literacy found that only 57 percent of American adults had basic financial skills, putting the U.S. 4th among nations with advanced economies.

Standard and Poor's 2014 study on global financial literacy found that only 57 percent of American adults had basic financial skills, putting the U.S. 4th among nations with advanced economies. This makes the information more credible and trustworthy for the readers, which is essential for a business document. A credible source makes a document more factual and transparent for the audience who read it. Therefore, using credible sources like reports, statistics, surveys, etc. is important in a business document as it will increase the reader's trust and confidence in the information presented.

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An economy has recently reported a nominal GDP of 3 trillion euro and a GDP deflator of 200. The Real GDP is: 1.5 trillion euros

What was real GDP?

In order to determine the real GDP of a country, the GDP deflator is used. The GDP deflator is the ratio of nominal GDP to real GDP, multiplied by 100.

As a result, the formula for calculating real GDP is:

Real GDP = (Nominal GDP / GDP Deflator) x 100

In this case, the nominal GDP of the economy is 3 trillion euro and the GDP deflator is 200.

As a result, the calculation of the economy's real GDP is as follows:

Real GDP = (3 trillion euro / 200) x 100

Real GDP = 1.5 trillion euro

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Question 1:Aggregate demand shifts right.

Question 2:Both the price level and real GDP rise.

Question 3:The expected price level rises. Bargains are struck for higher wages. Explanation: Question 1:Refer to the given statement: Imagine that the economy is in long-run equilibrium.

Then, perhaps because of improved international relations and increased confidence in policymakers, people become more optimistic about the future and stay this way for some time. Aggregate demand is likely to increase when people become more optimistic about the future.

When people are more optimistic, their confidence in the future causes them to spend more money on goods and services. Therefore, the aggregate demand curve shifts rightward.

Question 2:Refer to the given statement: In the short run what happens to the price level and real GDP?When aggregate demand shifts rightward, it raises both the equilibrium price level and the equilibrium level of real GDP. Therefore, both the price level and real GDP rise in the short run.

Question 3:Refer to the given statement: What happens to the expected price level and what's the result for wage bargaining?

When individuals are more optimistic, they are more likely to expect higher prices in the future. As a result, the expected price level rises, which results in higher wage demands in wage bargaining. Therefore, the expected price level rises and bargains are struck for higher wages.

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low tech chip company is expected to have eps of $2.50 in the coming year. the expected roe is 14%. an appropriate required return on the stock is 11%. if the firm has a dividend payout ratio of 40%, the intrinsic value of the stock should be $27.73

Intrinsic Value = EPS x (1 - Dividend Pay-out Ratio) / (Required Return - Growth Rate).

Intrinsic Value = $2.50 x (1 - 0.40) / (0.11 - 0.14) = $27.50.

The intrinsic value of the stock in a low-tech chip company:

Given: Expected EPS (Earnings per share) = $2.5

Expected ROE (Return on Equity) = 14%

Required Return on stock = 11%

Dividend Pay-out ratio = 40%

g = b * ROEb = dividend pay-out ratio = 40%ROE = 14%g = 0.40 * 14%g = 5.6%

Intrinsic Value = Expected Dividend / (Required Return – Growth Rate)

Expected Dividend = Dividend Pay-out Ratio * EPS = 40% * $2.5 = $1.00

Intrinsic Value = $1.00 / (11% - 5.6%)Intrinsic Value = $1.00 / 0.046

Intrinsic Value = $21.74

Therefore, the intrinsic value of the stock should be $22.73 (rounded to the nearest cent).

Hence, the correct option is $22.73.

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The scenario in which a diagnostic argument could be most helpful is "An accounting manager must report on why Selling, General, and Administrative expenses have jumped recently. The correct option is 2.

A diagnostic argument is an argument that provides information regarding an issue and why it occurred. The argument's main goal is to find the cause of the problem and determine what should be done to solve it. Diagnostic arguments are frequently utilized in the business sector, especially when firms experience problems. They may assist business owners and managers in determining the root cause of a particular business problem and developing effective solutions to address the problem.

Select the scenario in which a diagnostic argument could be most helpful The scenario in which a diagnostic argument could be most helpful is "An accounting manager must report on why Selling, General, and Administrative expenses have jumped recently." When Selling, General, and Administrative (SG&A) expenses are higher than normal, this indicates a problem.

As a result, the accounting manager must conduct a diagnostic argument to determine the cause of the sudden rise in SG&A expenses. The accounting manager's goal is to figure out what caused the increase in SG&A expenses and determine what should be done to reduce those expenses in the future. Hence the correct option is 2. An accounting manager must report on why Selling, General, and Administrative expenses have jumped recently.

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Exploitation of an arbitrage opportunity is less probable when one of the positions is illiquid. Thus, Option A, one position is illiquid, is correct.

When one of the positions in an arbitrage opportunity is illiquid, it means that it cannot be easily bought or sold at the market price, which creates a barrier for investors to take advantage of the price difference between the assets. On the other hand, when the price differential between assets is large and the investor can execute a transaction in large volumes, it becomes easier to exploit the arbitrage opportunity.

Therefore, the correct answer is A, as an illiquid position can make it difficult or impossible for investors to take advantage of the price difference and make a profit.

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None of the above is the correct format for the decision variable of a transportation problem.

The correct format of definition for the decision variable of 'Transportation Problem with 3 warehouses (whole sail stores or storages named as '1', '2', '3') and 4 stores (retail stores named as 'A', 'B', 'C', 'D') is as follows:

None of the above is the correct format for the decision variable of a transportation problem.

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The electric autos had sales of $160 million and assets at the start of the year of $270 million. Its return on start-of-year assets was 15%. So, the operating profit margin of electric autos is 25.31%.

Operating profit margin is a profitability ratio that is used to calculate the percentage of profit earned by a business enterprise in relation to its sales revenue. Operating profit margin is one of several types of profitability ratios that are used by businesses to analyze their overall profitability.

The formula for operating profit margin is as follows:

[tex]Operating profit margin=(Operating income/net sales)*100[/tex]

In the given problem, we are supposed to calculate the operating profit margin of electric autos. The sales of electric autos are $160 million, and the return on start-of-year assets was 15%.

Now, let's calculate the operating profit margin of electric autos using the formula provided above.

[tex]Operating Profit Margin=($40.5 million/$160 Million)*100\\ =0.2531 or 25.31%[/tex]

Therefore, the operating profit margin of electric autos is 25.31% rounded to 2 decimal places.

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Yes, an equal increase in government spending and taxes could be used to reach full employment and GDP. An equal increase in government spending and taxes could be used to reach full employment and GDP. But this may depend on the amount of spending and taxes.

A full employment GDP occurs when the economy is operating at its highest possible output level with no underutilized resources. The full employment level of GDP represents the maximum amount of goods and services that an economy can produce using all of its available resources. In other words, there are no idle resources, including labor, capital, and technology.

An equal increase in government spending and taxes can be used to reach full employment and GDP. The increase in government spending can stimulate economic growth by increasing the demand for goods and services. This, in turn, will create employment opportunities, leading to an increase in the employment rate. On the other hand, increasing taxes can reduce aggregate demand, which can lower economic growth.

So, an equal increase in both can lead to full employment and GDP, but the amount of spending and taxes will depend on the economic situation at that moment.

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The Ventos' initial step in opposing the findings of the audit is to request a meeting with the revenue agent's supervisor to discuss the subject and attempt to settle any difficulties informally.

By taxpayer income, audit trends vary. IRS audited taxpayers with earnings of $500,000 or more and those earning under $25,000 at higher-than-average rates in recent years.

The likelihood of an audit for FY 2021 was 4.1 per 1,000 submitted returns (0.41%). Low-wage earners claiming the earned income tax credit were the taxpayer class with astronomically high audit rates, which were five and a half times higher than nearly everyone else.

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The cost of goods sold was calculated using the FIFO (First-In, First-Out) on the sale made on Mar 20 sale 12 $50 each is  $180.

According to the FIFO method, the first items purchased are assumed to be the first items sold. Therefore, the cost of goods sold will be calculated using the cost of the most recent purchase on March 15.

Here's how to calculate the cost of goods sold:

March 1: Beginning inventory of 3 units at a cost of $12 each for a total of $36.

March 15: Purchase of 17 units at a cost of $15 each for a total of $255.

March 20: Sale of 12 units at a price of $50 each for a total of $600.

The cost of goods sold will be the cost of the 12 units sold, which will be the cost of the most recent purchase on March 15.

The cost per unit is $15, so the total cost of the 12 units sold is 12 x $15 = $180.

Therefore, the cost of goods sold for the sale made on Mar 20 is $180.

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