Answer:
When a ligand binds to the GPCR it causes a conformational change in the GPCR, which allows it to act as a guanine nucleotide exchange factor (GEF). The GPCR can then activate an associated G protein by exchanging the GDP bound to the G protein for a GTP.
A) Identify a signaling molecule from the model present. Explain how receptors play a role in cell differentiation.
B) Identify the dependent variable and two controls the experimenters used when conducting this experiment.
C) Evaluate if the number of Variant 1-Type cells with mating projections was significantly different from those of the Wild Type. Use chi-square analysis.
D) Scientists propose that a mutation has occurred that either changed the mating pheromone or receptor site on the Variant 1-Type yeast cells. Predict where the mutation occurred. Justify your prediction with evidence from the experiment and scientific reasoning, based on your knowledge of cell-signaling pathways.
Answer:
A) A signaling molecule from the model shown is the pheromone. The pheromone binds to the receptor to create the cellular response in yeast to stop growth and produce shmoo. Shmoo is a nodule that allows the yeast cells to join together. Receptors play a role in cell differentiation, because the signaling molecules bind to the receptor in order to produce a response. When the pheromone binds to the receptor, a series of steps are followed in the transduction pathway in order to create shmoo, a differentiation in the cell. Without the receptor, the signaling pheromone would not be able to trigger the transduction pathway that ultimately results in the differentiation of the cell. Only signaling molecules with a specific shape and size can bind to a specialized receptor and cause a cellular response. Different yeast cell types may have varying receptors, affecting the ability of each pheromone to bind to the receptor to create a mating differentiation and, therefore, the rate of mating.
B) The dependent variable of the experiment is the number of cells that differentiated. The number of cells that differentiated depended on the type of yeast exposed to the pheromones. In this experiment, the experimenters controlled the sample size and the application of the pheromones. Each treated group consisted of 1,000 cells and was given the same concentration of pheromones. The same three pheromones, Wild Type-created, Variant 1-created, and Variant 2-created, were also used for each yeast cell type. These controls allowed the experimenters to observe how yeast cell type affects the rate of mating without the influence of other factors that could have skewed the results.
C) Chi-square analysis can be used to determine if the number of Variant 1-Type cells with mating differentiations significantly differed from those of the Wild Type. The Variant 1-Type yeast cells are being compared to the Wild Type cells, so the Variant-1 Type cells are the observed data and the Wild Type cells represent the expected data. In order to find the chi-square value, the square of the difference between the observed and expected values divided by the expected value must be calculated for each category. For the Wild Type-created pheromone type, there were 450 differentiated cells in the Wild Type cells and 203 in the Variant 1-Type cells. By using these values in the formula, a value of approximately 135.58 results. There were 606 differentiated Wild Type cells and 411 differentiated Variant 1-Type cells in the groups exposed to the Variant 1-created pheromone, showing a value of about 62.75. The value for the Variant 2-created pheromone category can be calculated as 16.82, with 50 differentiated Wild Type yeast cells and 21 differentiated Variant 1-Type cells. Then, these values are added to find the final chi-square value, 215.15, which can be compared to a critical chi-square value to determine the significance of the difference. The critical value with a 95% confidence for three categories is 5.99. The calculated chi-square value is far greater than the critical value, showing a significant variation between the number of cells with mating projections in the Wild Type and Variant 1-Type yeast cells. This also rejects the null hypothesis that there is not an important variation in the values, supporting the alternative hypothesis that a factor is affecting the rates of mating in Variant 1-Type yeast cells.
D) The significant variation between the data values could have resulted from a mutation in the Variant 1-Type cells. This mutation likely changed the receptor site of the cell by affecting its shape. Without the proper shape of specialized receptor sites, the pheromones are inhibited from binding to the receptor. When signals bind to receptors, the signal is received and a sequence of changes occurs throughout the transduction pathway in order to produce a response. Since pheromones cannot bind to the receptor sites to produce a response as easily, the overall cellular response of differentiation cannot be produced as often. The mutation resulted in the inability for signals in the pheromones to be received and communicate the correct response. Therefore, the mutation in the receptor site Variant 1-Type cells explains the significant variation in the values between the Variant 1-Type cells and the Wild Type cells. The data in the experiment shows that different pheromones resulted in differing amounts of cell differentiation in the Variant 1-Type yeast cells. This further suggests that the mutation affected the receptor site, not the pheromones, as the pheromones could still bind in some cells and the differences in the pheromones were not lost. The data indicates that the receptor sites of Variant 1-Type cells were changed by a mutation, creating a significant difference between the number of differentiated cells in the Wild Type and Variant 1-Type yeast cells.
Ligands are called signaling molecules because they bind to receptors and carries information.
A) The signaling molecule in the model is the pheromone. It binds to the receptor to generate a cellular response in the yeast system. It inhibits the growth of yeast cells and secretes shmoo.
Receptors are important in cell differentiation as they bind with receptors and create shmoo via the transduction pathway.
In the absence of a receptor, the transduction pathway will not occur and shmoo will not be produced.
Signaling molecules having specific shapes and sizes can only bind to receptors.
B) In the above experiment, a dependent variable is the number of cells differentiated. The number of cells differentiated depends on its exposure to pheromones.
The application of pheromones and the sample size of cells were in control by the experimenters. The yeast cell types were exposed to Variant 1-created, Variant 2-created and Wild Type-created pheromones equally.
This helped the researchers in determining the rate of mating without any influence of other factors.
C) Chi-square can be used to evaluate the number of variant 1 type cells with that from wild type.
The observed data includes variant type 1 cells and the expected data includes the wild type cells.
[tex]\rm Chi - square = \dfrac{( Observed - Expected \:values)^{2}}{ \:Expected \:values}[/tex]
The required value with a 95% certainty for the three types is 5.99. The calculated chi-square value is greater than that of critical values.
This shows the difference in the mating of variant and wild type varieties. It also repudiates the null hypothesis.
D) The mutation likely occurred on the receptor site of the variant type that changed the shape of the site binding.
The change in the receptor site will inhibit the pheromones from binding. This will affect the cell differentiation and transduction pathway.
Therefore, mutation on the receptor site indicated the variant and the wild type have different cell differentiation and mating rates. The mutation is responsible for the varied data and not pheromones.
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how is carbon transferred from the biosphere to the hydrosphere?
Answer:
Animal and plant respiration place carbon into the atmosphere. When you exhale, you are placing carbon dioxide into the atmosphere. Plants use carbon dioxide from the atmosphere to make the building blocks of food during photosynthesis. Carbon is found in the hydrosphere dissolved in ocean water and lakes.
Explanation:
Hope this helps.
How does a cell know which genes to express.
Primary motor neurons of the ______ motor pathway originating in the primary motor cortex, whereas primary motor neurons of the ______ motor pathway originate in the brainstem.
Answer:
direct; indirect
Explanation:
Indigestible residues along with some of the non-reabsorbed secretions of digestive organs, undergo ____________ where the fluids are removed and a remaining solid is created.
The digestive system is involved in the breakdown of molecules to yield energy. As food passes along the digestive gut, it undergoes various processes in its breakdown.
Indigestible residues along with some of the non-reabsorbed secretions of digestive organs, undergo Compaction where the fluids are removed and a remaining solid is created.
Compaction during digestion occurs in the large intestines. This occurs wherein water is removed from the indigestible residues and reabsorbed enabling the compacting of these waste materials. Afterwards, a solid-waste material is produced.Learn more about the digestive system: https://brainly.com/question/14325297
The study of the properties and changes in matter and their relation to energy
a. Physical Chemistry
b. Biochemistry
c. Organic Chemistry
d. Inorganic Chemistry
Organic chemistry is the study of the structure, properties, composition, reactions, and preparation of carbon-containing compounds. Most organic compounds contain carbon and hydrogen, but they may also include any number of other elements (e.g., nitrogen, oxygen, halogens, phosphorus, silicon, sulfur).
The study of the characteristics and changes of matter, as well as the interactions between matter and energy, is the focus of the field of chemistry known as physical chemistry. Therefore, the correct option is A.
It integrates ideas from physics and chemistry to understand the molecular behavior of molecules and atoms. Thermodynamics, kinetics, quantum mechanics, spectroscopy, and statistical mechanics are among the subjects studied by physical chemists.
Their work advances many disciplines, including biology, chemical engineering and materials science. By understanding the fundamental ideas of physical chemistry, scientists can create new materials, predict and explain chemical reactions, and understand the subtleties of molecular interactions in many systems.
Therefore, the correct option is A.
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Use the
Color-Enhanced TEM Magnification: 15,000 x
6. The photomicrograph shows which kind of cell?
A. prokaryotic cell C. animal cell
B. eukaryotic cell D. plant cell
A. Prokaryotic Cell.
..............
A growing community considers building a new hospital closer to residential neighborhoods. This will get residents to emergency care faster and save lives when it is
needed. The only land available near residential areas is a forested wetland that supports a variety of species. What is a social consequence of not using the land
for a new hospital?
Emergency care is farther away, risking the health and well-being of a growing community
Preserving the ecosystem may upset residents in a community with a hospital shortage.
O If the wetland is protected, residents have fewer environmental concerns about the area.
It protects the lives of species and prevents a reduction in carbon sequestering by the trees.
The social consequence of not using the land is that it will protect the lives of species and prevents a reduction in carbon sequestering by the trees.
A social consequence refers to any unforeseen event which can be positive or negative, experienced by a society and has an effect on them.
A positive social consequence benefits a group of the socially connected group and can also stimulate future purpose.
A negative social consequence has its repercussions and can be attributed to negligence and bad factors.
Conservation of the ecosystem is paramount as well as the survival of the community.
A positive social consequence from the given information is that if the forested wetland is preserved to support a variety of species, It will protect the lives of the species and prevent a reduction in carbon sequestering by the trees.
The community could have emergency ambulances to cater for the movement of patients in case of emergency to the hospitals or educate them on how to take good care of their health and how to minimize hazards at home and offices.
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Which processes contribute to the formation of chemical sedimentary rocks?
Organisms decay in a solution.
Minerals dissolve and crystalize.
Rock fragments squeeze together.
The remains of plants and animals
Explanation:
Rock fragments squeeze together
Independent assortment of chromosomes is a result of which of the following processes?
a. the diverse combination of alleles that may be found within any given chromosome
b. the random way each pair of homologous chromosomes lines up at the metaphase plate during meiosis I
c. the random combinations of eggs and sperm during fertilization
d. the random distribution of the sister chromatids to the two daughter cells during anaphase II
Answer:
B
Explanation:
Independent assortment of chromosomes refers to the random way each pair of homologous chromosomes lines up at the metaphase plate during meiosis I.
What is independent assortment of chromosomes?The independent assortment of chromosomes is one of the Mendel's laws of genetics.
Independent assortment of chromosomes refers to the random way each pair of homologous chromosomes lines up at the metaphase plate during meiosis I.
Therefore, independent assortment of chromosomes results in traits and characters beings inherited independently from each other.
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Which of the following is NOT part of the non-specific immune response?
A. Inflammation
B. Phagocytosis
C. Antibodies
D. Interferons
D. Interferons are not a part of the non-specific immune response.
What is the function of interferons?Interferons were first described as an antiviral thing that interferes with viral replication in mammalian cells (10). they're secreted from inflamed cells and spark off an innate immune reaction that promotes now not best cytokine production but additionally herbal killer mobile features and antigen presentation.
Interferons (IFNs) — the body's first line of antiviral defense — are cytokines that are secreted by host cells in reaction to virus infection. by using inducing the expression of hundreds of IFN-inspired genes, numerous of that have antiviral capabilities, IFNs block virus replication at many ranges.
Interferons are a circle of relatives of clearly-happening proteins which are made and secreted with the aid of cells of the immune gadget (an example, white blood cells, natural killer cells, fibroblasts, and epithelial cells).
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An survey makes use of evidence, such as the footprints left behind by animal, to follow animals that re difficult to track.
The correct word to fill the gap would be indirect.
In other words, an indirect survey makes use of evidence, such as the footprints left behind by animals, to follow animals that are difficult to track.
Ecological surveys are of 2 types:
DirectIndirectDirect ecological surveys have to do with studying phenomena directly and recording whatever that is observed.
Indirect surveys involve an indirect way of studying phenomena. The signs left by phenomena are observed and logically used to make deductions about such phenomena.
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why is a source of information type of document important in writing science research paper
Answer:
Explanation:
Its important to have resources that way the reader can go back and verify the information that is on the research paper for their own reasons
If you help me I'll mark you as a brain list
Answer:
picture is of a heart
superior venacava bring deoxy blood to left ventricle which goes to lungs becomes oxygenated carried by atrium to heart which pumps blood to body
intermediary molecules that accept electrons and transfer them to another molecule are called
in turkeys the allele for brown feather is dominant to the allele for a yellow feather. if two heterozygous turkeys mate and produce offspring, what is the probability of an individual offspring having yellow feather?
50%
0
25%
100%
Answer:
50%
Explanation:
trust me because the heterozygous is so weird but I know this.
In turkeys the allele for brown feather is dominant to the allele for a yellow feather. if two heterozygous turkeys mate and produce offspring, than the probability of an individual offspring having yellow feather is 50%. Thus, option A is correct.
What will be produced in turkeys a dominant gene?In turkeys a dominant gene, R, produces the familiar bronze color; its recessive allele, r, results in red. Another dominant gene, H, results in normal feathers; its recessive allele, h, produces feathers without webbing, so that they resemble tufts of hairs.
Two bronze turkeys with normal feathers were mated, and their offspring consisted of eight bronze with normal feathers, three bronze with hairy feathers, two red with normal feathers, and one red with hairy feathers.
Since, this offspring received a recessive red, r, allele from each parent and a recessive hairy, h, allele from each parent, both parents must heterozygous for both characters: RrHh.
Therefore, In turkeys the allele for brown feather is dominant to the allele for a yellow feather. if two heterozygous turkeys mate and produce offspring, than the probability of an individual offspring having yellow feather is 50%. Thus, option A is correct.
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darwin proposed that homologous structures are evidence of
Answer:
Homologous structures provide evidence for common ancestry
Pocket gophers change the nitrogen cycle in prairies because they:
What features distinguish annelids from roundworms?
Answer:
Annelids have a well developed mesoderm while round worms lack a mesoderm.
Annelids are segmented worms whereas round worms are not segmented.
Annelids have a true coelom while round worms have a pseudo coelom.
Which nerve is responsible for hiccups?
Answer:
b. Phrenic nerve
Explanation: is correct
5 A prokaryotic cell is 5.0 um in length. A virus particle is 300 nm in length. How many times larger is the prokaryotic cell compared to the virus particle?
A 2
B 17
C 60
D 167
The prokaryotic cell is 17 times larger as compared to the virus particle.
Both values first need to be converted to the same unit.
5.0 um = 5.0 x [tex]10^-^6[/tex] m
300 nm = 3.0 x [tex]10^-^7[/tex] m
Dividing both values:
5.0 x [tex]10^-^6[/tex] m/3.0 x [tex]10^-^7[/tex] m
= 16.667
Hence, the prokaryotic cell is approximately 17 times bigger than the virus particle.
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Why does the moon appear to change shapes in the sky?
A. The gravity on the moon from the Earth changes the shape.
B. The light reflected off the moon from the Earth changes.
C- The amount of sunlight
reflected off the moon changes its shape as seen on Earth.
D- The relative position of the Sun, Moon, and Earth changes the amount of reflected sunlight that we see.
Answer:
D
Explanation:
The cheetah is considered one of the fastest land animals on Earth. How does the cheetah get the energy to run? Construct an explanation to describe how the cheetah's energy and photosynthesis are related
Answer:
by resting and and a small amount of sleep
Explanation:
because the cheetah needs to rest it's body to maintain energy
it needs sleep as well
i hope this helps you!
You need to prepare for an exam on mitosis. You search for models of mitosis to help you. What kind of model should you choose?(1 point)
a model that simply lists the steps of cell cycle
a model that shows the steps of meiosis
a model that illustrates how a cell divides into two identical cells
a model that illustrates the organelles of cells
Answer:
- A model that illustrates how a cell divides in two identical cells -
Explanation:
The process mitosis means the daughter cells dividing
so the only thing that actually makes sense is the model that shows the division not the steps of all cell cycles or organelles of cells!!
Also, if you taking the biology exam I have a little reminder for you.
!! YOU GOT THIS !!
First To Answer Correctly, Gets Brainliest!!!! Connective tissue is present in bones, and blank, muscle tissue makes up muscle, nerve tissue transmits blank and forms nerves, and blank tissue lines organs and covers the body.
Answer:
what
Explanation:
Answer: uh I'm going to say B).
Explanation: Hope this helps? .-.
10. Which of the following statements about the leading strand is true?
A. It is synthesized discontinuously and uses 1 RNA primer.
B. It is synthesized discontinuously and uses multiple RNA primers.
C. It is synthesized continuously and uses multiple RNA primers.
D. It is synthesized continuously and uses 1 RNA primer.
The statement 'the leading strand is synthesized continuously and uses 1 RNA primer' is TRUE. It is replicated in the 3' – 5' direction.
The leading strand refers to the DNA template strand that is synthesized in the 3' – 5' direction during DNA replication.
The 3' – 5' direction that occurs during DNA replication is the direction of the replication fork.
RNA primers are short RNA sequences used for the initiation of the synthesis of DNA (DNA replication) both in the leading DNA strand and the lagging DNA strand.
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Which biome is characterized by having four
PLEASE HELP ME IM TIMED!
Answer:
Interphase is your Answer..........
Your best friend confides that recently she's been having dental problems. You ask her if it's because she eats a lot of sweets and she denies it, reminding you that she's on the cheerleading squad and has to be very careful about her weight. She says she mostly eats salads and snacks on carrot sticks or other raw vegetables. You have noticed that she has lost a lot of weight over the past six months and that her usually shiny hair is dull. You're concerned because you think your friend may: ________
a. have some type of hormonal problem.
b. be abusing drugs.
c. have developed anorexia nervosa.
d. be binge drinking.
Answer:
c be binge drinking c is the answer
A vaccine against HIV proteins made by a genetically-engineered vaccinia virus that has infected a eukaryotic cell line is a(n)