Cyanobacteria are a type of bacteria that perform photosynthesis, have chlorophyll, and produce oxygen as a by-product.
Photosynthesis is the process of conversion of light energy into chemical energy in the presence of chlorophyll that can be used by the organism. Chlorophyll is a green pigment found in cyanobacteria that absorbs light energy and helps power the photosynthetic process. Cyanobacteria are prokaryotes that are capable of performing oxygenic photosynthesis, meaning they use light and carbon dioxide to produce oxygen and glucose where oxygen is a by-product of photosynthesis and is produced when the cyanobacteria convert light energy into chemical energy. Cyanobacteria are also known as blue-green algae and can be found in aquatic environments around the world.
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Complete the sentences by dragging the correct organs or structures to the appropriate blanks. Answers may be used more than once. Not all answers will be used. Used bile salts are absorbed in the ____. This organ recycles the bile salts to used bile salts enter the make new II present in chyme, it can interfere with the recycling of used blle salts. As a result, the used bile salts are in _____ When there is a lack of recycled blle salts, the from the bloodstream to make new ___ uses
Used bile salts are absorbed in ileum. This organ recycles bile salts to the liver. If there is excess fat present in chyme, it can interfere with recycling of used bile salts. As a result, used bile salts are in lower concentration. When there is lack of recycled bile salts, liver takes up more cholesterol from bloodstream to make new bile salts.
What are bile salts?Bile salts play key role in hepatobiliary and intestinal homeostasis and digestion. The liver synthesizes primary bile salts from cholesterol and enzymatic modifications during their enterohepatic circulation lead to the formation of secondary and tertiary bile salts. The solubilization of dietary lipids and fat-soluble nutrients are the main digestive functions of bile salts.
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Proteins need to be denatured using an anionic detergent such as SDS before gel electrophoresis because: Select all that apply. (0.5pts) Multiple answers: Multiple answers are accepted for this question Select one or more answers and submit. For keyboard navigation... SHOW MORE a most proteins have a uniform positive charge b the overall charge of a protein depends on the amino acid composition of the protein and can vary greatly c most proteins have complex three dimensional structures that can impact their movement through the gel most proteins have a uniform neutral charge
Proteins need to be denatured using an anionic detergent such as SDS before gel electrophoresis because:
a) most proteins have a uniform positive charge,
b) the overall charge of a protein depends on the amino acid composition of the protein and can vary greatly, and
c) most proteins have complex three dimensional structures that can impact their movement through the gel.
Denaturing proteins with an anionic detergent like SDS neutralizes the charge of the proteins, allowing them to move evenly through the gel in a consistent pattern during the electrophoresis process.
Without the anionic detergent, the proteins would not move evenly and the results of the gel electrophoresis would not be accurate.
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the shoot system of a barrel cactus consists of broad barrel-shaped green structures covered with spines. which of the following best describes the modified organs that form the barrel and the spines?
a- The barrel is a modified stem and the spines are modified buds
b- The barrel is a modified stem and the spines are modified leaves
c- The barrel is a modified leaf, and the spines and modified buds
d- The barrel is a modified root, and the spines are modified stems
The best answer for the modified organs that form the barrel and the spines of the shoot system of a barrel cactus is the following option: B) The barrel is a modified stem, and the spines are modified leaves.
The shoot system of a barrel cactus consists of a broad barrel-shaped green structure covered with spines, which best describes the modified organs that form the barrel and the spines. The barrel is a modified stem, and the spines are modified leaves.
The barrel-shaped structure of the barrel cactus is a stem that has become a fleshy and swollen structure adapted to storing water. The broad shape of the stem allows it to hold more water while exposing a smaller surface area to the sun and avoiding water loss. The spines, on the other hand, are modified leaves. In desert ecosystems, leaves have a higher surface area to volume ratio, allowing them to absorb more sunlight and carbon dioxide for photosynthesis.
As a result, leaves are more likely to lose water than stems or roots. Cacti with spines are therefore well adapted to arid environments, where they can photosynthesize without losing too much water through transpiration.
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which structure does not contain dopaminergic nerve cell bodies or use dopamine to project to other cells? question 1 options: a) basal ganglia b) cerebellum c) nucleus accumbens d) cerebral cortex
The cerebellum does not contain dopaminergic nerve cell bodies or use dopamine to project to other cells. The correct option is D.
What is the structure?The other three structures - basal ganglia, nucleus accumbens, and cerebral cortex - all contain dopaminergic nerve cell bodies and utilize dopamine to project to other cells. The cerebellum does not contain dopaminergic nerve cell bodies or use dopamine to project to other cells. Dopamine, a neurotransmitter that aids in the transmission of signals in the brain, is primarily found in three areas of the brain: the substantia nigra pars compacta, the hypothalamus, and the ventral tegmental area.
The cerebral cortex, basal ganglia, and nucleus accumbens all contain dopaminergic nerve cell bodies or use dopamine to project to other cells. The basal ganglia, for example, are dopaminergic in nature. Parkinson's disease, a degenerative illness that affects movement, is caused by the death of dopaminergic neurons in the basal ganglia. Dopamine can also be found in the nucleus accumbens, which is associated with pleasure and addiction, as well as the cerebral cortex.
Therefore, the correct option is D.
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The fertiary structure of a protein is a complex wangement formed as the polypeptide chain folds and twists. The folding and twisting of the polypeptide chain is caused by different interactions hotween the side chains of the amino acids. The side chains of the amino acids also interact with the surrounding aqueous environment. Identify the different types of active forces interactions present in the given tertiary structure of a proton moleculo Drag the appropriate labels to their respective targets.
The types of active force interactions present in the given tertiary structure of a protein molecule are as follows: Hydrogen bonding, ionic interactions, and van der Waals forces.
Hydrogen bonding: Hydrogen bonding is a type of chemical bond in which hydrogen atoms are bonded to an electronegative atom, such as nitrogen, oxygen, or fluorine. Hydrogen bonding is responsible for holding together the helixes and sheets in proteins. Ionic interactions: Ionic interactions are the forces of attraction between two ions with opposite electrical charges. They are responsible for maintaining the stability of the tertiary structure of the protein molecule. Ionic interactions occur between charged side chains of amino acids in a protein.
Van der Waals forces: Van der Waals forces are weak attractive forces between molecules. They arise from the interaction of electrons in the outermost shell of an atom with the nucleus of another atom. Van der Waals forces are responsible for stabilizing the tertiary structure of the protein molecule. They occur between nonpolar side chains of amino acids in a protein.
The tertiary structure of a protein is a complex arrangement formed as the polypeptide chain folds and twists. The folding and twisting of the polypeptide chain are caused by different interactions between the side chains of the amino acids. The side chains of the amino acids also interact with the surrounding aqueous environment.
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How do you think living systems such as bats carry out life functions and respond to changes in their environment?
Living systems like bats carry out life functions and respond to changes in their environment through various biological processes. Bats have unique adaptations that allow them to carry out life functions such as feeding, respiration, circulation, and reproduction.
They have specialized wings that enable them to navigate and hunt in the air with precision, and a highly developed echolocation system that helps them locate prey and avoid obstacles in the dark. Bats are able to respond to changes in their environment through behavioral and physiological mechanisms such as adjusting their flight patterns and foraging behavior, modifying their body temperature, and metabolism in response to changes in temperature or other environmental stressors. These mechanisms allow bats to survive and thrive in their habitats despite changes in their environment.
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a group of small fish live in a lake with a uniformly light-brown sandy bottom. most of the fish are light brown, but about 10 are mottled. this fish species is often prey for large birds that live on the shore. a construction company dumps a load of gravel in the bottom of the lake, giving it a mottled appearance. which of these statements presents the most accurate prediction of what will happen to this fish population? view available hint(s)for part a a group of small fish live in a lake with a uniformly light-brown sandy bottom. most of the fish are light brown, but about 10 are mottled. this fish species is often prey for large birds that live on the shore. a construction company dumps a load of gravel in the bottom of the lake, giving it a mottled appearance. which of these statements presents the most accurate prediction of what will happen to this fish population? the ratios will not change. there is no way to predict the result. the proportion of mottled fish will increase over time. in two generations, all the fish will be mottled. as the mottled fish are eaten, more will be produced to fill the gap.
The most accurate prediction of what will happen to this fish population is that the proportion of mottled fish will increase over time.
After the construction company dumped a load of gravel in the bottom of the lake, giving it a mottled appearance, the fish that are already mottled and the fish that are light brown will both be able to camouflage in the environment. This means that the mottled fish will not be as easily preyed upon by birds as before, and more will be produced to fill the gap when they are eaten, leading to an increase in the mottled fish population over time.
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which of the following is not a common characteristic of life?
a. responses made of cells b. made of cells movement c. growth and development d. respond to stimuli
The characteristic of life that is not common is cell movement. Thus, The correct option is b. made of cell movements .
Living things have some common characteristics that make them different from non-living things. The following are the common characteristics of living organisms
They show movement. Made up of cells. They respond to stimuli. Living things use energy. They grow and develop. They show reproduction. They have DNA. The characteristic of life that is not common is movement. This is the correct option out of the given options. Hence, option B (Movement) is not a common characteristic of life.
All living things exhibit growth and development, which refers to changes in form and function over time.
Living organisms are able to respond to stimuli in their environment, whether that be a change in temperature, light, or other factors.
Therefore , All living things are made up of one or more cells, which are the basic structural and functional units of life .Hence correct option is b.
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when red flowered snapdragons are crossed with white flowered snapdragons, all the f1 plants will ave pink flowers. if mendel had used snapgragons instead of pea plants he would have had difficulty in formulating his principle of
When red flowered snapdragons are crossed with white flowered snapdragons, all the F1 plants will have pink flowers. If Mendel had used snapdragons instead of pea plants, he would have had difficulty in formulating his principle of incomplete dominance.
Incomplete dominance is a type of inheritance where one allele for a specific trait is not entirely dominant over the other allele. Incomplete dominance is described as a type of gene interaction where both the dominant and recessive alleles are expressed as a blended phenotype in the F1 generation.
Incomplete dominance was first described by Carl Correns, Erich von Tschermak, and Hugo de Vries. They studied snapdragon flowers, which produced a pink color when the dominant red allele was crossed with the recessive white allele. Because Mendel's pea plants only exhibited complete dominance, he would have had difficulty formulating his principle of incomplete dominance if he had used snapdragons instead of pea plants to study genetic inheritance.
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in regard to concentration, how do water molecules move through the membrane?
Water molecules move through a membrane via a process known as osmosis.
Osmosis is the movement of water molecules from an area of lower concentration to an area of higher concentration. This means that water molecules move from an area with fewer molecules of water, to an area with more molecules of water. This is driven by the process of diffusion, where molecules naturally move from an area of higher energy to an area of lower energy. In osmosis, the energy of the water molecules is being used to overcome the energy of the membrane. This energy is used to break apart the membrane, allowing the water molecules to move through. As the water molecules move through the membrane, they continue to diffuse until they reach an area with an equal concentration of molecules. This process helps to maintain a balance of water molecules between the two sides of the membrane.
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which of the following statements about archaea is false? which of the following statements about archaea is false? some are thermoacidophiles; others are extreme halophiles. they are prokaryotes. they evolved before bacteria. some produce methane from carbon dioxide and hydrogen. they lack peptidoglycan in their cell walls.
The false statement regarding archaea is that they evolved before bacteria. They actually evolved after bacteria.
The archaea are a type of prokaryotic organism that can survive in extreme environments. These organisms are found in places where other forms of life cannot survive, such as hot springs, salt pans, and deep-sea vents.
Some examples of archaea include Methanogens that are known to produce methane gas by metabolizing carbon dioxide. Methanogens are involved in anaerobic decomposition processes in sewage and marshes.
Thermoacidophiles are another example of archaea, which are known to grow in extremely hot, acidic environments. Halophiles, on the other hand, are known to survive in extremely salty environments.
Archaea are prokaryotic organisms, which means they lack a true nucleus and membrane-bound organelles. They have a unique cell wall that lacks peptidoglycan, which is the main component of the cell walls in bacteria.
Therefore, the correct answer is that archaea evolved before bacteria.
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helicase is an enzyme responsible for unwinding the double helix of the dna during dna replication. in which phase of the cell cycle is helicase performing this function?
During the cell cycle, DNA replication occurs during the S phase or synthesis phase.
In this phase, the DNA is replicated and the cell makes a copy of its genetic material to prepare for cell division. Helicase is an enzyme that plays a critical role in the process of DNA replication by unwinding the double-stranded DNA. Helicase acts during the initiation stage of replication, where it helps to separate the two strands of the DNA double helix, creating a replication fork.
This allows other enzymes involved in DNA replication, such as DNA polymerase, to access the strands and begin synthesizing new DNA strands. Therefore, helicase performs its function during the S phase of the cell cycle.
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The maximum population that the environment can support is called the:
A. biotic potential
B. environmental resistance
C. carrying capacity
D. replacement reproduction
E. demographic transition
Carrying capacity is the maximum number of individuals of a particular species that a given environment can support over a sustained period of time, based on the available resources and other limiting factors such as predation, competition, and disease.
The maximum population that the environment can support is called the carrying capacity (Option C). Carrying capacity is the maximum number of individuals of a particular species that a given environment can support over a sustained period of time, based on the available resources and other limiting factors such as predation, competition, and disease.
Option A, biotic potential, refers to the maximum reproductive capacity of a population in the absence of limiting factors.
Option B, environmental resistance, refers to the factors that limit population growth, such as competition for resources, predation, disease, and environmental stressors.
Option D, replacement reproduction, refers to the number of offspring needed to replace the parents in a population.
Option E, demographic transition, refers to the process of change in population dynamics that occurs as a country or region transitions from high birth and death rates to low birth and death rates, usually as a result of economic and social development.
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Complete the two molecules of DNA by dragging nucleotides to their corresponding locations. When you have finished, compare the two completed daughter DNA molecules. What do you notice about the two molecules?
During DNA replication, the two strands of the parent DNA molecule separate, and each strand acts as a template for the synthesis of a new complementary strand.
The nucleotides, which are the building blocks of DNA, are added to the growing daughter strand in a specific sequence, dictated by the base-pairing rules (A-T and C-G).
Therefore, to complete the two daughter DNA molecules, one would need to add nucleotides to each template strand, following the base-pairing rules. Once the replication is complete, each daughter DNA molecule consists of one original parent strand and one newly synthesized strand.
When comparing the two daughter DNA molecules, we would expect them to be identical to each other and to the original parent DNA molecule. This is because DNA replication is a highly accurate process, with an error rate of only one in a billion nucleotides added. Therefore, any differences between the two daughter DNA molecules would be extremely rare and would likely result in genetic mutations.
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)) 1) Members of a city planning committee want to designate over 100 hectares of greenspace in the city limits as protected, natu other committee members to implement a plan that maximizes biodiversity in the greenspace while reducing the likelihood of in biologist committee member's ideas? Select ALL that apply
The proposal supporting the idea to maximize biodiversity in the greenspace while reducing the invasion by a nonnative species in the city is: (C) Native species should be maintained or planted within the greenspace to promote biodiversity.
Biodiversity is the presence of various types of living organisms in a geographical area. The biodiversity of a region is said to be rich if it contains a huge variety of plants, animals and microorganisms.
Native species are the species that have been living in a geographical region for a very long period of time. They are necessary for the ecosystem of any region because they can prevent the non-native species from invading the area and therefore protect the biodiversity.
Therefore the correct answer is option C.
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The given question is incomplete, the complete question is:
Members of a city planning committee want to designate over 100 hectares of greenspace in the city limits as protected, natural areas. One committee member, a biologist, tries to convince the other committee members to implement a plan that maximizes biodiversity in the greenspace while reducing the likelihood of invasion by a nonnative species. Which proposals would support the biologist committee member's ideas? Select ALL that apply.
A) A large, continuous section of greenspace equaling 100 hectares should be conserved.
B) One hundred small, one-hectare size areas should be conserved across the city's limits.
C) Native species should be maintained or planted within the greenspace to promote biodiversity.
D) Exotic species should be cultivated and planted to increase biodiversity in the protected greenspace.
E) The majority of the secondary consumers should be removed from the greenspaces to promote an increase in lower levels of the food chain.
To help explain how it might be that Jonah could have lost voluntary motor function of his legs and still be able to feel, the doctor drew out a simple sensory and motor pathway.
Drag and drop the labels to describe the proper order of sensory input and motor output.
Labels read as:
1.) Somatic sensory neuron to dorsal horn of spinal cord
2.) Internueron between thalamus and primary somatosensory cortex
3.) Internueron from primary motor cortex to ventral horn of spinal cord in lumbar region
4.) Internuerons through white matter of spinal cord to thalamus
5.) Somatic motor neuron from ventral horn of spinal cord to skeletal muscles of leg.
The correct order of sensory input and motor output:
1.) Somatic sensory neuron to dorsal horn of spinal cord.
4.) Internuerons through white matter of spinal cord to thalamus.
2.) Internueron between thalamus and primary somatosensory cortex.
3.) Internueron from primary motor cortex to ventral horn of spinal cord in lumbar region.
5.) Somatic motor neuron from ventral horn of spinal cord to skeletal muscles of leg.
Sensory input is the transmission of impulses from the peripheral sensory receptors to the central nervous system (CNS) where they are processed and analyzed. The neurons that respond to stimuli and transmit the information to the CNS are called sensory neurons.
Motor output, on the other hand, refers to the transmission of impulses from the CNS to the effectors such as muscles, glands, and organs. Motor neurons, also known as efferent neurons, transmit information from the CNS to the periphery of the body.
The order of sensory input and motor output is as follows:
Somatic sensory neuron to dorsal horn of spinal cord. This neuron responds to a stimulus and sends an impulse to the dorsal horn of the spinal cord, which is the first site of synaptic processing.Internuerons through white matter of spinal cord to thalamus. These neurons relay the impulse to the thalamus, where it is processed and filtered before being transmitted to the cortex.Internueron between thalamus and primary somatosensory cortex. This neuron receives the impulse from the thalamus and carries it to the primary somatosensory cortex, which is responsible for processing and interpreting somatic sensory information.Internueron from primary motor cortex to ventral horn of spinal cord in lumbar region. This neuron receives motor commands from the primary motor cortex and sends them to the ventral horn of the spinal cord, which contains motor neurons that control the muscles of the body.Somatic motor neuron from ventral horn of spinal cord to skeletal muscles of leg. This neuron receives the motor command from the spinal cord and sends it to the skeletal muscles of the leg, which are the effectors that produce the desired response.Learn more about Sensory input:
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Leaves contain several thousand cells. Comment whether leave cells are prokaryotic or eukaryotic cells with reasons.
Answer:
Sel cuti pada daun adalah sel eukariotik. Hal ini disebabkan karena sel eukariotik memiliki ciri-ciri struktural yang berbeda dengan sel prokariotik, seperti:
Memiliki inti yang terpisah dari sitoplasma dengan membran inti (nukleus).
Memiliki organel-organel sel yang kompleks, seperti mitokondria, retikulum endoplasma, dan lisosom.
Memiliki ukuran yang lebih besar dan kompleksitas yang lebih tinggi.
Sedangkan pada sel prokariotik, inti tidak terpisah oleh membran dan tidak memiliki organel-organel sel yang kompleks seperti pada sel eukariotik.
Oleh karena itu, meskipun daun mengandung beberapa ribu sel, termasuk sel-sel cuti, sel-sel tersebut merupakan sel eukariotik karena memiliki struktur dan karakteristik sel eukariotik.
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all of the following are true statements about eukaryotic cells except: multiple choice a true nucleus contains the chromosomes. eukaryotic cells contain membrane-bounded organelles. eukaryotic cells contain peptidoglycan in their cell walls. eukaryotic cells contain mitochondria. eukaryotic cells contain many organelles in the cytoplasm.
All of the following are true statements about eukaryotic cells except Eukaryotic cells contain peptidoglycan in their cell walls.
What is consistent throughout eukaryotic cells?As eukaryotic cells have a real nucleus, a membrane surrounds the cell's DNA. Because of this, the nucleus is where a cell's DNA is located and where ribosomes, the cellular organelles in charge of protein synthesis, are located.
What three characteristics do eukaryotic cells have?Organelles that are membrane-bound and found in eukaryotic cells include the nucleus, mitochondria, and endoplasmic reticulum. Protozoa, fungi, plants, and animals are examples of eukaryotic cell-based organisms. These species belong to the Eukaryota biological kingdom.
Are eukaryotes nucleated organisms?Eukaryotes are organisms whose cells have membrane-bound organelles in addition to a nucleus. Eukaryotic creatures come in a great variety, including most algae, all animals, plants, fungi, and protists. Eukaryotes can have a single cell or many cells.
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which of the following is a response? a a flashlight shined into the eye b blood glucose levels drop significantly c a rubber band popping your hand d your pupils constricting when exposed to bright light
Option (D): Your pupils constricting when exposed to bright light is an example of a response.
In biology, the term response refers to any particular behavior of a living organism that results from external stimuli. Internal or external stimuli elicit a response in living organisms, which can be expressed in various ways, such as changes in internal body conditions or behavioral responses.
Responses are a direct result of an organism's adaptation to its environment.
Examples of responses:
Pupillary light reflex: Your pupils constricting when exposed to bright light is an example of a response.Blood sugar levels decrease dramatically as a result of insulin activity.Rapid breathing is a reaction to a lack of oxygen.Fighting is a reaction to a threat.A runner's increased heart rate and breathing rate are examples of physiological responses to exertion.Rapid contraction of a muscle is a response to a reflex.To know more about response here:
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hybridization and inbreeding are important methods used in selec-tive breeding. evaluate these methods to deter-mine how they are similar and different.
Hybridization and inbreeding are important methods used in selective breeding. These methods differ in the procedure however achieve similar goals.
What is hybridization and inbreeding?Hybridization and inbreeding are important methods used in selective breeding to produce desired traits in a species. While these methods can achieve similar goals, they have distinct differences. Hybridization involves combining two purebred plants or animals of different varieties to produce a hybrid. This can lead to increased vigor, productivity, and other desirable traits in the resulting offspring.
Inbreeding is a process of selectively breeding individuals of the same variety or breed to maintain or accentuate specific desired characteristics. This can result in a decrease in vigor, fertility, and other traits, but can also lead to increased homozygosity, which can make it easier to identify and select for desired traits.
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When a muscle increases in size enlargement it is called?
When a muscle increases in size enlargement it is called Muscular hypertrophy. This is the term used when a muscle grows larger. The term "muscular hypertrophy" describes a rise in muscle mass.
Often, this shows up as a growth in muscular mass and power. Strength training usually causes muscular growth, which is why weightlifting is frequently connected with it. When muscle fibers are harmed or damaged, muscular hypertrophy results. The body fuses broken fibers to mend them, giving muscles more bulk and growth.
Other hormones that contribute to muscle development and repair include testosterone, human growth hormone, and insulin growth factor. Exercise, especially weight training activity, can cause muscle growth. lifting weights and regularly (and carefully) putting your muscles to the test.
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what part Located in depressions of mucous membranes of the throat and pharynx
The part located in depressions of mucous membranes of the throat and pharynx is the tonsils.
Tonsils are masses of lymphatic tissue located in the throat that play a role in the immune system. They help to trap and filter out bacteria and other foreign substances that enter the body through the nose and mouth. There are three types of tonsils: pharyngeal tonsils, palatine tonsils, and lingual tonsils.
The pharyngeal tonsils, also known as the adenoids, are located in the upper part of the throat, behind the nose, and above the soft palate. The palatine tonsils are located on either side of the back of the throat, while the lingual tonsils are located at the base of the tongue.
Tonsillitis is a common condition in which the tonsils become inflamed and swollen due to infection. Symptoms of tonsillitis include sore throat, difficulty swallowing, fever, and swollen lymph nodes. Treatment may involve rest, fluids, pain relievers, and antibiotics if the infection is bacterial. In some cases, a tonsillectomy (surgical removal of the tonsils) may be necessary if the condition is chronic or severe.
In summary, the tonsils are located in the depression of mucous membranes.
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made to protect the public as a whole from harmful acts of others is called
Answer: Civil law
Explanation:
Laws are made to protect the public as a whole from the harmful acts of others.
coenzymes are nonprotein compounds that are required for the activity of certain enzymes. one critical coenzyme central to metabolism is nad . in fact it is one of 5 coenzymes required by______ , the critical enzyme for producing acetyl-coa. nad is synthesized from_____ as was discovered to be critical for health by two american scientists, ______ , in the early 20th century. dietary lack of this critical molecule produces pellagra, characterized by the following symptoms: _____ . people with these problems were found in parts of the u.s. where diets lacked vegetables and consisted principally of corn. interestingly, soaking the corn in ____, a common practice in mexico, releases the critical coenzyme from proteins, making it bioavailable,
Coenzymes are nonprotein compounds that are required for the activity of certain enzymes. one critical coenzyme central to metabolism is nad . in fact it is one of 5 coenzymes required by pyruvate dehydrogenase, the critical enzyme for producing acetyl-coa. nad is synthesized from niacin (vitamin B3) as was discovered to be critical for health by two american scientists, Joseph Goldberger and Tom Spies, in the early 20th century. dietary lack of this critical molecule produces pellagra, characterized by the following symptoms: dermatitis, diarrhea, dementia, and death. people with these problems were found in parts of the u.s. where diets lacked vegetables and consisted principally of corn. interestingly, soaking the corn in alkaline, a common practice in mexico, releases the critical coenzyme from proteins, making it bioavailable,
NAD is required by pyruvate dehydrogenase. Joseph Goldberger and Tom Spies discovered niacin (vitamin B3). Symptoms of pellagra include dermatitis, diarrhea, dementia, and death. Corn is soaked in alkaline.Coenzymes are nonprotein compounds that are required for the activity of certain enzymes. One critical coenzyme central to metabolism is NAD. In fact, it is one of the 5 coenzymes required by pyruvate dehydrogenase, the critical enzyme for producing acetyl-CoA. NAD is synthesized from niacin (vitamin B3) and was discovered to be critical for health by two American scientists, Joseph Goldberger and Tom Spies, in the early 20th century. Dietary lack of this critical molecule produces pellagra, characterized by the following symptoms: dermatitis, diarrhea, dementia, and death.People with these problems were found in parts of the U.S. where diets lacked vegetables and consisted principally of corn. Interestingly, soaking corn in alkaline, a common practice in Mexico, releases the critical coenzyme from proteins, making it bioavailable.
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which substance acts like a machine that pushes together molecules of ADP and phosphate (P) groups?
Answer: A. ATP SYNTHASE
Explanation: Explanation
List in order the parts of the respiratory system
that air passes through as it is breathed out. ( AS IT BREATHE “out”)
Answer:
nasal cavities (or oral cavity) > pharynx > trachea > primary bronchi (right & left) > secondary bronchi > tertiary bronchi > bronchioles > alveoli (site of gas exchange)
Explanation:
the air is passed out from alveoli to Bronchioles to bronchi to trachea to larynx to pharynx to nasal cavity to nostrils and the breathed out
Here are the parts of the respiratory system that air passes through as it is breathed out:
LungsBronchial tubesBronchiolesAlveoliTracheaPharynxNasal cavityMouthWhat is the respiratory system?The respiratory system is a complex network of organs, tissues, and structures that work together to facilitate the exchange of gases (oxygen and carbon dioxide) between the body and the environment. Its main function is to provide oxygen to the body's cells while removing carbon dioxide, a waste product of metabolism, from the body.
The respiratory system includes the nose, mouth, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi, bronchioles, alveoli, and lungs. When we inhale, air enters through the nose or mouth and passes through the respiratory tract, where it is filtered, warmed, and humidified.
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1. Discuss Dr. Lustig’s response when asked if sugar is toxic.2. Summarize the subsidy and insurance models described by Dr. Lustig, why they are at odds with each other, and what he suggests is the solution to changing the food supply in the United States.3.Explain what differential subsidization is and summarize the example Dr. Lustig provides, as well as how it can be put into action in the United States.
Dr. Lustig believes that sugar is a toxic substance. He believes that sugar is the cause of many chronic diseases that are rampant in the United States.
He also believes that sugar is a drug that is as addictive as cocaine. He suggests that sugar be regulated like alcohol and tobacco to control its usage. Dr. Lustig described the subsidy and insurance models that are at odds with each other. The subsidy model supports the production of crops such as corn and soybeans, which are used to produce junk food. The insurance model supports the treatment of chronic diseases that result from the consumption of junk food.
Dr. Lustig suggests that the solution to changing the food supply in the United States is to subsidize the production of healthy foods and to tax junk food. Differential subsidization is the practice of providing subsidies to specific crops that are healthier than others. Dr. Lustig provides the example of a subsidy for broccoli. Broccoli is a healthy vegetable that is rich in nutrients and has a low glycemic index. A differential subsidy for broccoli would encourage farmers to grow it and would make it more affordable for consumers.
Dr. Lustig believes that sugar is a toxic substance. He believes that sugar is the cause of many chronic diseases that are rampant in the United States. Differential subsidization can be put into action in the United States by providing subsidies to farmers who grow healthy crops and by increasing the price of junk food through taxes.
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Bi2 2009 jun q7
Or
(b) (i)
Describe how organisms such as Amoeba and the earthworm are able to
[5]
obtain oxygen without the need for specialised breathing organs.
(ii) Describe how pressure changes are achieved and bring about inspiration in a
mammal.
[5]
Answer:
(b) (i) Amoeba and earthworm are able to obtain oxygen through simple diffusion across their body surface. They have a thin and moist outer layer that allows gases to easily pass through. In the case of Amoeba, the oxygen dissolved in water diffuses through the cell membrane and into the cell. Earthworms, on the other hand, have a moist and permeable skin that is rich in blood vessels, allowing for efficient gas exchange.
(ii) In mammals, inspiration is brought about by the contraction of the diaphragm and intercostal muscles. The diaphragm is a dome-shaped muscle that separates the chest cavity from the abdominal cavity. When it contracts, it flattens and moves downwards, increasing the volume of the chest cavity. The intercostal muscles, located between the ribs, also contract and lift the rib cage upwards and outwards, further increasing the volume of the chest cavity. This decrease in pressure within the chest cavity causes air to rush in through the nose or mouth and into the lungs.
(please could you kindly mark my answer as brainliest)
Examine the model of a plant's shoot system and root
system.
Leaf
Stoma
What is happening in the top section of the diagram?
A. Water exits through a stoma by transpiration and helps
pulls up the water in the stem.
B. Water made by photosynthesis is stored in a vacuole
for later use in the leaf.
O c. Water flows between the xylem and ground tissue and
in and out of a stoma.
O D. Water flows in through a stoma to xylem in the leaf,
where it is used for photosynthesis.
SUBMIT
Water exits through a stoma by transpiration and helps pull up the water in the stem.
Option (a) is correct.
In the top section of the diagram, water exits through a stoma by a process called transpiration. Stomata are small openings on the surface of leaves that regulate gas exchange, including the release of water vapor. As water evaporates through the stomata, it creates a negative pressure gradient, known as transpiration pull, that helps in the upward movement of water in the stem.
Transpiration pull occurs due to the cohesion and adhesion properties of water molecules. Water molecules are cohesive, meaning they stick together, and they also adhere to the walls of the xylem vessels in the stem.
As water evaporates from the leaf, it pulls on the column of water in the xylem, causing a continuous flow of water from the roots to the leaves. This process is known as the transpiration stream and is responsible for the upward movement of water and nutrients in plants.
So, option A is the correct answer as it accurately describes the movement of water through transpiration and its role in pulling up water in the stem.
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How can a change in a DNA nucleotide lead to a change in the protein?
A change in a single nucleotide in DNA can lead to a change in the corresponding protein.
This is because the nucleotides in DNA code for the amino acid sequence of a protein, which then determines its function. When a single nucleotide changes, the resulting protein may be altered in terms of shape, stability, and function. For example, if the protein is a receptor for a hormone or other signaling molecule, it may no longer be able to interact with that molecule. Alternatively, a single nucleotide change may result in a structural change to the protein, which can affect its folding and overall structure, resulting in a loss of its activity. Ultimately, the ultimate consequence of a single nucleotide change can depend on the context of the gene, but in all cases, a single nucleotide change can have major impact on the resulting protein.
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