In both cases, the effect of the problems will be an overestimation of the heat of vaporization due to the overestimation of the vapor pressure of the liquid.
If not all the dissolved air had been removed in the beginning of the experiment, the ln P versus 1/T plot would deviate from the expected linear relationship. This is because air is a mixture of different gases, and their partial pressures will vary with temperature. Therefore, the presence of air in the system will cause the measured vapor pressure to be higher than the actual vapor pressure of the liquid, and this will lead to an overestimation of the heat of vaporization.
If some air entered the same bulb as the system was cooling, the pressure inside the bulb will increase, which will lead to an overestimation of the vapor pressure of the liquid. This will cause the ln P versus 1/T plot to deviate from the expected linear relationship. Additionally, the presence of air in the system will also lead to an overestimation of the heat of vaporization.
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At what approximate positions might the following compounds show IR absorptions?
The following substances may have IR absorptions between 3000 and 2850 cm-1 and between 1725 and 1705 cm-1, approximately.
Describe IR absorption.The interplay between the molecular polarity transition moments associated with the molecular vibrations and the IR applied electric vector, in general, is what causes IR absorption. An electric field vector as well as the dipole changeover moment are parallel when absorption is greatest.
What is the cause of IR absorptions?In the potential vibrational and rotational modes, only molecules with minor energy differences can absorb IR. The oscillations or rotations inside a molecule must result in a net shift in the molecule's dipole moment in order for it to absorb IR.
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Classify each compound by reactivity (acid, base, acidic oxide, basic oxide, acid salt, salt)
HNO3, OF2, Ca(OH)2, CO2, BaO, Na2O, NaHSO4, CaSO4, K2SO4
Acids are HNO3 base are BaO acidic oxide are OF2 CO2 basic oxide are Ca(OH)2 acidic oxide are Na2O and Salts are CaSO4 and Na2 SO4.
Acids and bases are important substances in health, industry, and the environment. One of the most common characteristics of acids is their sour taste. Lemons and grapefruits taste sour because they contain acids such as citric and ascorbic acid (vitamin C). Vinegar tastes sour because it contains acetic acid. We produce lactic acid in our muscles when we exer- cise.
Acid from bacteria turns milk sour in the production of yogurt and cottage cheese. We have hydrochloric acid in our stomachs that helps us digest food. Sometimes we take antacids, which are bases such as sodium bicarbonate or milk of magnesia, to neutralize the effects of too much stomach acid.
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How many grams are in 0.02 moles of beryllium iodide, BeI2
Plsss help
Answer: 2.9 grams I belive.
Explanation:
List five reasons why knowledge of celestial motion was important to our ancestors.
[please answer as fast as possible]
The five reasons why knowledge of celestial motion was important to our ancestors are:
NavigationAgricultureTimekeepingReligionAstronomyThe knowledge of celestial motion was important to our ancestors for the following reasons:Navigation: They needed to Understand the motion of celestial bodies, such as the sun, moon, and stars, which allowed early humans to navigate at sea and on land.Agriculture: They needed the Knowledge of celestial motion was used to create calendars and predict seasonal changes, which was crucial for planting and harvesting crops.Timekeeping: They Observed the movement of celestial bodies which was used to create accurate timekeeping devices, such as sundials and water clocks.Religion: Most of the ancient cultures associated celestial bodies with gods and goddesses, and understanding their motion was important for religious ceremonies and predictions.Astronomy: By studying the motion of celestial bodies, ancient astronomers were able to gain a greater understanding of the universe, and develop theories about the nature of the cosmos.Learn more about celestial motion on
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When you weigh ammonia, what fraction of it is hydrogen?
17.65 would be your answer
What is the limiting reactant for each amount of reactants in the following reaction: 2Na (s) + Br2 (g) -> 2 NaBr (s)
a) 2 mol Na, 2 mol Br2
b) 2.5 mol Na, 1 mol Br2
c) 1.8 mol Na, 1.4 mol Br2
d) 12.6 mol Na, 6.9 mol Br2
Calculating the amount of product that can be formed by each reactant
Which is the limiting reactant N2 or H2?Since we have of hydrogen gas, we have more than enough to react all of the nitrogen gas, and the nitrogen gas will be used up before the hydrogen gas. As a result, nitrogen gas is the limiting reactant.
1.2mol Na x (2mol NaBr/2mol Na) = 2 mol NaBr***Limiting
2mol Br2 x (2mol NaBr/1mol Br2) = 2 mol NaBr
2. 1.8mol Na x (2mol NaBr/2mol Na) = 1.8 mol NaBr**Limiting
1.4mol Br2 x (2mol NaBr/1mol Br2) = 2.8 mol NaBr
3. 2.5mol Na x (2mol NaBr/2mol Na) = 2.5 mol NaBr
1mol Br2 x (2mol NaBr/1mol Br2) = 2 mol NaBr***Limiting
4. 12.6mol Na x (2mol NaBr/2mol Na) = 12.6 mol NaBr***Limting
6.9mol Br2 x (2mol NaBr/1mol Br2) = 13.8 mol NaBr
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Flavia found out that her best friend, Janine, had been having an affair with her husband. She decided to kill Dennis and frame Janine. What might she steal from her friend Janine’s house to stage the scene so that Janine looked guilty? Janine’s car keys Janine’s hairbrush Janine’s daily planner Janine’s running shoes
The item that Flavia may steal from Janine is the hair brush. Option B.
What may be stolen?In this case, we can see that there is a case of murder that is to be investigated an Flavia is quite bent on putting the murder on the head of her friend Janine.
The only way that she can be able to do that is to stage a scene that would look as if Janine had really been at the scene of the murder and there would be no way to deny because the DNA that is obtained from the hair samples on the hair brush would confirm same.
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Considering the following reaction
Pt²⁺(aq) + 2Br⁻(aq) ⇄ Pt(s) + Br₂(l) K=5.3 × 10³
if the concentration of Pt²⁺(aq) is 2.0 × 10⁻² M and the concentration of Br⁻(aq) is 2.0 × 10⁻² M
which of the following is true?
A. Q > K reactants will form more products as the system reaches equilibrium.
B. Q > K products will form more reactants as the system reaches equilibrium.
C. Q < K reactants will form more products as the system reaches equilibrium.
D. Q < K products will form more reactants as the system reaches equilibrium.
E. Q = K the system is at equilibrium.
B. Q > K products will form more reactants as the system reaches equilibrium.
The reaction quotient (Q) is calculated by multiplying the concentrations of the products raised to the power of their stoichiometric coefficients, divided by the concentrations of the reactants raised to the power of their stoichiometric coefficients.
Q = [Pt(s)][Br₂(l)] / [Pt²⁺(aq)][Br⁻(aq)]²
If the initial concentration of Pt²⁺(aq) is 2.0 × 10⁻² M and the concentration of Br⁻(aq) is also 2.0 × 10⁻² M, then Q = (1)(1) / (2.0 × 10⁻²)^3
Since the equilibrium constant (K) for this reaction is 5.3 × 10³, then Q > K which means that products will form more reactants as the system reaches equilibrium.
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What is the molar mass, in gmol-¹, of a compound if 0.200mol of the compound has a mass
of 13.2g?
A. 66.0
B. 66
C. 26.4
D. 26
Answer:
66g/mol
Explanation:
mole = 0.200mol
given mass = 13.2g
molar mass = ?
[tex]mole = \frac{ \\ given \: mass}{molar \: mass} [/tex]
make molar mass the subject of formula
[tex]mole \: \times molar \: mass = given \: mass[/tex]
[tex]molar \: mass = \frac{ \\ given \: mass}{mole} [/tex]
[tex]molar \: mass = \frac{ \\ 13.2g}{0.200mol} [/tex]
[tex] = { 66gmol}^{ - 1} [/tex]
Sodium chloride (nacl) is the chemical name for table salt and potassium chloride (kcl) is a common salt substitute. Using the periodic table, choose the correct statement about how these compounds form.
Sodium and potassium lose electrons and chlorine gains them.
What is electrons?Electron, lightest stable subatomic particle known. It carries a negative charge of 1.602176634 × 10−19 coulomb, which is considered the basic unit of electric charge. The rest mass of the electron is 9.1093837015 × 10−31 kg, which is only 1/1,836the mass of a proton. An electron is therefore considered nearly massless in comparison with a proton or a neutron, and the electron mass is not included in calculating the mass number of an atom.\The electron was discovered in 1897 by the English physicist J.J. Thomson during investigations of cathode rays. His discovery of electrons, which he initially called corpuscles, played a pivotal role in revolutionizing knowledge of atomic structure. Under ordinary conditions electrons are bound to the positively charged nuclei of atoms by the attraction between opposite electric charges. In a neutral atom the number of electrons is identical to the number of positive charges on the nucleus.To learn more about nucleus refer to:
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Liquid nitrogen has different properties from gaseous nitrogen. Is it a chemical change when liquid nitrogen warms to gaseous nitrogen? yes, because chemical changes result in different properties. No, because chemical changes do not result in different properties. No, because the different properties are physical while the chemical properties remain the same. Yes, because warming is a chemical change even though the physical properties remain the same.
No, it is a physical change. Changing states is physical. A chemical change is to change the nature of something by changing it's chemical makeup.
What is a chemical change?Chemical synthesis, also known as the creation of new compounds through chemical fusion, or chemical decomposition, the process by which one material breaks down into two or more other substances, results in chemical changes. Chemical reactions are what these processes are known as, and they typically cannot be reversed without triggering more chemical reactions.A chemical change is a long-lasting transformation in which new types of substances are created, each with a unique chemical composition and set of physical and chemical characteristics from the original substance.A chemical reaction causes a chemical change, but a physical change occurs when matter changes forms without changing its chemical identity. Burning, frying, rusting, and rotting are some examples of chemical changes. Boiling, melting, freezing, and shredding are a few examples of physical changes.To learn more about chemical change refer to:
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liquid co2 is not stable so we usually never see it. True or false
Draw The Skeletal Structure Of D-Alanine.
In the skeletal structure of an organic compound, it is assumed that there is an atom at the end of any two lines, and at the junction of any two lines is a Carbon atom. This type of structure omits all atoms is Hydrogen atoms except those directly bonded to a hetero atom.
The skeletal structure or line formula or shorthand formula for the organic compound is a type of molecular structural formula in which a line represents the position of carbon and hydrogen atoms. the position of carbon atoms in skeletal is indicated by the ends and intersection of lines and hydrogen atoms inferred from the no. of bonds shown to each other. ( carbon atom must have four bonds).
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this can release toxic chemicals when heated ( not vegetable oil, and it starts with the letter T)
Natural gas and propane stoves this can release toxic chemicals when heated.
What is toxic chemical ?A toxic chemical is defined as the substance that can be poisonous or cause health effects. For example, ammonia, acid, bleach, chlorine, and carbon monoxide.
Natural gas and propane stoves can release harmful pollutants into the air like carbon monoxide, formaldehyde. Which can be toxic to people and pets. By using a wood stove or fireplace to cook can result in grater levels of indoor air pollution from wood smoke.
Thus, Natural gas and propane stoves this can release toxic chemicals when heated.
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Data Table 1: Stoichiometry Values Initial: CaCl2 2H2O (g) 1.50 Initial: CaCl2 2H2O (mol) 0.00102 Initial: CaCl2 (mol) 1.132 Initial: Na2CO3 (mol) 0.00102 Initial: Na2CO3 (g) 0.108 Theoretical: CACO3 (g) 0.102069 Mass of Filter paper (g) 1.00 Mass of Filter 1.05 Paper CACO3 (g) + Actual: CACO3 (g) % Yield:
The actual yield is not specified in the data provided, so it is not possible to calculate the % yield.
The % yield for this reaction can be calculated by dividing the actual yield (mass of CACO3 on the filter paper) by the theoretical yield (calculated from the stoichiometry of the reaction) and multiplying by 100.
% yield = (Actual: CACO3 (g) / Theoretical: CACO3 (g)) x 100
Actual yield is the amount of product obtained in the experiment. In this case, the actual yield of calcium carbonate (CACO3) is the mass of CACO3 obtained on the filter paper.
To calculate the actual % yield, you need to know the mass of CACO3 obtained from the experiment.
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An aldehyde forms a carboxylic acid by
A. neutralization
B reduction
C hydrogenation
D hydrolysis
E oxidation
By oxidation—which is the loss of electrons—an aldehyde becomes a carboxylic acid (OIL RIG). In order to do this, an oxidizing agent steals electrons from the other substance.
What occurs during oxidation?Oxidation is the reaction of oxygen with a substance or element. The removal of hydrogen of reactant species is another definition of oxidation. Oxidation happens when an ion, molecule, or molecule loses an electron.
What is oxidation or an illustration?Summary. When an element reacts with oxygen, the process was originally referred to as oxidation. For instance, magnesium is oxidized when magnesium metal + oxygen react chemically to generate magnesium oxide.
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what mass of disodium tetra oxo sulphate (vi) will be dissolved in 100g of water, if the mole fraction of Na2So4 is 0.039?
Answer: 0.277g of disodium tetra oxo sulphate (vi) will be dissolved in 100g of water, if the mole fraction of Na2So4 is 0.039. ✅
PLEASEEEE GIVE BRANLIEST
Explanation:
The mass of a solute dissolved in a solvent can be calculated using the formula:
mass of solute = mole fraction of solute x mass of solvent / molar mass of solute
In this case, we are trying to find the mass of disodium tetra oxo sulphate (vi) (Na2SO4) dissolved in 100g of water, with a mole fraction of 0.039.
mass of Na2SO4 = (0.039) x (100g) / (142.04 g/mol)
mass of Na2SO4 = 0.277 g
So, 0.277 g of disodium tetra oxo sulphate (vi) will be dissolved in 100g of water, if the mole fraction of Na2So4 is 0.039. ✅
Identify the conjugate base for each acid.
conjugate base of H3 PO4 :
conjugate base of HSO4-:
conjugate base of NH4+:
the conjugate base for each acid is conjugate base of H3 PO4 : PO4^3-
conjugate base of HSO4- : SO4^2-, conjugate base of NH4+ : NH3
A conjugate base is a species that is formed by the removal of a proton (H+) from an acid. An acid is defined as a species that can donate a proton, and a conjugate base is the species that results after a proton is removed. The acid and its conjugate base differ by only one proton, and are therefore related by the common ion effect.When an acid loses a proton, it becomes its conjugate base, and when a base gains a proton, it becomes its conjugate acid. Conjugate bases are typically less acidic than the acids from which they are derived, as they have an extra pair of electrons to stabilize the negative charge.Conjugate bases are also important in acid-base reactions, as they participate in the transfer of protons. They often play a key role in acid-base equilibria, and the strength of a conjugate base is often measured by its basicity constant (pKb).
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pKa of alkanes is the negative base-10 logarithm of the dissociation constant of alkanes. pKa of alkanes is the measure of its tendency to keep a proton, [H+][H+] at its ionization centre.
The pka of the alkanes is the negative of the base - 10 logarithm of the dissociation constant of the alkanes. The pka of the alkanes is the tendency to measure to keep the proton [H⁺] to its ionization Centre.
The pka value is the method that is used to indicate acidic strength of the substance. The pka of the alkanes is the negative log of the value. The methane that is CH₄ is the very weak acid , pka = 50. The hybridization of the carbon in the alkanes , is the s character percentage and the electronegativity , both are important to indicate the value of the pka in alkanes.
Thus, the pka value of the alkanes , is they have the larger value nearly about 50.
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How the model of the atom changed as new evidence was discovered?
The atom's model evolved from a tiny solid ball to an atomic nucleus surrounded by electrons in orbit.
Why have the theories of the atom always changed?Since they were first published in 1803, atomic theories have evolved. Many scientists are curious about the model of the atom. The more discoveries the experts make about the atom, the more we learn that the theory of the atom changes toward perfection.How has the model of the atom changed with new evidence?
John Dalton in 1803 discovered:
All objects are made of atoms. Atoms can’t be divided. Atoms can be drawn as tiny solid balls. In terms of mass and properties, all atoms in a particular element are the same. Compounds are atoms that have been mixed from two or more different types. A chemical reaction is an atomic restructuring.JJ Thompson, in 1904, discovered:
The electrons. Atoms can be deconstructed into smaller pieces. An atom consists of tiny electrons with negative charges strewn about a positive charge sphere in the shape of a plum pudding, hence the name "the plum pudding model."Rutherford discovered in 1911 that :
Each atom has a positively charged nucleus that is orbited by electrons in its orbit. The movement of electrons around the nucleus is accompanied by the emission of energy. This causes the electron's energy to decrease over time, and its orbit will gradually approach the nucleus and fall into the nucleus.Niels Bohr then discovered in 1913 that:
An atom is composed of an atomic nucleus that contains protons and neutrons and is surrounded by electrons that rotate in orbits (a certain energy level). These orbits are known as atomic shells.
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Please help chemistry
The mass of the Ag formed is 1080 g.
What is the mass formed?Since we do not have the equation of the reaction, it means that we have to write down the equation of the reaction by ourselves so that we can be able to answer the question and we have;
[tex]2AgNO_{3} + Zn ----- > Zn(NO_{3} )_{2} + 2Ag[/tex]
We have that zinc is the limiting reactant so;
If 1 mole of zinc forms 2 moles of Ag
5 moles of zinc forms 5 * 2/1 = 10 moles of Ag
Mass of the Ag = Number of moles * molar mass
= 10 moles * 108 g/mol
= 1080 g
The mass of the silver is 1080 g
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According to the theory of plate tectonics, the movement of plates cane form mountain ranges and valleys. Within the next 100 million years the Great Rift Valley in Africa will most likely become a ?
According to the theory of plate tectonics, the movement of plates can form mountain ranges and valleys. Within the next 100 million years, the Great Rift Valley in Africa will most likely become option d: wider and deeper valley.
What is plate tectonics?The Great Rift Valley is a large geological formation that runs through several countries in East Africa, including Kenya, Tanzania, and Ethiopia. It is a result of the separation of the African Plate and the Arabian Plate, which is still ongoing and causing the valley to widen and deepen.
The valley is also being filled with sediment, which will further deepen it over time. While mountain ranges can form as a result of plate tectonics, it is unlikely that the Great Rift Valley will become a folded mountain range in the next 100 million years.
Therefore, it is more likely that the valley will continue to widen and deepen, and the surrounding areas will become more arid due to climate change.
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See full question below
According to the theory of plate tectonics, the movement of plates can form mountain ranges and valleys. Within the next 100 million years, the Great Rift Valley in Africa will most likely become a
folded mountain range
flat eroded plain
desert covered with lava
wider and deeper valley
1. The un rie over the horizon. Frame of reference:
2. A bu move pat people tanding on the idewalk. Frame of reference:
3. A paenger on a train ee a ball roll down the aile. Frame of reference:
4. Two expre ubway train traveling at the ame peed on parallel track whiz pat paenger waiting on the platform of a local tation. Frame of reference:
5. A paenger on one of the ubway train look out the window and ee another train tanding till. Frame of reference:
6. A peron tanding near a railroad track ee a train pa by, then notice an airplane fly overhead in the ame direction a the train, but at a much fater peed. Frame of reference:
7. A paenger in the airplane look down and ee the train moving backward. Frame of reference:
1. The sun rise over the horizon. Frame of reference: Background
2. A bus moves past people standing on the sidewalk. Frame of reference: Moving
3. A passenger on a train sees a ball roll down the aisle. Frame of reference: Object
4. Two express subway trains traveling at the same speed on parallel track whiz past passenger waiting on the platform of a local station. Frame of reference: Moving
5. A passenger on one of the subway train looks out the window and see another train standing still. Frame of reference: Stationary
6. A person standing near a railroad track sees a train pass by, then notice an airplane fly overhead in the same direction as the train, but at a much faster peed. Frame of reference: Compare
7. A passenger in the airplane look down and sees the train moving backward. Frame of reference: Object
A frame of reference is a collection of coordinates that may be used to calculate the locations and velocities of objects inside that frame; various frames of reference move relative to one another. When you observe a ball roll down a street, you can know it's moving also because frame of reference is the roadway, whatever's on the side of the road, or the Earth. These are all frames of reference. All motion data will be linked to a frame of reference.
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An aqueous base ionization reaction always generates Select the correct answer below:
O hydroxide.
O hydronium.
O water.
O none of the above.
An aqueous base ionization reaction always generates hydroxide ions. The bases when dissolves in the water it will produces the hydroxide ions.
The bases are the substances that when dissolves in the water it will produces the hydroxide ions. The hydroxide ion is the OH⁻ ion. The acids are the substance which when dissolves in the water it will produces the hydroxide ions in the water. The example of the base ionization is given as below :
A + H₂O ⇄ OH⁻ HA⁺
The bases are the substance which can neutralize the acid by the reaction with the hydrogen.
Thus , an aqueous base ionization will produce the hydroxide ions always.
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Is it safe for the electrician to carry out electrical repair outdoors during heavy downpour?
Answer:
No
Explanation:
it's not safe because rain water consists of dissolved salts and it can conduct electricity hence the electrician might get shock.
Draw A Lewis Diagram For The Ether C2H5OC2H5.
The ether C2H5OC2H5 has the following Lewis structure. The valence shell electrons of a molecule are depicted in a highly condensed manner in a Lewis structure.
C
|
H-C-H
|
O-C-H
|
H-C-H
|
H
How does the Barnes structure rule work?Lewis structure, also referred to as electron-dot framework, is indeed a structural formula wherein the dots serve as placeholders for electrons; two dots between bonded ions signify a covalent link. Gilbert Newton Lewis, the man behind its 1916 introduction, gave it its name.
Why is Lewis structure significant? What is it?A molecule's valence shell electrons are shown in a very simple manner via a Lewis structure. It serves as a visual representation of how the electrons surrounding particular molecules' atoms are positioned. For bonds involving two atoms, electrons are displayed as "dots" or as a line.
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For each of the following balanced chemical equations, calculate how many moles of product(s) would be produced if 0.500 mole of the first reactant were to react completely. You will have 2 different answers for each of these (one for each product).
*Hint: Set up a mole to mole ratio both starting with 0.500 moles
1. CO2g + 4H2g -> CH4g + 2H2Ol
2. C3H8g + 5O2 -> 4H2Ol + 3CO2g
Answer:
Explanation:
Use the reactant as the baseline for the molar ratios of the other reaction components. In the first reaction, setting the CO2 to 1 mole aloows us to assign relative moles to the other reaction components (ratios of that component to CO2).
Multiply those ratios times the reactant number of moles to find the moles of the other components. For example, 0.5 moles of CO2 will react with (0.5)*(4) moles of O2. It will produce (0.5)*(1) mole of V=CH4 and (0.5)*(2) moles of H2O.
1. CO2g + 4H2g -> CH4g + 2H2Ol
Ratio 1 4 1 2
moles
0.5 2 0.5 1
2. C3H8g + 5O2 -> 4H2Ol + 3CO2g
Ratio 1 5 4 3
moles
0.5 2.5 2.0 1.5
a. A sample consisting of 1-bromopropane and 1-chloropropane is injected into a gas chromatograph equipped with a nonpolar column. Which compound has the shorter retention time? Explain your answer.
b. If the same sample were run several days later with the conditions as nearly the same as possible, would you expect the retention times to be identical to those obtained the first time? Explain.
A. The compound with the shorter retention time in a gas chromatograph equipped with a nonpolar column would be 1-chloropropane.
The retention time in gas chromatography is determined by the strength of the interactions between the sample molecules and the stationary phase (in this case, a nonpolar column). Nonpolar compounds tend to have stronger interactions with nonpolar stationary phases than polar compounds do.
1-chloropropane is a more nonpolar compound than 1-bromopropane, which has a polar bromine atom. Therefore, 1-chloropropane will have stronger interactions with the nonpolar stationary phase, resulting in a shorter retention time.
It's also worth noting that the retention time for each compound will depend on the specific conditions of the experiment, such as the column temperature and the flow rate of the carrier gas.
B. It is unlikely that the retention times for the same sample run on a gas chromatograph several days later would be identical to those obtained the first time. There are several reasons why the retention times may not be identical:
Column aging: The stationary phase of the column can degrade over time, leading to changes in the interactions between the sample molecules and the column. This can result in changes in the retention times.
Temperature variations: Small differences in the column temperature between the two runs could result in changes in the retention times, as temperature affects the strength of the interactions between the sample molecules and the stationary phase.
Injection variations: The sample injection process is not always perfectly reproducible, which could lead to variations in the retention times.
Contamination: The column and injection port can be contaminated over time with the sample or other compounds, leading to changes in the retention times.
Overall, while the retention times are expected to be similar, small variations due to these factors should be expected.
Can anyone help me with this question please?!
Answer: electrons
Explanation:
electrons are attracted to the nucleus by the charge of the protons. To get past this force, one would need to add energy. Ionization energy increases to the right and up (according to the periodic table trends) because there are more protons as you move across a period, making it harder to take an electron.
What is the minimum water temperature when sanitizing utensils?
Answer: 171°F (77°C)
Explanation: Sanitizing for at least 30 seconds helps pH increases while chlorine becomes less effective as a sanitizer.