Translation begins when mrna becomes associated with?

Scientists have recently modified the bacteria that cause tooth decay by inserting a fragment of DNA into the bacteria's DNA that prevents it from producing lactic acid. This new DNA is called recombinant DNA.

Genetic recombination is the exchange of genes between two DNA molecules to form new combinations of genes. Like mutation, genetic recombination contributes to the genetic diversity of a population, which is the source of evolutionary variation.

Bacteria have two mechanisms of genetic variability: mutation and gene recombination. Gene recombination occurs by three types of mechanisms: transformation, conjugation and transduction. Transformation is the incorporation of free DNA by the bacterial cell.

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It is true that net filtration pressure refers to the difference between net hydrostatic pressure and net colloid osmotic pressure across a membrane.

Net filtration pressure is the outcome of comparing two opposing forces that drive fluid movement across a membrane.

It's calculated by subtracting the net colloid osmotic pressure (caused by proteins and molecules in the fluid) from the net hydrostatic pressure (exerted by the fluid itself) in a given system.

This pressure difference influences the movement of fluids, like blood plasma, in various physiological processes, including filtration and capillary exchange.

Net filtration pressure plays a critical role in maintaining fluid balance and regulating nutrient exchange between blood vessels and surrounding tissues, contributing to overall bodily function and homeostasis.

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Activation of G-protein coupled receptors contribute to the long-term enhancement of the gill withdrawal reflex in Aplysia but is not involved in the short-term enhancement of the reflex.

The gill and siphon withdrawal reflex (GSWR) of the sea hare Aplysia californica, also known as a giant shell-less sea snail or sea slug, is an involuntary defence response that the sea hare does automatically. When the animal is startled, this response causes the sea hare's sensitive siphon and gill to retract, protecting them from further damage. Because of the ease of use and fairly large size of the underlying neuronal circuitry, the species Aplysia californica is utilized in the field of neuroscience research for the purpose of investigating the cellular basis of behaviour, such as habituation, dishabituation, and sensitization.

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Answer:

A. H2O

Explanation:

The most common molecule in the human body is H2O. H2O makes up about 50-70% of the body's total weight.

Remember, the meaning for H2O is a transparent, colorless, and odorless liquid.

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Sensory neuron to motor neuron are specifically responsible for the habituation of the withdrawal response.

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Based on the CDC guidelines a person with a CD4+ cell count between 200-400 is regarded as being in the second stage of the HIV infection.

Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome

Acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) is a condition caused by HIV (human immunodeficiency virus). AIDS is a chronic disorder and can become life-threatening for the infected person. The HIV viruses reproduce inside the host and while doing so they destroy the CD4+ immune cells which reduce the person's ability to fight against other diseases.

CD4+ cell count and AIDS

According to the CDC (U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention), HIV infection is categorized into different stages based on the number of CD4+ cells.

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ATP and NADPH

The light reactions of photosynthesis occur in the thylakoid membranes of the chloroplast. Electron carrier molecules are arranged in electron transport chains that produce ATP and NADPH, which temporarily store chemical energy

What is Electron transport chains in Photosynthesis ?

The electron transport chain is a series of four protein complexes that couple redox reactions, creating an electrochemical gradient that leads to the creation of ATP in a complete system named oxidative phosphorylation.

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A population of 20,000 individuals is surveyed and found to be composed of 9,800 individuals with blond hair and 10,200 with brown hair. The allele for blond hair "b" is recessive to the allele for brown hair "B". Assuming Hardy-Weinberg conditions, the frequency of the Bb genotype in the population is 42%.

Hardy Weinberg law states that,

“In a large, random-mating population, the genotype and allele frequencies remain constant in the absence of any evolutionary influences from one to another generation. Influences are inclusive of a choice of mate, natural selection, genetic drift, mutation, sexual selection, gene flow, genetic hitchhiking, founder effect, meiotic drive, population bottleneck, inbreeding and assortative mating.”

Application of Hardy Weinberg equilibrium,

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Answer:  Shortly after a heavy meal, the glucose levels increase. This rise is detected by the liver, which releases the hormoneinsulin into the blood. Then cells in the pancreas release insulin, causing the body to absorb glucose from the blood and lowering the blood sugar level to normal.

Explanation:

Dermatitis herpetiformis is the answer.

Dermatitis herpetiformis, also known as During's disease, is characterized by red clusters of highly itchy (itchy) blisters. The elbows, knees, scalp, and buttocks are most commonly affected. The mucosa is rarely involved.

Dermatitis herpetiformis (DH) is a chronic, severe itchy vesicular skin condition of gluten-sensitive enteropathy commonly known as celiac disease. DH is a skin rash that affects about 10% of people with celiac disease.

Dermatitis herpetiformis looks like a collection of itchy ridges that can easily be mistaken for acne or eczema. Blisters can also form and can be misdiagnosed as herpes.

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The contraction of striated muscle is initiated by the release of energy in the presence of calcium ion

A muscle can be defined as soft and band of fibrous tissue in a human or animal body that has the ability to contract to produce movements of the body parts

I'm conclusion, the contraction of striated muscle is initiated by the release of energy in the presence of calcium ion

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Cholangiocarcinoma (CC) is a highly lethal malignant tumor that arises from the biliary tract epithelium.

Background:

Cholangiocarcinoma (CC) oncogenesis and development are largely unknown molecular processes. The objective of this study was to map the expression of genes involved in CC oncogenesis and sarcomatous transdifferentiation across the entire genome.

Methods:

DNA microarray technology was used to find the genes that differed in expression between CC cell lines or tissues and cultivated normal biliary epithelial (NBE) cells. Expressions were verified in CC tissues and cells from humans.

Results:

We found a group of 342 genes that are often regulated (>2-fold change) in cell line and tissue samples using unsupervised hierarchical clustering technique. 289 of them, including tumour suppressor genes, were downregulated, while 53 of them, including genes connected to tumours, were elevated (0.5 fold change). Immunohistochemistry was used to confirm the expression of SPP1, EFNB2, E2F2, IRX3, PTTG1, PPAR, KRT17, UCHL1, IGFBP7, and SPARC proteins in human and hamster CC tissues. When sarcomatoid CC cells were compared to three adenocarcinomatous CC cell lines, additional unsupervised hierarchical clustering analysis found 292 differently upregulated genes (>4-fold change) and 267 differentially downregulated genes (0.25 fold change). Immunoblot analysis and immunohistochemistry labelling were used to confirm that 12 proteins were expressed in the CC cell lines. We discovered that during the sarcomatoid transdifferentiation of CC, the methylation-silenced proteins LDHB, BNIP3, UCHL1, and NPTX2 were restored, along with the expression of the proteins linked to the epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT), VIM and TWIST1.

In conclusion, identifying molecular targets for cholangiocarcinoma diagnosis and prognosis may be aided by the dysregulation of oncogenes, tumour suppressor genes, and methylation-related genes.

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Monarch butterfly caterpillars are completely dependent upon milkweed as a food source between the larval stage and when they pupate (in a chrysalis) and emerge as butterflies. This relationship can be referred to as obligate mutualism.

The concept of mutualism can be understood as a partnership between two different species that is beneficial to both organisms involved. This connection may exist either between members of the same species or between members of two different species. Symbionts is the term given to the species that have this type of connection. All living organisms, including humans, animals, birds, plants, and even microbes such as bacteria, viruses, and fungi, are capable of forming mutually beneficial relationships with one another.

In the case of obligate mutualism, the two species are entirely dependent on one another. The monarch butterfly caterpillars and milkweed have an obligate mutualistic relationship because the butterflies depend entirely on the nectar from the milkweed, the milkweed provides a place for the next generation of monarch caterpillars to survive, and the milkweed requires the monarch butterfly for pollination and thereby increasing its dispersal.

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Answer:

it would be bad because the more the population grows the less land and the less food.

Explanation:

hope this helps :D

Glycolysis, Krebs cycle, Electron transport chain .In cellular respiration oxygen and glucose react and form ATP . water and carbon-dioxide are released as byproducts. These three stages of aerobic respiration.

Glucose which is the primary fuel for cellular respiration ,without that the process can't be started because there is no pyruvate for use in kerbs cycle in which NADH and carbon is formed.

Cellular respiration occur both aerobically (with oxygen) or aerobically (without oxygen). Anaerobic respiration is a normal part of cellular respiration. Glycolysis is first step in cellular respiration is anaerobic and does not require oxygen. If oxygen present then continue form kerb cycle and oxidative phosphorylation.

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Disruption in the intercalated discs in the cardiac muscles would interfere with the hearts ability to beat in synchronous manner.

The important salient features of intercalated disc are-

The electrical characteristics of the cardiac muscle cells and the passage of electrical information from one region of the heart to another determine the rate at which the heart contracts and the synchronisation of atrial and ventricular contraction necessary for the efficient pumping of blood.

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Answer:

The tissue must be C as b is the cortex and a is both xylem and phloem.

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The tissue is C because B is the cortex and A is xylem and phloem.

PLease tell me if I am wrong!

Answer:

Electron Transport Chain

Explanation:

An electron transport chain is a sequence of electron carrier molecules (membrane proteins) that shuttle electrons during the redox reactions that release energy used to make ATP.

Approximately half of the solid waste produced in the united states is agricultural or farm waste, which is generally recycled into the soil, ground, earth, or fields on the farms where it is produced.

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The mitochondrial dysfunction has emerged as one of the key hallmarks aging process and is linked to the development of numerous age-related pathologies including metabolic syndrome, neurodegenerative disorders, cardiovascular diseases and cancer.

Chronic (long-term), hereditary, and frequently inherited ailments known as mitochondrial illnesses take place when mitochondria are unable to create enough energy for the body to function normally. When a condition is inherited, it indicates that parents have passed it on to their offspring. In addition to developing at any age, mitochondrial illnesses can be present at birth.

Affected organs by mitochondrial illnesses include the brain, nerves, muscles, kidneys, heart, liver, eyes, ears, and pancreas. They can also affect the cells of the kidneys. When the mitochondria don't perform as well as they should as a result of another illness or condition, mitochondrial dysfunction arises.

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Scientists have found that certain genes become turned on or off as a result of exercise mainly through a process called methylation.

The methylation cycle is a type of cycle that helps us to do function of both physically and mentally. Many different functions in the body use this methylation process such as nervous, cardiovascular and immune system activity, energy production, heavy-metal detoxification and hormone balance. There are certain genes which become turned on or off when we do exercise, this process is known as methylation.

So we can conclude that Scientists have found that certain genes become turned on or off as a result of exercise mainly through a process called methylation.

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Answer:

Thalamus

Explanation:

The ability of cardiac muscle cells to contract spontaneously without a stimulus form a nerve source is called Automaticity. It is a ability to contract without direct stimulation by nervous system.

Cardiac muscle cells has special characteristic which called automaticity , allows cardiac muscle cell to contract spontaneously without a stimulus form a nerve source. Property of cardiac cells to generating spontaneous action potentials.

Automaticity is to do things without occupying the mind with the low level details required to become an automatic response habit. Learning , repetition and practice is the resultant. It is fundamental physiological function in organisms to initiated by specialized populations of cardiac cells.

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The chambers in the upper part of the heart , which receive blood from the rest of the body , is called Atria.

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Hyperventilation can result in too little carbon dioxide in the blood and is denoted as option D.

This is the process which involves an individual breathing quickly thereby resulting in more exhalation than inhalation.

This leads to the presence of too little carbon dioxide in the blood and results in respiratory alkalosis.

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Would Result in a MORE Dilute Urine.

In both humans and several other animals, urine is a liquid waste product of metabolism. Urinary bladder is reached by kidney urine traveling through ureters. Through the urethra, the body excretes urine as a result of urination.

Numerous nitrogen-rich waste products produced by cellular metabolism, such as urea, uric acid, and creatinine, must be removed from the bloodstream. Urination, which is the body's major mechanism for excreting water-soluble substances, causes these by-products to be evacuated from the body. Nitrogenous wastes from the mammalian body can be found by performing a urinalysis.

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Answer:

animal tissues are made up of animal cell that have been gathered together

Animal tissues may be divided into four categories: epithelium (which lines cavities and covers organs), connective (which makes ligaments and tendons), nervous (which is formed of neurons and transmits electricity), and muscular (which produces smooth and striated muscles).

In a biological sense, the tissue is simply described as an ensemble cast of comparable cells from the same origins that work together to perform a single function. Animal tissues are made up of a collection of cells. The origin, purpose, and structure of these tissues differ. The epithelial, connective, muscular, and nerve tissues are the four major tissues found in an animal's body. Let's take a quick look at each kind of animal tissue.

Epithelial tissue

All internal and exterior organ surfaces are protected by epithelial tissue. A collection of tissues often referred to as epithelium lines every layer and organ in the body. This animal tissue is very permeable because it is crucial for the movement of chemicals between cells and supports osmoregulation. The epithelium is classified into two types: simple epithelium and complex epithelium, depending on how many layers there are. The primary roles of epithelial tissue are absorption, sensing, secretion, and protection. They serve as a barrier to prevent harm and the entry of diseases like viruses, bacteria, etc. Some epithelial cells also absorb nutrients, release chemicals like digestive juices, and stop the body from losing water.

Connective tissue

As its name implies, connective tissue serves to link or divide other bodily tissues or organs. Fibrous connective tissue, which essentially binds bones together, is strong and may be found in places like ligaments. Given that they comprise blood, adipose tissue, bone, and cartilage, connective tissues are really the most prevalent tissues in complex animals. Collagen and elastin are structural proteins that are secreted by all connective tissues, with the exception of blood. Loose connective tissue, dense connective tissue, and specialized connective tissue are some of the several forms of connective tissues.

Muscular tissue

The three categories of this animal tissue are cardiac, smooth, and skeletal. The contraction of skeletal components creates the voluntary kind known as skeletal. Involuntary smooth tissue can be seen in the blood vessel and internal organ walls. The final kind, cardiac muscle, is only present in the heart's walls and is involuntary in nature. It so happens that the body's reactions to shifting situations are under the direction of the neural or nervous tissues. The building blocks of the nervous system are neurons, or excitable cells. It is made up of specialized cells that take in inputs and carry impulses to and from various bodily areas. Processing and information transport are among its capabilities.

Contests between members of the same species or even the same group are referred to as secondary succession

Secondary inheritance occurs when a climax or inter-community failure is affected. This will restart the inheritance cycle, but it will not return to the square. The soil and nutrients are still there.

Primary transitions occur in unprecedented environments or sparse habitats. Secondary inheritance occurs in previously inhabited but disturbed areas such as wildfires. The newly created volcanic island is made up of unprecedented, soilless rocks.

A typical example of secondary inheritance occurs in oak and hickory forests logged by wildfires. Wildfires burn most vegetation and kill animals that cannot escape the area. But those nutrients are returned to the soil in the form of As

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