true/false. an electron remains in an excited state of an atom for typically 10−8s.

The total number of electron domains in molecules having trigonal pyramidal molecular geometry is four (4). It contains three bonding and one nonbonding pair.

Ammonia has an sp3 hybridization and stable binary hydride. And it has an electron geometry of tetrahedral. Its bond angle is 107 degrees.

If all are bonded pairs then the geometry is tetrahedral but if there is one lone pair of electrons & 3 bond pairs then the geometry is trigonal pyramidal.

The ammonia molecule has 3 hydrogen atoms and an unshared pair of electrons connected to the nitrogen atom that's why its shape is trigonal pyramidal.

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Answer:

They are not arranged in a particular way.They have negligible intermolecular force of attraction and having more spaces between the particles.

Answer:

particles in liquids have greater kinetic energy than particles in solids

Answer:

The triple beam balance

Answer: Structure and applications of poly(vinyl alcohol) hydrogels produced by repeated cycles of freezing and thawing.

Explanation:

Poly(vinyl alcohol) (PVA) is a polymer of great interest because of its many desirable characteristics specifically for various pharmaceutical and biomedical applications. The crystalline nature of PVA has been of specific interest particularly for physically cross-linked hydrogels prepared by repeated cycles of freezing and thawing. This review includes details on the structure and properties of PVA, the synthesis of its hydrogels, the crystallization of PVA, as well as its applications. An analysis of previous work in the development of freezing and thawing processes is presented focusing on the implications of such materials for a variety of applications. PVA blends that have been developed with enhanced properties for specific applications will also be discussed briefly. Finally, the future directions involving the further development of freeze/thawed PVA hydrogels are addressed.

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Answer:

6.5  x  (  6.02x 10^23)=  3.913  x10^24

Explanation:

6.5  x  (  6.02x 10^23)=  3.913  x10^24

The initial concentration in the reaction mixture will contain [A] = 0.1 M and [B] = 1.0 M

Below is the reaction

A(g) → B(g)

And the equilibium constant will be explained in terms of [A] and [B]:

Keq = 10 = [B]/[A]

If the first conditions are that [A] = 1.1 M and [B] = 0.0 M, the conditions at equilibrium is:

[A] = 1.1M - x

[B] = 0.0M + x

Now we rewrite Keq:

Keq = 10 = [0.0 +x] / [1.1 -x]

at the end we got it  for x:

10 = [0.0 +x] / [1.1 -x]

10 * (1.1-x) = x

11 - 10x = x

11 = 11x

x = 1

equilibrium, the concentrations are:

[A] = 1.1 M - 1 = 0.1 M

[B] = 0.0 M + 1 = 1.0 M

Thus, the concentration of A is 0.1 M and the concentration of B is 1M.

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Nucleophilic acyl substitution reaction is the mechanism for the formation of triphenylmethanol from the reaction of phenylmagnesium bromide and diethyl carbonate.

Phenyl magnesium bromide substitutes one ethoxide ion in the nucleophilic acyl substitution reaction that drives the process forward. A subsequent equivalent of phenyl magnesium bromide produces triphenyl methanol through a nucleophilic addition reaction with the resultant keto group.

There are two ethoxy leaving groups in diethyl carbonate. Tertiary alcohol is created when diethyl carbonate combines with too much Grignard reagent. The Grignard reagent attacks the carbonyl carbon three times in the mechanism to produce the tertiary alcohol.

Therefore, Nucleophilic acyl substitution reaction is the mechanism for the formation of triphenylmethanol from the reaction of phenylmagnesium bromide and diethyl carbonate.

Refer to the image below for a better understanding of the mechanism;

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The component of delegation which speaks to the ability to perform a specific task is: Authority.

The division of work and assignment of decision-making authority to a person who answers to a leader or management is referred to as delegation of authority.

It is an organizational technique in which a management assigns each employee a portion of their own workload.

While the superior may transfer power to followers, responsibility is taken, or it is built into the duty that was given to the subordinate.

While responsibility calls for the capacity for compliance or obedience, the capacity to obey directions, authority requires the capacity to issue orders and instructions hence - responsibility.

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Radioactive waste from fusion reactions becomes less hazardous much sooner than waste from fission reactions, nuclear fusion is much safer than fission because it leaves no radioactive waste behind.

Both processes are natural, but they can also be carried out in a lab. While fusion involves the "crushing" of two atoms to form a single atom of a new element, fission involves the splitting of an atomic nucleus.

We can conclude from this information that radioactive waste from fusion reactions becomes less hazardous much sooner than waste from fission reactions, and nuclear fusion is much safer than fission because it produces no radioactive waste.

It takes a lot of energy to combine protons so that nuclear forces can overcome electrostatic repulsion. The energy released during the fission process is much greater than the energy released during other chemical reactions.

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Answer: The radioactive waste from fusion reactions becomes less hazardous much sooner than the waste from fission reactions.

Explanation:

Answer:

Option (2)

Explanation:

Since the amount of each sample is the same, we are looking for the metal with the greatest density, which is copper.

The value of ΔG° at this temperature is -18034.18 J/mol

Calculation,

Given information

formation constant (Kf)= 1.7 × [tex]10^{7}[/tex]

Universal gas constant (R) = 8.314 J/K• mol

Temperature = 25° C = 25 °C + 273 = 300 K

Formula used:

ΔG° = -RT㏑Kf

By putting the valur of R,T, Kf we get the value of ΔG°

ΔG° = - 8.314 J/K• mol×300K㏑ 1.7 × [tex]10^{7}[/tex]

ΔG° = -2494.2㏑ 1.7 × [tex]10^{7}[/tex] = -18034.18 J/mol

So, change in standard Gibbs's free energy is -18034.18 J/mol

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When 10.0 g of sodium react with 10 g of chlorine gas according to the equation, the mass of sodium chloride produced is 25.4 g.

The mass of sodium chloride produced in the given reaction is calculated as follows;

2Na + Cl2 = 2Nacl

In the reaction above;

2(23 gram of sodium) -------------------- 2(58.44 g of sodium chloride)

10 g of sodium -------------------------- ? mass of sodium chloride

46 g of Na ----------------------------116.88 g of NaCl

10 g of Na ---------------------------- ? NaCl

= (10 x 116.88)/46

= 25.4 g

Thus,  when 10.0 g of sodium react with 10 g of chlorine gas according to the equation, the mass of sodium chloride produced is 25.4 g.

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The experiment is not found here but temperatures of soil, sand, water, and air increase by raising the supply of kinetic energy.

Kinetic energy refers to motion (movement energy), whereas potential energy refers to stored energy, which is able to perform work.

The increase in temperature causes a rise in kinetic energy due to a higher movement of subatomic particles that form the elements above described (e.g., soil).

In conclusion, the experiment is not found here but temperatures of soil, sand, water, and air increase by raising the supply of kinetic energy.

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The osmotic pressure of a solution made from 12.5 g of CaCl2 in enough water to make 500 mL, if CaCl2 is 78.5% dissociated at 30oC is 167.087 atm

Osmotic pressure and osmosis are connected. Osmosis is the passage of a solvent through a semipermeable membrane into a solution. The pressure that halts the osmosis process is known as osmotic pressure. Osmotic pressure is a collective attribute of material because its value is determined by the solute's concentration rather than its chemical composition.

The formula used to calculate Osmotic Pressure is:-

π = M x R x T x i

Where;

π =osmotic pressure (in atm)

M=molar concentration (in mol/L)

  =(given mass/molar mass)/volume=(12.5g /111.0)/(500/1000)

  =0.224 mol/L

R=Universal gas constant (0.08206 L.atm/mol.K)

T=absolute temperature (in K) = 30.C + 273 = 303 K

i= van't Hoff factor of solute =3

using the formula and  substituting values;

π=0.224 x 0.08206 x 303 x 3

   = 167.087 atm

The osmotic pressure is 167.087 atm

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Valence bond theory stating that a bond between two atoms is the strongest when the nuclei of the atoms are touching each other is true.

This theory states that when two valence orbitals of two different atoms overlap on each other, the bond is usually strong.

The bond formed in this scenario is usually covalent which involves sharing of the valence electrons.

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They must also possess a fixed crystalline structure (spatial arrangement of atoms and ions).

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AnswerThe correct  (A).

Explanation:

The true statement about the redox reaction is In a redox reaction, an electron is lost by the oxidizing agent.

Answer:A

Explanation:i took the test

Answer: 2.25

Explanation: 1:1 mole ratio seen in equation.

Given the partial record of the experiment, the information that should be recorded in the last column of the table is B. Time is taken by the glass surface to dry.

These are forces of attraction between atoms, molecules, and ions when they are placed close to each other.

Intermolecular forces are electrostatic in nature, and this means that they arise from the interaction between positively and negatively charged species.

Hence, an intermolecular force acts between molecules and their examples are London dispersion forces, dipole-dipole interaction, ion-dipole interaction, and van der Waals forces.

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The complete question

An experiment was conducted to determine if the intermolecular forces in two liquids affect their boiling points. Each liquid was sprayed on a paper towel. Each paper towel was wiped across a glass table to moisten the surface. The table shows a partial record of the experiment.

Experimental Record

Liquid Intermolecular Forces ?

А relatively strong

B relatively weak

What information should be recorded in the last column of the table?

Time is taken by the liquids to start boiling

Time is taken by the glass surface to dry

The volume of liquid required to moisten the paper towels

Time taken by the paper towels to become completely moist

Water isn't being produced all around us because the hydrogen and oxygen are present in stable form.

Water molecule is produced when the unstable hydrogen reacts with unstable oxygen because they are very reactive. Due to their reactive nature, hydrogen and oxygen react with each other forming water molecule. So that's why we can say that water is not being produced around us due to stable form of hydrogen and oxygen.

So we can conclude that Water isn't being produced all around us because the hydrogen and oxygen are present in stable form.

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Answer:

D

Explanation:

Mendeleev periodic table predicted the properties of undiscovered element like the eka-aluminium.

According to the available literature, standard nanoparticle (NP) production processes make it especially challenging to reach the catalytically important and highly complicated intermetallic -brass crystal structure.

We present a straightforward and logical method for obtaining this phase in M-Zn (M = Pd, Cu, Ni) systems as silica-supported single-phase nanocrystals. This hybrid technique begins with the synthesis of supported M/SiO2 using typical methods (dry impregnation and strong electrostatic adsorption), followed by several hours of heating to high temperatures in the presence of a stoichiometric quantity of metallic Zn in an evacuated closed system.

Pd-Zn is by far the most common in catalytic applications and produces the smallest particle size (8 nm). We investigated the effect of various synthesis parameters on phase purity and particle size distribution in the case of synthesized -brass Pd-Zn/SiO2 supported catalysts and provided general guidelines for synthesis optimization.

Pd/SiO2 is transformed to -brass Pd-Zn/SiO2, resulting in a precipitous drop in CO adsorption and a 25 kJ/mol increase in the ethylene hydrogenation barrier, indicating that the catalytic active sites are significantly modified as a result of alloying. We anticipate that these catalysts will find use in a variety of Pd-catalyzed chemistries.

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Answer:

D.) The attraction between the delocalized electrons and the metal's cations

Explanation:

Metallic bonds form between free-floating valence electrons (delocalized electrons) and positively charged metal ions (cations). The negative charge from the electrons and the positive charge from the ions are what form the attraction.

Yes. Unsaturated hydrocarbon are more reactive than saturated hydrocarbons because it contains double bonds which can break and compounds can react with hydrogen.

Due to the double and triple bonds between carbon atoms in unsaturated hydrocarbons, which are weaker than the single bonds in saturated hydrocarbons due to the presence of weaker pi bonds, these unsaturated hydrocarbons are more reactive than single bonded carbon compounds and react more quickly when used in reactions.

For example, unsaturated hydrocarbons are used to make paint, lubricants, and insecticides, among other industrial products. They are utilised in numerous chemical reactions because they are reactive.

Therefore, Unsaturated hydrocarbon are more reactive than saturated hydrocarbons.

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The total number of moles of solute particles present in 1L (exact) of aqueous 0.057 m hno3 is 0.166 mol

Initial moles of HNO3 = 1Lx 0.083 mol HNO3/1 L

The HNO3 is a strong acid that can be completely dissociated in the following way.

HNO3→H  +  NO

1 mol   1 mol 1 mol

The HNO3 is dissociated into two particles (Kt and NO3). So that,

total moles particles = 0.083 mol (K) + 0.083 mol (NO) = 0.166 mol

The number of moles of solute = mass of solute ÷ molar mass of solute, where mass is measured in grams and molar mass (defined as the mass of one mole of a substance in grams) is measured in g/mol.

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The net ionic equation is:

2Ag⁺(aq) + 2Cl⁻(aq) → 2AgCl(s)

The given equation is:

2AgNO₃ (aq) + CaCl₂ (aq) → 2AgCl(s) + Ca(NO₃)₂ (aq)

A double displacement reaction occurs when silver nitrate and calcium chloride are combined. Silver chloride precipitate and a calcium nitrate solution are the results of the reaction.

Break down all the soluble electrolytes, that are present in an aqueous form, into their respective ions:

2Ag⁺(aq) + 2NO³⁻(aq) + Ca²⁺(aq) + 2Cl⁻(aq) → 2AgCl(s) + Ca²⁺(aq)+ 2NO³⁻(aq)

Now remove all the spectator ions present in the equation. The spectator ions should be removed after comparing the reactant and product sides of the revised reaction. These dissolved ions are known as spectator ions if they exhibit the same form on both sides. No reaction occurs if everyone is a spectator ion.

Now write the net ionic equation:

2Ag⁺(aq) + 2Cl⁻(aq) → 2AgCl(s)

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The equilibrium would shift in the direction of the products

Equilibrium in chemistry is the state that exists when a chemical reaction and its opposite reaction happen at the same rates. This word's Latin origins may be traced to the prefix aequi-, which means equal, and lbra, which means scale or balance.

[tex]{\displaystyle {\begin{aligned}{\text{forward reaction rate}}&=k_{+}{\ce {A}}^{\alpha }{\ce {B}}^{\beta }\\{\text{backward reaction rate}}&=k_{-}{\ce {S}}^{\sigma }{\ce {T}}^{\tau }\end{aligned}}}[/tex]

where A, B, S and T are active masses and k+ and k− are rate constants. Since at equilibrium forward and backward rates are equal:

[tex]{\displaystyle k_{+}\left\{{\ce {A}}\right\}^{\alpha }\left\{{\ce {B}}\right\}^{\beta }=k_{-}\left\{{\ce {S}}\right\}^{\sigma }\left\{{\ce {T}}\right\}^{\tau }}{\displaystyle k_{+}\left\{{\ce {A}}\right\}^{\alpha }\left\{{\ce {B}}\right\}^{\beta }=k_{-}\left\{{\ce {S}}\right\}^{\sigma }\left\{{\ce {T}}\right\}^{\tau }}[/tex]

and the ratio of the rate constants is also a constant, now known as an equilibrium constant.

[tex]{\displaystyle K_{c}={\frac {k_{+}}{k_{-}}}={\frac {\{{\ce {S}}\}^{\sigma }\{{\ce {T}}\}^{\tau }}{\{{\ce {A}}\}^{\alpha }\{{\ce {B}}\}^{\beta }}}}{\displaystyle K_{c}={\frac {k_{+}}{k_{-}}}={\frac {\{{\ce {S}}\}^{\sigma }\{{\ce {T}}\}^{\tau }}{\{{\ce {A}}\}^{\alpha }\{{\ce {B}}\}^{\beta }}}}\\[/tex]

H₂ + I₂→ 2HI

Rate constants - The proportionality constant in the equation that defines the link between the rate of a chemical reaction and the concentrations of the reacting chemicals is known as the rate constant, also known as the specific rate constant.

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Control rods is regarded as a substance which can control nuclear reaction and is denoted as option A.

This is a type of reaction which involves the nuclei of an atom being split or joined together and is usually accompanied with a great amount of energy emitted in the form of heat.

The two types of nuclear reaction include:

Nuclear fusion involves the collision of two or more nuclei in other form a new atom while nuclear fission involves splitting the atoms to form other products and involves a very high amount of energy and exposure to organisms should be prevented as the radiations can alter DNA.

Control rods are commonly used in nuclear reactors and control the rate of  fission in the fuel used. This is therefore the reason why it was chosen as the most appropriate choice.

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As a reaction proceeds, the value of Q decreases steadily until it reaches.

The equilibrium constant of a chemical reaction usually denoted by the symbol K that express the relationship between the amount of reactants and products when a chemical reaction reaches equilibrium.

It is expressed as:

[tex]K_{C} = \frac{[C]^{c} \times [D]^{d} \times ...}{[A]^{a} \times [B]^{b} \times ...}[/tex]

where,

K = Equilibrium constant

A, B = Products

C, D = Reactants

[A] = equilibrium concentration of A in moles

a = number of moles of A

The measurement of relative amount of reactants and products which are present in a reaction at a particular point in time.

Q < K

Q ∝ [tex]\frac{\text{Products}}{\text{Reactants}}[/tex]

Thus from the above conclusion we can say that As a reaction proceeds, the value of Q decreases steadily until it reaches.

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