δH° can be calculated by considering the bond dissociation energies of the reactants and products in a reaction. Depending on the energy released or absorbed during the reaction, δH° can be positive or negative. (for more detail scroll down)
Bond dissociation energies are the amount of energy required to break a bond between two atoms in a molecule. When a chemical reaction occurs, bonds are broken and formed, and energy is either released or absorbed. The change in enthalpy (ΔH) is a measure of the energy released or absorbed during a reaction.
To calculate δH° for a reaction, we need to use the bond dissociation energies for the bonds broken and formed.
a) If the reaction requires energy to break bonds (endothermic), then δH° will be positive. In this case, we can calculate δH° by subtracting the bond dissociation energies of the reactants from the bond dissociation energies of the products. If the sum is positive, then δH° is also positive.
b) If the reaction releases energy (exothermic), then δH° will be negative. In this case, we can calculate δH° by subtracting the bond dissociation energies of the products from the bond dissociation energies of the reactants. If the sum is negative, then δH° is also negative.
c) If the bond dissociation energies of the reactants are greater than the bond dissociation energies of the products, then the reaction will release energy. Therefore, δH° will be negative.
d) If the bond dissociation energies of the products are greater than the bond dissociation energies of the reactants, then the reaction will require energy. Therefore, δH° will be positive.
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How the model of the atom changed as new evidence was discovered?
The atom's model evolved from a tiny solid ball to an atomic nucleus surrounded by electrons in orbit.
Why have the theories of the atom always changed?Since they were first published in 1803, atomic theories have evolved. Many scientists are curious about the model of the atom. The more discoveries the experts make about the atom, the more we learn that the theory of the atom changes toward perfection.How has the model of the atom changed with new evidence?
John Dalton in 1803 discovered:
All objects are made of atoms. Atoms can’t be divided. Atoms can be drawn as tiny solid balls. In terms of mass and properties, all atoms in a particular element are the same. Compounds are atoms that have been mixed from two or more different types. A chemical reaction is an atomic restructuring.JJ Thompson, in 1904, discovered:
The electrons. Atoms can be deconstructed into smaller pieces. An atom consists of tiny electrons with negative charges strewn about a positive charge sphere in the shape of a plum pudding, hence the name "the plum pudding model."Rutherford discovered in 1911 that :
Each atom has a positively charged nucleus that is orbited by electrons in its orbit. The movement of electrons around the nucleus is accompanied by the emission of energy. This causes the electron's energy to decrease over time, and its orbit will gradually approach the nucleus and fall into the nucleus.Niels Bohr then discovered in 1913 that:
An atom is composed of an atomic nucleus that contains protons and neutrons and is surrounded by electrons that rotate in orbits (a certain energy level). These orbits are known as atomic shells.
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List five reasons why knowledge of celestial motion was important to our ancestors.
[please answer as fast as possible]
The five reasons why knowledge of celestial motion was important to our ancestors are:
NavigationAgricultureTimekeepingReligionAstronomyThe knowledge of celestial motion was important to our ancestors for the following reasons:Navigation: They needed to Understand the motion of celestial bodies, such as the sun, moon, and stars, which allowed early humans to navigate at sea and on land.Agriculture: They needed the Knowledge of celestial motion was used to create calendars and predict seasonal changes, which was crucial for planting and harvesting crops.Timekeeping: They Observed the movement of celestial bodies which was used to create accurate timekeeping devices, such as sundials and water clocks.Religion: Most of the ancient cultures associated celestial bodies with gods and goddesses, and understanding their motion was important for religious ceremonies and predictions.Astronomy: By studying the motion of celestial bodies, ancient astronomers were able to gain a greater understanding of the universe, and develop theories about the nature of the cosmos.Learn more about celestial motion on
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What is the minimum water temperature when sanitizing utensils?
Answer: 171°F (77°C)
Explanation: Sanitizing for at least 30 seconds helps pH increases while chlorine becomes less effective as a sanitizer.
Data Table 1: Stoichiometry Values Initial: CaCl2 2H2O (g) 1.50 Initial: CaCl2 2H2O (mol) 0.00102 Initial: CaCl2 (mol) 1.132 Initial: Na2CO3 (mol) 0.00102 Initial: Na2CO3 (g) 0.108 Theoretical: CACO3 (g) 0.102069 Mass of Filter paper (g) 1.00 Mass of Filter 1.05 Paper CACO3 (g) + Actual: CACO3 (g) % Yield:
The actual yield is not specified in the data provided, so it is not possible to calculate the % yield.
The % yield for this reaction can be calculated by dividing the actual yield (mass of CACO3 on the filter paper) by the theoretical yield (calculated from the stoichiometry of the reaction) and multiplying by 100.
% yield = (Actual: CACO3 (g) / Theoretical: CACO3 (g)) x 100
Actual yield is the amount of product obtained in the experiment. In this case, the actual yield of calcium carbonate (CACO3) is the mass of CACO3 obtained on the filter paper.
To calculate the actual % yield, you need to know the mass of CACO3 obtained from the experiment.
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The density of silver (Ag) is 10.5 g/cm^3. What Would be the mass (in grams) of a piece of silver that occupies a volume of 23.6 cm^3
pKa of alkanes is the negative base-10 logarithm of the dissociation constant of alkanes. pKa of alkanes is the measure of its tendency to keep a proton, [H+][H+] at its ionization centre.
The pka of the alkanes is the negative of the base - 10 logarithm of the dissociation constant of the alkanes. The pka of the alkanes is the tendency to measure to keep the proton [H⁺] to its ionization Centre.
The pka value is the method that is used to indicate acidic strength of the substance. The pka of the alkanes is the negative log of the value. The methane that is CH₄ is the very weak acid , pka = 50. The hybridization of the carbon in the alkanes , is the s character percentage and the electronegativity , both are important to indicate the value of the pka in alkanes.
Thus, the pka value of the alkanes , is they have the larger value nearly about 50.
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1. The un rie over the horizon. Frame of reference:
2. A bu move pat people tanding on the idewalk. Frame of reference:
3. A paenger on a train ee a ball roll down the aile. Frame of reference:
4. Two expre ubway train traveling at the ame peed on parallel track whiz pat paenger waiting on the platform of a local tation. Frame of reference:
5. A paenger on one of the ubway train look out the window and ee another train tanding till. Frame of reference:
6. A peron tanding near a railroad track ee a train pa by, then notice an airplane fly overhead in the ame direction a the train, but at a much fater peed. Frame of reference:
7. A paenger in the airplane look down and ee the train moving backward. Frame of reference:
1. The sun rise over the horizon. Frame of reference: Background
2. A bus moves past people standing on the sidewalk. Frame of reference: Moving
3. A passenger on a train sees a ball roll down the aisle. Frame of reference: Object
4. Two express subway trains traveling at the same speed on parallel track whiz past passenger waiting on the platform of a local station. Frame of reference: Moving
5. A passenger on one of the subway train looks out the window and see another train standing still. Frame of reference: Stationary
6. A person standing near a railroad track sees a train pass by, then notice an airplane fly overhead in the same direction as the train, but at a much faster peed. Frame of reference: Compare
7. A passenger in the airplane look down and sees the train moving backward. Frame of reference: Object
A frame of reference is a collection of coordinates that may be used to calculate the locations and velocities of objects inside that frame; various frames of reference move relative to one another. When you observe a ball roll down a street, you can know it's moving also because frame of reference is the roadway, whatever's on the side of the road, or the Earth. These are all frames of reference. All motion data will be linked to a frame of reference.
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Please help, will give brainiest
QUESTION 1.
Element X on Planet Qatar has three known isotopes: X-121 with a relative abundance of 43.2%, X-123 with a relative abundance of 53.1%, and X-129 with a relative abundance of 3.70%. What is the average atomic mass in amu of Element X given this information?
QUESTION 2.
How did Rutherford's experiment change the way scientists had previously viewed atomic structure? How did this pave the way for subsequent changes up to and including the currently accepted quantum mechanical atomic model?
QUESTION 3.
How is percent abundance related to average atomic mass?
Answer 1
The average atomic mass in a.m.u of Element X given this information is 122.358.
Answer 2
Rutherford's experiment change the way scientists had previously viewed atomic structure as it provided insight into atomic structure.
Rutherford's experiment paved the way for subsequent changes up to and including the currently accepted quantum mechanical atomic model as his model of the atom, the structure of the nucleus became more well-defined following the discovery of protons (1919) and neutrons (1932) as the particle constituents of the nucleus.
Answer 3
The percent abundance is related to the number fraction as fi = Pi/100 and used as in the formula written above in order to find average mass
What is atomic structure?Atomic structure refers to the structure of an atom comprising a nucleus (centre) in which the protons (positively charged) and neutrons (neutral) are present.
The average atomic mass in a.m.u of Element X given this information is ((121 * 43.2) + (123 * 53.1) + (129 * 3.70)) / 100
=5227.2 + 6531.3 + 477.3
=12235.8 / 100
122.358
Rutherford's experiment change the way scientists had previously viewed atomic structure as it provided insight into atomic structure, and Rutherford's model of the atom was proposed as a small, positive, massive nucleus contains the very vast majority of the mass of the entire atom with negatively charged electrons surrounding it at relatively large distances.
Rutherford's experiment paved the way for subsequent changes up to and including the currently accepted quantum mechanical atomic model as his model of the atom, the structure of the nucleus became more well-defined following the discovery of protons in 1919 and neutrons in 1932 as the particle constituents of the nucleus.
It was during the 1920s that a "wave mechanical model" came along through the work of several physicists most importantly de Broglie, Heisenberg, and Schrodinger) and Bohr's concept of electrons "orbiting" the nucleus was abandoned in favor of "orbitals" which are more abstract probabilistic representations of electronic structure within an atom.
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Flavia found out that her best friend, Janine, had been having an affair with her husband. She decided to kill Dennis and frame Janine. What might she steal from her friend Janine’s house to stage the scene so that Janine looked guilty? Janine’s car keys Janine’s hairbrush Janine’s daily planner Janine’s running shoes
The item that Flavia may steal from Janine is the hair brush. Option B.
What may be stolen?In this case, we can see that there is a case of murder that is to be investigated an Flavia is quite bent on putting the murder on the head of her friend Janine.
The only way that she can be able to do that is to stage a scene that would look as if Janine had really been at the scene of the murder and there would be no way to deny because the DNA that is obtained from the hair samples on the hair brush would confirm same.
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liquid co2 is not stable so we usually never see it. True or false
Classify each compound by reactivity (acid, base, acidic oxide, basic oxide, acid salt, salt)
HNO3, OF2, Ca(OH)2, CO2, BaO, Na2O, NaHSO4, CaSO4, K2SO4
Acids are HNO3 base are BaO acidic oxide are OF2 CO2 basic oxide are Ca(OH)2 acidic oxide are Na2O and Salts are CaSO4 and Na2 SO4.
Acids and bases are important substances in health, industry, and the environment. One of the most common characteristics of acids is their sour taste. Lemons and grapefruits taste sour because they contain acids such as citric and ascorbic acid (vitamin C). Vinegar tastes sour because it contains acetic acid. We produce lactic acid in our muscles when we exer- cise.
Acid from bacteria turns milk sour in the production of yogurt and cottage cheese. We have hydrochloric acid in our stomachs that helps us digest food. Sometimes we take antacids, which are bases such as sodium bicarbonate or milk of magnesia, to neutralize the effects of too much stomach acid.
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There are two isotopes of bromine: 79Br with a 50.7% abundance and a mass of 78.92AMU, and Br
with a 49.3% abundance and mass of 80.92AMU. What is its average atomic mass?
Answer: the atomic mass is 70.9
Explanation:
When you weigh ammonia, what fraction of it is hydrogen?
17.65 would be your answer
a. A sample consisting of 1-bromopropane and 1-chloropropane is injected into a gas chromatograph equipped with a nonpolar column. Which compound has the shorter retention time? Explain your answer.
b. If the same sample were run several days later with the conditions as nearly the same as possible, would you expect the retention times to be identical to those obtained the first time? Explain.
A. The compound with the shorter retention time in a gas chromatograph equipped with a nonpolar column would be 1-chloropropane.
The retention time in gas chromatography is determined by the strength of the interactions between the sample molecules and the stationary phase (in this case, a nonpolar column). Nonpolar compounds tend to have stronger interactions with nonpolar stationary phases than polar compounds do.
1-chloropropane is a more nonpolar compound than 1-bromopropane, which has a polar bromine atom. Therefore, 1-chloropropane will have stronger interactions with the nonpolar stationary phase, resulting in a shorter retention time.
It's also worth noting that the retention time for each compound will depend on the specific conditions of the experiment, such as the column temperature and the flow rate of the carrier gas.
B. It is unlikely that the retention times for the same sample run on a gas chromatograph several days later would be identical to those obtained the first time. There are several reasons why the retention times may not be identical:
Column aging: The stationary phase of the column can degrade over time, leading to changes in the interactions between the sample molecules and the column. This can result in changes in the retention times.
Temperature variations: Small differences in the column temperature between the two runs could result in changes in the retention times, as temperature affects the strength of the interactions between the sample molecules and the stationary phase.
Injection variations: The sample injection process is not always perfectly reproducible, which could lead to variations in the retention times.
Contamination: The column and injection port can be contaminated over time with the sample or other compounds, leading to changes in the retention times.
Overall, while the retention times are expected to be similar, small variations due to these factors should be expected.
Sodium chloride (nacl) is the chemical name for table salt and potassium chloride (kcl) is a common salt substitute. Using the periodic table, choose the correct statement about how these compounds form.
Sodium and potassium lose electrons and chlorine gains them.
What is electrons?Electron, lightest stable subatomic particle known. It carries a negative charge of 1.602176634 × 10−19 coulomb, which is considered the basic unit of electric charge. The rest mass of the electron is 9.1093837015 × 10−31 kg, which is only 1/1,836the mass of a proton. An electron is therefore considered nearly massless in comparison with a proton or a neutron, and the electron mass is not included in calculating the mass number of an atom.\The electron was discovered in 1897 by the English physicist J.J. Thomson during investigations of cathode rays. His discovery of electrons, which he initially called corpuscles, played a pivotal role in revolutionizing knowledge of atomic structure. Under ordinary conditions electrons are bound to the positively charged nuclei of atoms by the attraction between opposite electric charges. In a neutral atom the number of electrons is identical to the number of positive charges on the nucleus.To learn more about nucleus refer to:
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Sep Obtain Information What are the Limitation to Making Progre with Engineering Better Batterie ? What progre have Battery Engineer Made?
Better batteries deals with Rechargeable lithium batteries are in the research phases where commercial usage of some of the new types of batteries is not possible so far.
These batteries have the potential to power portable electronics of today's time. It can store more energy in any given volume and leads to longer battery life. By changing the electrolyte composition it has made it safe for long term use. However these changes are not able to reflect on commercial scale.
Currently battery engineers are looking at improving use of these batteries in smart grid and electrical transports. For instance, researchers find that the energy density of lithium-sulfur (Li-S) batteries is five times higher in comparison to Li-ion batteries. Even they are most cost effective. But there is a major challenge of dropping voltage rapidly with use.
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An aqueous base ionization reaction always generates Select the correct answer below:
O hydroxide.
O hydronium.
O water.
O none of the above.
An aqueous base ionization reaction always generates hydroxide ions. The bases when dissolves in the water it will produces the hydroxide ions.
The bases are the substances that when dissolves in the water it will produces the hydroxide ions. The hydroxide ion is the OH⁻ ion. The acids are the substance which when dissolves in the water it will produces the hydroxide ions in the water. The example of the base ionization is given as below :
A + H₂O ⇄ OH⁻ HA⁺
The bases are the substance which can neutralize the acid by the reaction with the hydrogen.
Thus , an aqueous base ionization will produce the hydroxide ions always.
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Element X has 30 protons and is known to exist as 3 isotopes. One isotope is 56.5% abundance and has 38 neutrons. Another isotope is 23.4% and has 39 neutrons. The other isotope is 20.1% and contains 40 neutrons. What is the average atomic mass?
i’ll give brainliest
Considering the definition of atomic mass, isotopes and atomic mass of an element, the average atomic mass of the element is 68.636.
Definition of atomic massThe atomic mass of an atom is equal to the sum total of protons and neutrons in the nucleus.
Definition of isotopeIsotopes are atoms whose atomic nuclei have the same number of protons but a different number of neutrons. This is, the atomic numbers are the same, but the number of neutrons is different.
Definition of atomic massThe atomic masses of chemical elements are usually calculated as the weighted average of the masses of the different isotopes of each element, taking into account the relative abundance of each of them.
Atomic mass of the element in this caseIn this case, you know:
Element X has 30 protons.One isotope is 56.5% abundance and has 38 neutrons. Then, the atomic mass is 30 + 38= 68.Another isotope is 23.4% and has 39 neutrons. Then, the atomic mass is 30 + 39= 69.The other isotope is 20.1% and contains 40 neutrons. Then, the atomic mass is 30 + 40= 70.The average mass of the element is calculated as:
average mass= 68 ×0.565 + 69 ×0.234 + 70 ×0.201
average mass= 68.636
Finally, the atomic mass of the element is 68.636.
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How many grams are in 0.02 moles of beryllium iodide, BeI2
Plsss help
Answer: 2.9 grams I belive.
Explanation:
According to the theory of plate tectonics, the movement of plates cane form mountain ranges and valleys. Within the next 100 million years the Great Rift Valley in Africa will most likely become a ?
According to the theory of plate tectonics, the movement of plates can form mountain ranges and valleys. Within the next 100 million years, the Great Rift Valley in Africa will most likely become option d: wider and deeper valley.
What is plate tectonics?The Great Rift Valley is a large geological formation that runs through several countries in East Africa, including Kenya, Tanzania, and Ethiopia. It is a result of the separation of the African Plate and the Arabian Plate, which is still ongoing and causing the valley to widen and deepen.
The valley is also being filled with sediment, which will further deepen it over time. While mountain ranges can form as a result of plate tectonics, it is unlikely that the Great Rift Valley will become a folded mountain range in the next 100 million years.
Therefore, it is more likely that the valley will continue to widen and deepen, and the surrounding areas will become more arid due to climate change.
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See full question below
According to the theory of plate tectonics, the movement of plates can form mountain ranges and valleys. Within the next 100 million years, the Great Rift Valley in Africa will most likely become a
folded mountain range
flat eroded plain
desert covered with lava
wider and deeper valley
Can anyone help me with this question please?!
Answer: electrons
Explanation:
electrons are attracted to the nucleus by the charge of the protons. To get past this force, one would need to add energy. Ionization energy increases to the right and up (according to the periodic table trends) because there are more protons as you move across a period, making it harder to take an electron.
Sam was given the following equation to balance: H₂O → H₂ + O₂. She balanced it as follows: 2HO → H₂ + O₂. What did she do wrong? What is the correct way to balance the equation?
Answer:
2H2O = 2H2 + O2.Explanation:
2H2O = H2 + O2
this ain't balanced because the value of hydrogen are not the same.
Draw The Skeletal Structure Of D-Alanine.
In the skeletal structure of an organic compound, it is assumed that there is an atom at the end of any two lines, and at the junction of any two lines is a Carbon atom. This type of structure omits all atoms is Hydrogen atoms except those directly bonded to a hetero atom.
The skeletal structure or line formula or shorthand formula for the organic compound is a type of molecular structural formula in which a line represents the position of carbon and hydrogen atoms. the position of carbon atoms in skeletal is indicated by the ends and intersection of lines and hydrogen atoms inferred from the no. of bonds shown to each other. ( carbon atom must have four bonds).
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What is the molar mass, in gmol-¹, of a compound if 0.200mol of the compound has a mass
of 13.2g?
A. 66.0
B. 66
C. 26.4
D. 26
Answer:
66g/mol
Explanation:
mole = 0.200mol
given mass = 13.2g
molar mass = ?
[tex]mole = \frac{ \\ given \: mass}{molar \: mass} [/tex]
make molar mass the subject of formula
[tex]mole \: \times molar \: mass = given \: mass[/tex]
[tex]molar \: mass = \frac{ \\ given \: mass}{mole} [/tex]
[tex]molar \: mass = \frac{ \\ 13.2g}{0.200mol} [/tex]
[tex] = { 66gmol}^{ - 1} [/tex]
D. A sample of aluminum metal weighs 56.79 grams.
a) How many moles does this contain?
b) How many atoms are there in this sample?
Be sure to show ALL of your work below.
Molar mass of Al:
In order to do this, we shall divide the provided mass by the aluminum atomic mass. Consequently, there are 2 moles in 54 g of aluminum.
How many moles of aluminum are present in the sample?Use the atomic mass of aluminum (26.982 g/mol) to convert between grams and moles. The answer is (1g Al) / 26.982 g/mol Al) = 0.03706 moles Al, assuming the sample is 100% Al. Nov 13, 2022
How is aluminum made from metals?Aluminum sulphates are the most prevalent type of aluminum in nature. These minerals are a combination of two sulphuric acids, one based on an alkaline metal (lithium, sodium, potassium, rubidium, or caesium), and the other based on a metal from the third group of the periodic table, mainly aluminum.
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Is it safe for the electrician to carry out electrical repair outdoors during heavy downpour?
Answer:
No
Explanation:
it's not safe because rain water consists of dissolved salts and it can conduct electricity hence the electrician might get shock.
Draw a structure for o-aminobenzoic acid.
The chemical formula for the o-aminobenzoic acid is C7H7NO2
Anthranilic acid is an aminobenzoic acid, a benzoic acid with a single amino substituent at the 2-position. In industrial settings, benzoic acid is most commonly used in the manufacture of a wide range of products such as perfumes, dyes, topical drugs, and insect repellents. Salts of benzoic acid (sodium benzoate) are used as pH regulators and It is widely used as a preservative to stop microbial development and keep food healthy. The moleculer structure consists of a benzene ring ortho-substituted with carboxylic acids and amines. Compounds are amphoteric because they contain both acidic and basic functional groups
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the elements and compounds present before a chemical reaction are called the ___________.
Answer:
The reactants
Explanation:
Condensed Formula
Butane Chain With Methyl Groups On Adjacent Carbons
Formula: CH3CH(CH3)CH2CH3 Acetyl Groups atop Adjacent Carbons in the Butane Chain
How so many chains can butane have?The chemical formula for butane, an alkane containing four carbon atoms, is C4H10. It has two isomers: n-butane and isobutane. Here, n-butane is just a straight-chain molecule with four atoms of carbon connected by a single covalent bond.
What is butane's parent chain?Butane serves as the parent chain, showing that the LCC contains four carbon atoms. The groups will then be added in the appropriate positions. As far as you are consistent, you can name the parent chain in any direction; however, you shouldn't switch first before structure is complete.
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The correct question is
Question: Condensed Formula Butane Chain With Methyl Groups On Adjacent Carbons Bond-Line Formula Draw Structure
An aldehyde forms a carboxylic acid by
A. neutralization
B reduction
C hydrogenation
D hydrolysis
E oxidation
By oxidation—which is the loss of electrons—an aldehyde becomes a carboxylic acid (OIL RIG). In order to do this, an oxidizing agent steals electrons from the other substance.
What occurs during oxidation?Oxidation is the reaction of oxygen with a substance or element. The removal of hydrogen of reactant species is another definition of oxidation. Oxidation happens when an ion, molecule, or molecule loses an electron.
What is oxidation or an illustration?Summary. When an element reacts with oxygen, the process was originally referred to as oxidation. For instance, magnesium is oxidized when magnesium metal + oxygen react chemically to generate magnesium oxide.
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