Was Pons and Fleischmann’s work an example of “good” science? Using the evidence from above, explain your answer, citing the text.

Photochemical smog is produced. Nitrogen oxides (NOx) and volatile organic compounds (VOCs) from vehicle exhaust combine with sunlight to create photochemical smog.

When sunlight interacts with nitrogen oxides and at least one volatile organic compound (VOC) in the atmosphere, photochemical smog is created. Automobile exhaust, coal-fired power plants, and industrial pollutants all produce nitrogen oxides.

When nitrogen oxides and volatile organic compounds (VOCs) combine with sunlight, a mixture of pollutants called photochemical smog is produced, which explains why there is a brown cloud above cities. Due to the fact that we receive the most sunshine in the summer, it tends to happen more frequently.

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Gravity affect the movement of the planets around the sun, stars grouped in galaxies, and galaxies grouped in clusters by applying force.

Gravitational force is indeed a non-contact, constantly attracting force. This implies it may act at a distance that does not require the interacting items to be in contact with each other. When we examine gravity operating on a system, we can assume that the gravitational force acts immediately on the system's center of mass.

Gravity keeps things together. It is a force that attracts matter towards it. Anything with mass creates gravity, but the amount of gravity is proportional to the amount of mass. Therefore, Jupiter has a stronger gravitational pull than Mercury. Distance also affects the strength of the gravitational force.

Therefore, gravity affect the movement of the planets around the sun by applying force.

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When a solid conducting sphere (or a disk in two dimensions) is charged positively, the positive charges are free to move within the sphere and distribute themselves evenly throughout the surface. This results in a uniform positive charge density on the surface of the sphere

conducting sphere will have the complete charge on its outside surface and the electric field intensity inside the conducting sphere will be zero. For a spherical charged Shell the entire charge will reside on outer surface and again there will be no field anywhere inside it.

charge is the physical property of matter that causes it to experience a force when placed in an electromagnetic field. Positive and negative electric charges are the two types of charges commonly carried by charge carriers, protons and electrons. Energy is created by the movement of charges.

Examples of the types of charges are subatomic particles or the particles of matter: Protons are positively charged. Electrons are negatively charged. Neutrons have zero charge

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The position -time relation from the graph is given x = - 4t + 2t². Then , at t = 2.8 s, x have the value of 4.48 m. Therefore, the velocity being 1.6 m/s.

Velocity of an object is the measure of distance travelled per unit time. It is a vector quantity having both magnitude and direction. The magnitude of velocity is called speed of the object.

The instantaneous velocity of an object is its velocity at a particular instant of time.

Given the position- time relation of an object.

x = - 4t + 2t²

then at t = 2.8 s

x = 4 × 2.8 s + 2 ×(2.8 s)² = 4.48 m.

Then,

velocity = distance travelled / time

v = 4.48 m/2.8 s = 1.6 m/s.

Therefore, the instantaneous velocity of the particle is 1.6 m/s at t = 2.8 s.

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The heaviest box that can be pushed up the ramp at constant speed is the same as the weight of the box that can be pushed across the level floor at constant speed with the same force, since the force applied is the same in both cases.

This is because the force of gravity is the same for both boxes, and the force of friction is equal to the force applied in both cases, so the net force up the ramp is the same as the net force across the floor. Therefore, the heaviest weight box that can be pushed up the ramp at constant speed with the same force is w.

What is net force?

Net force is the total amount of force acting on an object. It is the combination of all the individual forces acting on an object. It is calculated by adding the individual forces together.

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A significant meteoroid collision caused the meteor crater to develop. The right response is option c.

A meteor is a streak of light in the sky that results from a meteoroid colliding with Earth's atmosphere. Meteoroids are rock or iron clusters that orbit the sun.

Meteor Crater, located close to Winslow, Arizona, is one of the most well-known craters on Earth. A 50-meter (164-foot), 150,000-ton meteorite fell into the desert roughly 50,000 years ago, instantaneously creating the crater. The diameter and depth of Meteor Crater are 1.2 km (0.75 miles) and 175 m (575 feet), respectively.

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--The complete question is, which of the following are possible explanations for the formation of the meteor crater?

a. volcanic explosion

b. a large pothole formed by swirling water action in an extremely large river

c. large meteoroid collision--

The correct statements for the focal point of a converging lens are:

A) A light ray entering parallel to the optical axis passes through the focal point on the other side of the lens.

C) A light ray passing through the focal point as it enters the lens goes through the focal point on the other side of the lens.

D) A light ray passing through the focal point as it enters the lens and exits the lens parallel to the optical axis.

A converging lens is a particular kind of lens that bends light in such a way that parallel light rays unite at a single focal point. Light bends towards the center of the lens because of its shape, which has a thicker center and a thinner edge. A distinct image is created at the focal point, which is where all of the refracted light converges. Common applications for this kind of lens include magnifying glasses, cameras, telescopes, and other optical equipment. Converging lenses—also known as convex lenses—may produce sharp, enlarged pictures because they can combine light. Converging lenses can be recognized by their form; they have a center that is rather thick.

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(a) Efficiency = (energy delivered to CD player) / (energy supplied by charger)

The energy delivered to the CD player is:

E_delivered = I_avg * V * t = (18.0 mA) * (1.60 V) * (2.40 h) = 0.062 mL

The energy supplied by the charger is:

E_supplied = I_charge * V_charge * t_charge = (13.5 mA) * (2.20 V) * (4.20 h) = 0.126 mL

where t_charge is the time the battery is charged.

Thus, the efficiency of the battery is:

Efficiency = E_delivered / E_supplied = 0.062 mL / 0.126 mL = 0.49 or 49%

(b) The internal energy produced in the battery during one charge-discharge cycle can be found by:

ΔU = E_supplied - E_delivered

ΔU = 0.126 mL - 0.062 mL = 0.064 mL

(c) The amount by which the temperature of the battery increases during the cycle can be found using the formula:

ΔT = ΔU / (m * c_eff)

where ΔT is the temperature increase, m is the mass of the battery, and c_eff is the effective specific heat of the battery.

ΔT = (0.064 mL) / (0.0150 kg * 975 J/kg·°C) = 4.26°C

Therefore, the temperature of the battery will increase by 4.26°C during one charge-discharge cycle if it is surrounded by ideal thermal insulation.

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A specific set of initial states that can be used for this purpose is the set of three Pauli matrices: |0⟩, |1⟩, |+⟩ = (|0⟩ + |1⟩)/√2, and |−⟩ = (|0⟩ − |1⟩)/√2.

By measuring the resulting polarization vectors for each of these four initial states, we can construct a set of four linear equations that can be used to solve for the unknowns completely.

We can then use these measurements:

[tex]P = ()P + č[/tex]

where P is a column vector containing the measured polarization vectors, () is the 3 x 3 real matrix representing the channel, and č is the constant vector. By measuring the resulting polarization vectors for each initial state, we can construct a set of linear equations of  form:

[tex]P_i = ()P_i + č[/tex]

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The normal acceleration of a body travelling in a curved path is defined as the rate of change of its velocity vector. It is equal to the sum of the centripetal and tangential accelerations.

The magnitude of the normal acceleration is directly proportional to the radius of curvature, i.e a smaller radius of curvature implies a larger normal acceleration. Mathematically, the normal acceleration can be expressed as follows:

Normal acceleration = (v^2/r)

where v is the velocity of the body and r is the radius of the curvature. As the radius of the curvature decreases, the normal acceleration increases. Hence, the magnitude of the normal acceleration is directly proportional to the radius of curvature. On the other hand, it is inversely proportional to the diameter of curvature. The normal acceleration is also zero when the velocity of the body is constant. This happens when the body is travelling along a straight path. In such cases, the normal acceleration is zero since there is no change in the velocity vector in the direction perpendicular to the path.

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The correct solution to this question is that the magnitude of the normal acceleration is inversely proportional to the radius of curvature.

The curvature's reciprocal, R, is the radius of curvature in differential geometry. It is equal to the radius of the circular arc that, at that moment, most closely resembles the curve for a curve. The radius of curvature for surfaces is the diameter of a circle that fits a normal section or any combination of them the best.

The approximate radius of a circle at any given location or the curvature's vector length are both considered to be the radius of curvature of a curve. For any curve with the equation y = f(x), where x is a parameter, it exists.

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The force with which the Earth is attracted towards the person is equal to the same force of 120 lbs.

This is due to the law of universal gravitation. This law states that any two objects in the universe attract each other with a force that is directly proportional to the product of their masses and inversely proportional to the square of the distance between them. Therefore, the Earth and the person both experience a force of 120 lbs due to their mutual attraction.

The law of universal gravitation states that any two objects in the universe attract each other with a force that is directly proportional to the product of their masses and inversely proportional to the square of the distance between them. This means that the greater the mass of the objects and the closer they are to each other, the stronger the force of attraction will be. This law was first proposed by Isaac Newton in 1687 and is one of the most fundamental concepts in physics.

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Objective resolving power if used in air is 661 nm/cm , the resolving power of the objective if it is used in an oil-immersion microscope is    = 963 nm/cm

The ability of an optical instrument, such as a microscope or telescope, to differentiate and separate two objects that are close together is known as its resolution power.

Part A :

Resolving power = 1.22λ/D

              = 1.22(550 nm)/(1.0 cm)

                       = 661 nm/cm

Part B :

Resolving power = 1.22λn(oil)/D

                        = 1.22(550 nm)(1.45)/(1.0 cm)

                                    = 963 nm/cm

It is established by comparing the instrument's aperture diameter to the wavelength of light utilized. The instrument's ability to differentiate between two close objects improves with increasing resolving power. A telescope's lens or mirrors focus light on a single point as it travels through them. The telescope's resolving power is based on how close the two points can be to each other before they are impossible to tell apart. More distant stars, galaxies, and other celestial objects can be seen in the image with a higher resolving power. In order to comprehend the universe and conduct scientific research, resolve power is absolutely necessary.

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1) Feature III is most likely the result of erosion from a river passing through the area.

2) Feature II is most likely the result of a magma deposit melting into the strata from below.

Erosion is the result of surface processes that move soil, rock, or dissolved material from one area of the Earth's crust to another, where it is deposited. Weathering, which involves no movement, is distinct from erosion.

3) Feature II is most likely the result of uplift due to faulting along a tectonic plate boundary.

6) Because water performs two functions that are crucial for fossils. The oxygen that would otherwise deteriorate them and cause them to decay or be consumed by organisms larger than bacteria is primarily blocked by the sediment that it carries to fill in the area around them.

The oxygen is completely blocked out as the sediments fill in further, and this causes the sediments to compact. The minerals in the water and sediments may then eventually migrate into the fossils due to pressure, heat, and primarily time.

This heavily depends on the passage of time because it is a very slow process, the quantity of minerals present because of the sediments' makeup, and the history of pressure and heat because that affects the mobility of the minerals.

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Based on the image given, the section where the planet will have the lowest average velocity is C since it is at the greatest distance from the Sun.

The correct option is D

Kepler's Second Law states that as a planet orbits the Sun, an imaginary line connecting them sweeps across the same amount of space at the same rate.

This means that planets do not travel along their orbits at a constant speed, rather, they move at varying speeds so that the line connecting the centers of the Sun and the planet covers the same amount of ground in the same amount of time.

Perihelion refers to the planet's point of closest approach to the Sun while the point of greatest separation is aphelion.

A planet moves fastest at perihelion and slowest at aphelion.

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The speed of the second block after the first collision is 2.5 m/s. The speed of the third 6 kg block after the second collision is 3.5 m/s.

Since the collision is elastic, momentum is conserved.

Initially, only the first block is moving with a velocity of 5 m/s. Therefore, the initial momentum is,

P = m1×v1 = 6 kg × 5 m/s = 30 kg m/s

After the first collision, both blocks have the same velocity, v since the collision is elastic.

[tex]P = m_1v_1 + m_2v_2\\30 = 6 \times v + 6 \times v_2\\30 = 12 \times v_2\\v_2 = \dfrac{30}{12}[/tex]

v₂ = 2.5 m/s

After the second collision, the two blocks stick together. The final momentum is,

[tex]P = m_1v_1 + m_2v_2 + m_3*v_3\\P = 6 \times 5 + 6 \times 2.5 + 6 \times v_3\\P = 42 kg m/s[/tex]

Since the blocks stick together, their mass becomes 12 kg.

[tex]P = m\times v\\42 = 12 \times v[/tex]

v = 3.5 m/s

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--The complete question is, A 6 kg block moves with a constant speed 5 m/s on a horizontal frictionless surface and collides elastically with an identical block initially at rest. The second block collides and sticks to the last 6 kg block which was initially at rest. What is the speed of the second 6 kg block after the first collision? What is the speed of the third 6 kg block after the second collision?--

The time required for one revolution is π²/2 seconds.

The time required for one revolution of an object moving on a circular path can be found by dividing the circumference of the circle by the speed of the object. One revolution typically refers to the complete circular movement of an object around another object or axis. The circumference of a circle is given by the formula

C = 2πr,

where r is the radius of the circle.

In this case, the radius of the circle is π meters, so the circumference is

C = 2π(π) = 2π

The speed of the object is 4.0 m/s, so the time required for one revolution is:
t = C/v

t = 2π²/4.0

t = π²/2.

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The dependent variable in this experiment is the number of plants that can live in the water.

In an experiment, the dependent variable is the variable that is being measured or observed. It is the outcome variable that is affected by changes in the independent variable. In this case, the scientist is trying to determine how the amount of salt in the water affects the number of plants that can survive in the water.

Therefore, the number of plants is the variable that is being measured or observed, and it is the dependent variable in this experiment. The independent variable, in this case, would be the amount of salt in the water, which is being manipulated by the scientist.

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--The complete question is, A scientist conducted an experiment to determine how the amount of salt in a body of water affects the number of plants that can live in the water. In this experiment the dependent variable is--

Based on Energy a) ΔS = -3.77 J/K b)  ΔS = 10.08 J/K c) ΔS_cold  = 6.31 J/K d) change in entropy of the Universe has to be positive

Based on Energy :

(a) To calculate the change in entropy of the hot reservoir, we can use the equation ΔS = Q/T, where ΔS is the change in entropy, Q is the amount of heat transferred, and T is the temperature in Kelvin. So, ΔS = -2.60 kJ / 690 K = -3.77 J/K.

(b) Using the same equation, we can calculate the change in entropy of the cold reservoir: ΔS = 2.60 kJ / 258 K = 10.08 J/K.

(c) To calculate the change in entropy of the Universe, we can add the changes in entropy of the hot and cold reservoirs: ΔS_univ = ΔS_hot + ΔS_cold = -3.77 J/K + 10.08 J/K = 6.31 J/K.

(d) The change in entropy of the Universe has to be positive in an irreversible process because the total entropy of the system and its surroundings always increases. The Second Law of Thermodynamics states that any process that occurs spontaneously (i.e. without external intervention) will always result in an overall increase in entropy. In this case, the heat transfer from the hot reservoir to the cold reservoir is an irreversible process, which means that the overall change in entropy of the Universe must be positive. If the change in entropy of the Universe were negative, it would imply that the process is reversible, which is not the case for an irreversible process. Therefore, the positive value for ΔS_univ in part (c) confirms that the process is irreversible.

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The statement (temperature in celsius is a ratio scale; zero degrees celsius does not represent a complete absence of heat) is true.

The temperature in Celsius is not a ratio scale, as it does not have a true zero point that represents the complete absence of heat. The zero point of the Celsius scale is arbitrarily defined as the temperature at which water freezes at standard atmospheric pressure, but it does not indicate the complete absence of heat. Therefore, Celsius temperature is an interval scale, not a ratio scale.

The term "temperature" refers to a physical number that provides a quantitative expression of the qualitative concepts of warmth and chilliness. A thermometer is what is used to measure the temperature.

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The final velocity of the of the object is 60 m/s.

Velocity is the rate of change of displacement.

To calculate the speed of the object, we use the formula below

Formula:

Where:

Substitute these values into equation 1

Hence, the right option is b. 60 m/s.

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To solve this problem, we need to use the principle of equilibrium. The sum of all the forces acting on the boom in the horizontal and vertical directions must be equal to zero. The tension in cable AC is approximately 685.9 lb.

Let's start by resolving the forces in the vertical direction. The weight of the boom and the load is balanced by the vertical components of the tensions in cables AB and AC, which are equal to each other. Therefore:

232 + TAC sin(45) = P + 1000

where TAC is the tension in cable AC.

Next, we can resolve the forces in the horizontal direction. The horizontal component of the tension in cable AB is balanced by the horizontal component of the tension in cable AC. Therefore:

TAB cos(30) = TAC cos(45)

We are given the tension in cable AB, so we can solve for TAC:

TAC = TAB cos(30) / cos(45)

Substituting this expression into the first equation, we can solve for TAC:

232 + TAB cos(30) / cos(45)sin(45) = P + 1000

TAC ≈ 685.9 lb

Therefore, the tension in cable AC is approximately 685.9 lb.

In this problem, we have a boom or beam OA carrying a load P and being supported by two cables AB and AC. The tension in cable AB is given as 232 lb, and we are asked to determine the tension in cable AC.

To solve the problem, we can start by drawing a free-body diagram of the boom and cables. The weight of the load P acts downward, while the tensions in cables AB and AC act upward at angles θ1 and θ2 with respect to the horizontal. We can also draw a horizontal line representing the direction of the resultant force acting along the beam OA.

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6.2 n force pushing two gliders along an air track. the 250 g spring between the gliders is compressed. the spring is firmly attached to the gliders, and it does not sag due to 3newton force applied on it.

Mass of right glider A, m=0.4kg

Mass of right spring, ms=0.2kg

External force f=6n

M+m+ms=fa

a=f/M+m+ms

a=6/0.6+0.4+0.2

a=5

f=0.6*5=3 newton

The push or pull on an object with has mass that result to change its velocity is known as force. Force is an external agent which is applied externally and is capacble of changing a stae of a body that means body's state of rest or motion. It has a magnitude and a direction.

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To derive the equation for the velocity vector as a function of time for the ball, we need to know the acceleration vector as a function of time. Once we have the acceleration, we can integrate it with respect to time to obtain the velocity.

Assuming that the ball is moving in a two-dimensional plane (i.e., the x-y plane), the acceleration vector can be expressed as:

a = ax(t) i + ay(t) j

where, i and j are unit vectors in the x and y directions, respectively. We can determine the expressions for ax(t) and ay(t) by applying Newton's second law of motion:

F = ma

Where, F is the net force acting on the ball, m is the mass of the ball, and a is its acceleration.

Let's assume that the ball experiences a net force of F = Fx i + Fy j, where Fx and Fy are the x and y components of the force, respectively. Then we can write:

F = Fx i + Fy j = ma

Equating the x and y components, we get:

Fx = m*ax

Fy = m*ay

Solving for ax and ay, we get:

ax = Fx/m

ay = Fy/m

Now we can integrate ax(t) and ay(t) with respect to time to obtain the expressions for the velocity components:

v_x(t) = v_{0x} + ∫ ax(t) dt

v_y(t) = v_{0y} + ∫ ay(t) dt

where v_{0x} and v_{0y} are the initial velocities in the x and y directions, respectively.

If we know the expressions for Fx and Fy as functions of time, we can substitute them into the above equations to obtain the velocity vector as a function of time for the ball.

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The reason that for account for the slower-than-expected speed is the student did not account for the stretch of the rope caused by the weight of the ball. The correct option is e.

The speed of ball is slower than expected speed due to stretch in length of string. The swing rate of the pendulum is determined by its length. The longer the pendulum, whether it is a string, metal rod or wire, the slower the pendulum swings.

Mass of rope or ball does not effect speed, time period or frequency.

Frequency is the number of occurrences of a repeating event per unit time.  For clarity, also called temporal frequency, which is different from angular frequency.

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The two quantities that should be graphed to yield a straight line whose slope could be used to calculate a numerical value for the charge to mass ratio of an electron are electric field strength and velocity.

Velocity is a vector quantity that describes the rate of change of an object's position in a given amount of time. It is typically measured in meters per second (m/s), but can also be measured in other units such as feet per second (ft/s) or kilometers per hour (km/h). It is a measure of both the speed and direction of an object's motion, and is distinct from speed, which is simply the rate of motion in a given direction. Velocity can be calculated by taking the derivative of an object's position with respect to time. It is an important concept in physics and is used to describe the motion of objects in a variety of situations. For example, in a car, velocity is used to determine the car's acceleration, and in an airplane, velocity is used to describe the airspeed.

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Option (d) A is false, B is true. Statement A is false and statement B is true. The relationship between the packing fraction and the binding energy is more complex and depends on the details of the nuclear interactions.

Statement B is true. The packing fraction is defined as the difference between the mass of the nucleus and the mass number of the nucleus divided by the mass number. It is a measure of the binding energy per nucleon in the nucleus.

However, statement A is false. The packing fraction is related to the binding energy per nucleon, but a larger packing fraction does not necessarily imply a larger binding energy. In fact, a lower packing fraction (i.e., a less tightly bound nucleus) can sometimes have a larger binding energy per nucleon than a nucleus with a higher packing fraction. The relationship between the packing fraction and the binding energy is more complex and depends on the details of the nuclear interactions.

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The magnitude of the charge of the particle Q₁ is found to be 2.36 x 10⁻⁶ C.

The magnitude of charge Q₁ is 2.5 x 10⁻⁹ and the charge Q₂ is 0.2g and the separation between them is 5cm while the angle of attraction being  degrees.

Now, we can write,

If the force of attraction due to charge is F and the weight of the body is W.

Fcos(90-15) = W

KQ₁Q₂/R²cos(75) = Mg

Where,

K is the constant,

Q₁ and Q₂ are charges,

R is the separation in them,

M is the mass of Q₁,

G is the gravitational acceleration.

Putting values,

9x10⁹x2.5 x 10⁻⁹x0.92Q₁/(0.05)² = 0.2/1000 x 9.8

Q₁ = 2.36 x 10⁻⁶ C.

So, the charge of Q₁ is 2.36 x 10⁻⁶ C.

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112mm is the length of mercury thread above ice point when the true temperature reads 58°C.

Mercury has the chemical symbol Hg and the atomic number 80. It was once known as hydrargyrum, derived from the Greek words hydor (water) as well as argyros (silver) (silver).

Mercury exists as the only lustrous metal known to be liquid at ordinary temperature and pressure. It is a hefty, silvery d-block element.

For difference of 100 degree Celsius = (96–2)= 94 mm length of mercury column

For difference of 75 degree Celsius = 94×58/100 = 18 mm length of mercury column

Total length of mercury column at 75 degree Celsius = 18+94=112  mm

Therefore, 112mm is the length of mercury thread above ice point when the true temperature reads 58°C.

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