The major functions of the cilia are locomotion, attachment, feeding and sensation.
About CiliaThe ciliary apparatus is connected to cell cycle progression and proliferation, and cilia play a vital part in human and animal development and in everyday life.
The length of a single cilium is 1-10 micrometres and width is less than 1 micrometre.
Cilia are broadly divided into two types. They function separately and sometimes together:
'Motile' (or moving) cilia are found in the lungs, respiratory tract and middle ear. These cilia have a rhythmic waving or beating motion. They work, for instance, to keep the airways clear of mucus and dirt, allowing us to breathe easily and without irritation. They also help propel sperm.
Primary cilia appear typically as single appendages microtubules on the apical surface of cells and lack the central pair of microtubules (e.g. in kidney tubules).
In the kidney, for example, cilia bend with urine flow and send a signal to alert the cells that there is a flow of urine.
In the eye, non-motile cilia are found inside the light-sensitive cells (photoreceptors) of the retina. These cilia act like microscopic train-tracks, and allow the transport of vital molecules from one end of the photoreceptor to the other.
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Many scientists claim that the synthesis of the first organic molecules from inorganic precursors was possible because of the highly reducing atmosphere found on primitive Earth.
Which of the following is an appropriate null hypothesis that could be used when investigating the claim?
answer choices
The synthesis of organic molecules from inorganic molecules is possible under current atmospheric oxygen levels as well as those found on primitive Earth.
Organic molecules were transported to primitive Earth by a meteorite or other celestial event.
The absence of a significant quantity of atmospheric oxygen is required for the synthesis of organic molecules from inorganic precursors.
The level of atmospheric oxygen on modern Earth is significantly higher than on primitive Earth.
The synthesis of organic molecules from inorganic molecules is possible under current atmospheric oxygen levels as well as those found on primitive Earth is an appropriate null hypothesis that could be used when investigating the claim.
The hypothesis that organic molecules can be synthesized from inorganic molecules under current atmospheric oxygen levels, as well as those found on primitive Earth, is an important one to consider when researching the claim that life could have originated on the planet.
This null hypothesis provides evidence that organic molecules can form without the presence of life, allowing us to explore the possibility of life's origin on Earth in a more comprehensive manner.
By studying the various chemical reactions and processes involved in the synthesis of organic molecules, we can gain a better understanding of the conditions that were necessary for the emergence of life.
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2. What is the resting phase for cells that are currently not in the process of division or cells that do not intend to divide, such as the nerve
cells in your brain?
Go
G2
Os
G₁
Answer: Go, all the other options are stages that involves changes to the cell during the cell cycle (e.g., G1/G2 = cell growth, and processes involving the organelles, Synthesis = DNA replication)
What do clams need to survive?
Clams need aquarium pH: 7.0 – 8.0 and water temperature: 70 – 80 degrees Fahrenheit to survive.
With aquarium pH, some potterers suggest that lower terrarium pH in the upper 6’s may also be respectable to Freshwater Bones. Others try to keep terrarium pH above 7. Water on the acidic side may not be stylish for the bone ’s shell over the long term. Water of the aquarium should be well oxygenated.
Calms care issue relates to terrarium size and the quantum of water it holds. There needs to be enough water in the tank to hold sufficient comestible matter to support the calm ’s nutritive requirements.
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A country has the following population statistics: crude birth rate = 12% crude death rate = 8% immigration = 2.8% emigration = 0.5% What is the growth rate of the population in this country?
A. 6.3
B. -0.7
C. 1.5
D. 1.6
Answer:A. 6.3 ong
Explanation:
ong
If a cell has 12 pairs of chromosomes in G1 of interphase, how many chromosomes does it have during each of the following phases of the cell cycle
In G1 he has 12 chromosomes. In his S phase of the cell cycle, the amount of DNA doubles. The chromatids double, but the number of chromosomes remains the same. The number of chromosomes in G2 phase is equal to 12 chromosomes and the number of chromatids is 24.
The cell cycle consists of interphase (G 1 , S, and G 2 phases) followed by mitotic phases (mitosis and cytokinesis) and G 0 phases.
In the G1 phase of the cell cycle, each chromosome is composed of a single chromatid, and each chromatid is composed of a single double-stranded DNA molecule. Therefore, a cell with 12 chromosomes normally has 12 DNA molecules in G1.
Interphase begins in the G1 phase (G stands for Gap). During this stage, the cell makes various proteins required for DNA replication. In the S phase following the G1 phase, all chromosomes are replicated. After replication, each chromosome is made up of her two sister chromatids.
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thousands of genes make up a single _______________, a double helix dna molecule wrapped around proteins.
Thousands of genes make up a single chromosome ,a double helix DNA molecule wrapped around proteins.
Chromosome is a structure found inside the nucleus of a cell . It is made up of proteins and DNA organized into genes. Each cell normally contains 23 pairs of chromosomes, of which 22 pairs of chromosomes are called the autosomes and the last pair of chromosomes is called the sex chromosome and are individually called the X and Y chromosome.
In most of the chromosomes, the very long thin DNA fibers are coated with packaging proteins, in eukaryotic cells the most important of these proteins are the histones.
Chromosomes allow the DNA to be accurately copied during these cell divisions.This ensures that our inner mechanisms proceed smoothly and efficiently.
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Scientists develop a good experimental design that contains both a(n) ____________ group in which the experimental variable is altered, and a control group in which the experimental variable is not altered.
Scientists develop a good experimental design that contains both a(n) experimental group in which the experimental variable is altered, and control group in which the experimental variable is not altered.
The scientific approach starts with the observation of natural occurrences or happenings. Inductive reasoning is used by scientists to incorporate separate information into a model probable explanation, or hypothesis.
The experimental group represents the effect of the variable in question. For example, to assess the efficacy of a new immunization, 50 volunteers are recruited and divided into two groups. One group will act as the control group, and the other as the experimental group.
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The electrical stimulation of the cardiac muscle cells is called depolarization; the mechanical contraction is called .
The electrical stimulation of the cardiac muscle cells is called depolarization; the mechanical contraction is called Systole.
During systole, the 2 ventricles broaden strain and eject blood into the pulmonary artery and aorta. At this time the atrioventricular valves are closed and the semilunar valves are open. The semilunar valves are closed and the atrioventriular valves are open at some point of diastole. The cardiac cycle is basically cut up into phases, systole (the contraction phase) and diastole (the rest phase). Each of those is then similarly divided into an atrial and ventricular component. Systole happens while the coronary heart contracts to pump blood out, and diastole happens while the coronary heart relaxes after contraction.
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What are the 3 main species that make up the mollusk group?
The three main groups of mollusks are bivalves, gastropods, and cephalopods. Out of which Gastropod is the largest class.
In general, gastropods include snails and slugs. Bivalves are having hin.ged shells also called val.ves examples include clams, mussels, and oysters. Cephalopods include the octopus and squid.
The phylum Mollusca has many distinctive features and special characteristics, which include a mantle cavity, visceral mass, foot, and radula. Gastropods have a special characteristics that includes spirally-coiled external shell while others mollusks usually have a flattened shell, and many of them doesn't possess any shell as outer structure.
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the leaf-like structure that protects a developing flower bud until it opens as a fully formed flower is called a what
Sepals is a leaf-like structure that protects a developing flower bud until it opens as a fully formed flower.
What is a Sepal?
A sepal is a part of the flower that is typically located at the base of the petals. Sepals form a protective layer around the bud and are usually green in color. They are typically small and leaf-like and provide support and protection for the flower. Sepals can also be used to identify different species of flowers.
They are usually found in pairs or in a whorl of four or five, and they help to protect the delicate petals and reproductive organs at the center of the flower. They also support the flower and keep it upright. Sepals open up as the flower blooms, allowing the petals to open and the reproductive organs to be exposed.
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What to do: 1. Find a partner. Bring out the different materials needed for the activity. 2. Using a marker, label the twigs as E. 3. Label the cans as A. Put a small amount of soil in the cans. 4. Label the bottles as T. Put a small amount of water. 5. Put the water lily in A, mongo seeds in T and orchids in E. 6. Make another two sets to grow the same plant using the guides below. • A-mongo . T- orchids ● • E-mongo • E-water lily 7. Place all the set up for 3 days in a place with enough sunlight and air. Observe after three days. Set Up T(bottles) Plants water lily mongo orchids • A- orchids T - water lily Set Up A(cans) Set Up E (twigs)
Measure out and carefully pour a quarter cup of oil into the Oil+Water container. Watch the water and oil in the bottle while letting it rest on a tabletop or other flat surface.
How long do orchids survive?Orchids can survive up to 20 years in the wild, depending on their species and the environment. While potted orchids don't have quite the same longevity, with proper care, they may survive for 10 to 15 years. According to some reports, orchids have far longer life spans.
What does the orchid represent?The orchid represents love, beauty, refinement, having many offspring, thoughtfulness, and mature appeal in floral symbolism. There is now a sizable market for orchids all around the world.
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Glands that secrete hormones into spaces that the hormones eventually diffuse into the blood stream from are called:
Glands that secrete hormones into spaces that the hormones eventually diffuse into the blood stream from are called endocrine cells.
Endocrine cells launch hormones into the intercellular spaces, from which they diffuse unexpectedly into surrounding blood vessels and from there in the course of the body. Micrograph (b) of the anterior pituitary gland indicates the standard capabilities of endocrine glands. On the opposite hand, endocrine glands secrete their materials at once into your bloodstream. They're referred to as ductless glands. Endocrine glands are a part of your endocrine system, and that they secrete hormones. Examples of endocrine glands encompass your pituitary gland, thyroid gland and adrenal glands. Endocrine glands launch hormones into the bloodstream. This shall we the hormones tour to cells in different elements of the body. The endocrine hormones assist manipulate mood, boom and development, the manner our organs work, metabolism, and reproduction.
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The human brain differs from the brains of most other animals by the relative amount of brain mass devoted to which of the following
The human brain differs from the brains of most other animals by the relative amount of brain mass devoted by the cerebral cortex.
The human brain is uniquely distinguished from the brains of other animals by the size of its cerebral cortex in comparison to the overall mass of the brain.
This part of the brain is responsible for complex cognitive functions, including language processing, conscious thought, and higher-level problem solving.
As a result, the human brain is capable of much more sophisticated processing than other animal brains, allowing us to think abstractly, create art, and develop complex language.
The human brain is vastly different from most other animals' brains, primarily due to the sheer amount of mass devoted to the cerebral cortex. This area of the brain is responsible for many of our most complex cognitive processes, such as decision-making, problem-solving, and creative thinking.
Although a part of your question is missing, you might be referring to this question:
The human brain differs from the brains of most other animals by the relative amount of brain mass devoted to which of the following:
a) cerebral cortex
b) cerebellum
c) brainstem
d) cerebrum
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Pls help full explination best answer gets brainliest
Answer:
Volume of large cube: 64 mm square
Small: 0.001 mm square
Explanation:
Multiply the 3 side lengths of both cubes
Now answer the 2 questions
Which type of rock is marble?
Answer:
Metamorphic rock
Explanation:
Marble is a type of metamorphic rock. These types of rock are made by another rock type - igneous rock/sedimentary rock. Other examples of metamorphic rocks like marble are slate, schist, quartzite, etc.
Two different Drosophila flies (fruit flies), fly A and fly B. are shown below. Classify each phrase or term as applying to fly A only, fly B only, or both fly A and fly B. The term "Hox genes" applies to clusters of homeotic genes found in many different animals, including fruit flies. After segmentation genes have established the body segments. Hox genes trigger the development of segment-specific body structures in the correct locations.
ONLY Fly A is described as "wild type," "has normal Hox genes," and "displays normal pattern development." ONLY FOR FLY B: "displays aberrant pattern formation," "homeotic mutant," and "carries mutant Hox genes" "Produces transcription factors initiating gene expression for segment-specific structures" is a trait shared by both Fly A and Fly B.
Give instances of homeotic genes.By observing odd alterations in fruit flies, such as those with feet in lieu of mouth parts, additional pairs of wings, or two pairs of balancing organs (called halteres) in place of wings, scientists were able to identify homeotic genes. In other cases, their heads even sprouted legs in place of antennae!
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Compartmentalization allows cells to establish physical boundaries for biological processes that enables the cell to carry out different metabolic activities at the same time. Researchers have found that the cytoplasm has a pH of 7.6 while the pH of the intermembrane space (IMS) of the mitochondria is 6.9. What conclusion can you draw from this information
The difference in pH between the cytoplasm and the intermembrane space of the mitochondria indicates that compartmentalization is occurring in the cell.
Compartmentalization is the process of establishing physical boundaries within a cell to keep different biochemical processes separate. This allows the cell to carry out different metabolic activities at the same time and in different environments. T
he acidic pH of the IMS compared to the neutral pH of the cytoplasm suggests that compartmentalization is occurring and that different processes are occurring in these two distinct spaces. The acidic pH in the IMS could be ideal for some biochemical reactions while the neutral pH in the cytoplasm could be ideal for other reactions.
Therefore, this difference in pH confirms that compartmentalization is occurring and allows the cell to perform multiple biochemical processes simultaneously.
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giving a large number of points to whoever answers this
31. The cell membrane is primarily made up of these - E. phospholipids
32. The hydrophilic part of a phospholipid - A. phospholipid head
33. The hydrophobic part of a phospholipid - H. phospholipid tail
34. Protein that facilitates passive transport - D. channel protein
35. Protein that facilitates active transport - J. carrier protein
36. Molecule that stabilizes the membrane - G. cholesterol
37. Molecule that aids in cell recognition and signaling - I. carbohydrate molecule
38. A substance that can undergo facilitated diffusion - C. negatively charged ions
39. A substance that undergoes active transport - F. positively charged ions
40. Cellular energy needed for active transport - B. ATP
What are phospholipids?Phospholipids are the main lipid that is found in the cell membrane.
The structure of phospholipids is that they have a hydrophilic head group and a hydrophobic tail.
They are arranged in the form of bilayers in cell membranes.
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Which species does Lucy belong to ?
One of the most well-known fossilised human ancestor species is known as "Lucy," thus the nickname.
A "funny bone narrative" could be used to describe Lucy's discovery. Johanson found the first piece of Lucy's skeleton at the area of her ulna closest to the elbow when you bump your ulnar nerve in your elbow, it presses against your humerus and gives you that tingly, "funny bone" feeling. Johanson was able to determine from Lucy's shattered ulna's size and shape that it definitely belonged to a primate and might very well be the fossilised remains of a hominin. When Johanson and Gray carefully searched the earth, they were happy to find a great deal more fossilised bone fragments, including pieces of a skull, mandible, ribs, pelvis, thighs, and feet.
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Why are the 5 main food groups important?
The 5 main food groups helps in providing wide array of nutrition to the body, that helps to promotes healthy life style and also minimizes the risk of stoke and life threatening diseases . These food groups can also helps to add flavors and texture that making eating more interesting .
Hence , if we talk about individual functions of food groups they include ,Carbohydrates are body's primary source of energy or preferred energy source. Carbs are generally broken down by the body into glucose which is also a type of sugar. Protein are responsible to work with cells for maintaining proper structure, function, and regulation of the body's tissues and organs. vegetables and fruits helps lower blood pressure, reduce the risk of heart disease and stroke, prevent cancers. Fats store energy and protect vital organs .
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The inheritance of short wings in Drosophila fruit flies is an X-linked, recessive trait. Which would most likely result it a short-winged female mates with a long-winged male? SC. 912. L. 16. 1
оооо
All offspring will be short-winged
All females will be long-winged, and all males will be short-winged
All females will be short-winged, and all males will be long-winged
o Half of the males and females will be short-winged, and half will be long-winged
The result of a short-winged female mate with a long-winged male is all females will be long-winged, and all males will be short-winged.
Thus, the correct answer is B.
What is X-linked recessive inheritance?X-linked recessive inheritаnce is а wаy а genetic trаit or condition cаn be pаssed down from pаrent to child through mutаtions (chаnges) in а gene on the X chromosome. In mаles (who only hаve one X chromosome), а mutаtion in the copy of the gene on the single X chromosome cаuses the condition. Femаles (who hаve two X chromosomes) must hаve а mutаtion on both X chromosomes in order to be аffected with the condition.
If only the male or the female hаs the mutаted X-linked gene, the children аre usuаlly not аffected аnd аre cаlled cаrriers becаuse one of their X chromosomes hаs the mutаtion but the other one is normаl. Sons will be аffected if they inherit the mutаted X-linked gene from their females. Males cаnnot pаss X-linked recessive conditions to their sons.
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What food chain is a snail?
Snails are the part of the grazing food chain where they belong to the category of primary consumers.
Food chain is a hierarchical series of energy transfer where one organism feeds upon the lower one to gain energy. There are two main types of food chains: grazing food chain and the detrital food chain. The grazing food chain starts with the autotrophs whereas the grazing food chain begins with the dead and decaying organic matter.
Consumers are the animals that depend on other organisms for their food and energy source. Consumers can be of three types: herbivores, carnivores and omnivores.
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The toxic condition caused by excessive amount of urea and other waste products in the bloodstream is known as
Uremia is a toxic accumulation in the blood. It happens when your kidneys quit filtering poisons out of your urine. Uremia is frequently associated with end-stage renal (kidney) illness.
Azotemia and uremia are two forms of renal diseases. When there is nitrogen in your blood, you have azotemia. Uremia is caused by the presence of urea in the blood. They are, however, both linked to renal illness or damage.
Uremia develops when your kidneys are injured. Toxins, or body waste, that your kidneys ordinarily excrete in urine end up in your circulation. These poisons are referred to as creatinine and urea. Uremia is a dangerous illness that, if left untreated, can be fatal.
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Each gene ___ for a different_____
Answer:
I think its each gene pair for a different sex cell
Explanation:
i'm not 100% on this, if its wrong im very sorry
Which of the following is a feature that the stomach and the small intestine have in common?
Multiple Choice
a. Rugae
b. Circular folds
c. Three-layered muscularis
d. Mucus-secreting cells
e. Gastric pits
A feature that the stomach and the small intestine have in common is mucus secreting cells.
Which traits does the intestinal lumen possess?The three parts of the intestinal wall are the ileum, jejunum, and intestine. It aids with the further metabolism of foods that are stomach-born. In order for the body to use water, vitamins, minerals, carbohydrates, fats, and proteins, it absorbs them from meals. The tiny intestine is a part of the digestive system.
What is the function of the stomach?Digestion fluids are produced in our stomach to help in the breakdown of food. It stores food until it is ready to be discharged into our small intestine.
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Some breeds of dogs, e.g., Labrador Retrievers, function better as guide or helper dogs than do other breeds of dogs. The most likely reason for this is that
Some breeds have a higher social disposition than others. Dog breeds do have unique personalities, which are anchored in DNA.
Disruption of a gene producing a protein known as GTF21, which affects the action of other genes, was linked to the most sociable dogs. VonHoldt believes that a lack of modifications in that gene leads to aloof, wolflike behavior. Changes in particular gene in mice result in hypersocial behavior.
Environmental and genetic factors both impact aggression. Some dog breeds have been developed to have a more aggressive propensity for fighting, guarding, or hunting. Aggression may have been mistakenly selectively bred into the genetics of other breeds.
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The students recorded the actual sizes of the sun and planets
The students used a solar system model calculator to determine the scaled sizes of the sun and planets and recorded this information in the students worksheet
Copernicus's Heliocentric Model
How did we know the size of the Sun?Copernicus’s Heliocentric Model, This is known as the Heliocentric model where the Sun is placed at the centre of the universe (hence, the Solar System) and the Earth is, like all the other planets, orbiting it.The measurements were taken using the Michelson Doppler Imager (MDI) onboard NASA’s Solar and Heliospheric Observatory (SOHO). They calculated the radius of the Sun to be 696,342 km (432,687 miles) with a margin of error of only 65 km (40 miles).
Late the locations of the planets and stars: the ancient Greek geocentric model proposed by Ptolemy, Copernicus’ complete heliocentric model, and Brahe’s hybrid of these.
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A scientist genetically engineered a grain cereal. The genetically engineered variety can produce its own vitamins and is drought resistant. What is the likely impact of growing such a cereal crop on the society
The correct response is (C) since it would help the hungry people. Cereal grains that have been genetically engineered offer several benefits for civilisation.
Both farmers and the poor would gain from a GM grain variety that can produce its own vitamins and is drought tolerant.
The multiple environmental challenges affecting agricultural output have been further exacerbated by drought. Even in the absence of much rain or water, crop varieties that are resistant to drought provide a high yield. In areas that are prone to drought, these kinds have generated a significant yield.
Vitamins are necessary for a healthy diet. They are necessary for many different bodily metabolic activities. Thus, including genes that code for the synthesis of vitamins in cereal grains such as rice aids in feeding the population that is undernourished.
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Full Question ;
A scientist genetically engineered a grain cereal. The genetically engineered variety can produce its own vitamins and is drought resistant. What is the likely impact of growing such a cereal crop on the society?
a. May trigger an adverse climate change
b. May worsen the water crisis around the world
c.Would be beneficial for the malnourished population
d. Would increase the shortage of food around the world
True or False: An action potential in one section of the membrane can cause the initiation of an action potential in adjacent sections of the membrane.
True , This is the concept of axonal action potential propagation! Positive charges accumulate on subsequent regions of the membrane as a result of depolarization caused by an initiated action potential on one segment of the axon.
This local depolarization can cause an action potential to move along the axon by causing depolarization along the neighboring segment of the membrane.
Voltage-gated sodium channels open and close in milliseconds. As the cell membrane depolarizes, sodium channels open, allowing sodium ions to enter and further depolarize the membrane. This inward current causes the action potential to rise.
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What are 3 ways a mutation can occur in the DNA?
The three ways a mutation can occur in the DNA are, (1). Insertion
(2). Deletion (3). Translocation.
1. Insertion: The DNA strand receives more DNA nucleotides.
2. Deletion: The DNA sequence is altered as a result of the deletion of DNA nucleotides.
3. Translocation: The exchange of chromosomal segments.
Point mutations, or defects introduced in a single spot on a DNA molecule, include substitutions, insertions, and deletions. Sometimes errors can be significantly larger. Errors that relocate entire regions of a DNA molecule are known as chromosomal mutations, also known as gross or gene-level mutations. When cells divide and make duplicates of themselves, changes to the DNA sequence are called gene or genetic mutations. The human body is programmed with instructions from the DNA.
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