The two main types of mutations are, 1.Gametes include germline alterations. 2. Somatic mutations happen in the body's other cells.
These mutations are particularly important since they can be passed down to kids, who will all have the mutation in every cell environmental elements and utterly arbitrary causes Mutations can also be brought on by outside factors like specific chemicals or extreme radiation. Let's learn about many mutations and their sorts now that we are familiar with the definition of mutation and its causes.
Based on the base pair substitution, there are two types of point mutation. It is a point mutation that results from the replacement of one purine or one pyrimidine with another. It is a point mutation that happens when pyrimidine is substituted for purine and vice versa. There are three types of point mutations based on transcriptional characteristics.
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Antigen presenting cells in the human immune system work with T cells to kill invading pathogens (bacteria and viruses). Antigen presenting cells will identify the pathogen and present the antigen, which is a unique protein "name tag" of the pathogen, to the T Cell so that the T cell can find and kill the pathogen. This type of communication between the antigen presenting cell and the T cell is known as.
a. Direct contact b. Local signaling c. Long distance signaling d. Transduction signaling
This type of communication between the antigen presenting cell and the T cell is known as Transduction signaling, hence the correct option is d.
The act of a cell showing an antigen bound by major histocompatibility complex (MHC) proteins on its surface is known as antigen presentation, sometimes known as antigen presentation. Antigen presenting cell process antigens before they are presented to T cells. Antigens can be expressed in some form by almost all cell types. While cells that are infected with viruses (or cancer cells) can offer cytotoxic T cells with antigens that originate inside the cell, professional antigen-presenting cells, such as macrophages, B cells, and dendritic cells, provide helper T cells with exterior antigens. They may be found in several types of tissues. Through their T cell receptors, T cells may be able to recognise these complexes (TCRs).
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Scientists develop a good experimental design that contains both a(n) ____________ group in which the experimental variable is altered, and a control group in which the experimental variable is not altered.
Scientists develop a good experimental design that contains both a(n) experimental group in which the experimental variable is altered, and control group in which the experimental variable is not altered.
The scientific approach starts with the observation of natural occurrences or happenings. Inductive reasoning is used by scientists to incorporate separate information into a model probable explanation, or hypothesis.
The experimental group represents the effect of the variable in question. For example, to assess the efficacy of a new immunization, 50 volunteers are recruited and divided into two groups. One group will act as the control group, and the other as the experimental group.
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Your cells need sugar to create energy and survive and they get sugar from the food you eat. Once your food is digested, sugar molecules travel through the bloodstream and then will be transported into your cells. Diffusion only allows sugar to be transported into a cell until it reaches equilibrium so how can your cell bring in even more sugar after it has reached an equilibrium
A cell uses a variety of procedures to turn carbohydrates into energy. The initial and most fundamental one is known as glycolysis. Hexose sugars are used to fuel it. This lengthy procedure only expels a modest quantity of energy.
The energy needed by your body to function comes from glucose. The body receives glucose from the consumption of carbs. You get four calories of energy from every gramme of carbohydrates you eat. When you consume carbs, your digestive system uses specialised enzymes to convert them into glucose, a type of simple sugar.
Function of sugar in the body The body uses carbohydrates as fuel to produce energy.
Foods high in carbs are converted by the body into glucose, which can then travel through the bloodstream. For the brain, central nervous system, and red blood cells to operate properly, some glucose is required.
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A country has the following population statistics: crude birth rate = 12% crude death rate = 8% immigration = 2.8% emigration = 0.5% What is the growth rate of the population in this country?
A. 6.3
B. -0.7
C. 1.5
D. 1.6
Answer:A. 6.3 ong
Explanation:
ong
Are men or women more at risk for cardiovascular disease?
Men have more risk for cardiovascular diseases.
Recent studies have highlighted an alarming trend – cardiovascular disease is becoming an increasingly common health problem among both men and women.
While men may have historically been seen as more at risk for heart-related issues, women are also increasingly being diagnosed with conditions such as heart attack, stroke, and coronary heart disease.
The risk factors for both genders are similar, including poor diet, lack of exercise, smoking, and heavy alcohol consumption.
It is important for both men and women to be aware of the risks associated with cardiovascular disease and to take steps to reduce their risk through lifestyle changes, such as eating a healthy diet, exercising regularly, and quitting smoking.
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giving a large number of points to whoever answers this
31. The cell membrane is primarily made up of these - E. phospholipids
32. The hydrophilic part of a phospholipid - A. phospholipid head
33. The hydrophobic part of a phospholipid - H. phospholipid tail
34. Protein that facilitates passive transport - D. channel protein
35. Protein that facilitates active transport - J. carrier protein
36. Molecule that stabilizes the membrane - G. cholesterol
37. Molecule that aids in cell recognition and signaling - I. carbohydrate molecule
38. A substance that can undergo facilitated diffusion - C. negatively charged ions
39. A substance that undergoes active transport - F. positively charged ions
40. Cellular energy needed for active transport - B. ATP
What are phospholipids?Phospholipids are the main lipid that is found in the cell membrane.
The structure of phospholipids is that they have a hydrophilic head group and a hydrophobic tail.
They are arranged in the form of bilayers in cell membranes.
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A biologist has a mixture of oligonucleotides and polynucleotides. To divide these two classes of nucleic acids into their respective groups, the biologist could use a process that separates by
The biologist could use a process that separates by mass to divide a mixture of oligonucleotides and polynucleotides.
Short single strands of synthetic DNA or RNA called oligonucleotides, or oligos, are the basis for many molecular biology and synthetic biology applications. An oligo might be the starting point for anything from genetic testing to forensic analysis and next-generation sequencing. Through a number of techniques, including as RNA interference (RNAi), target degradation by RNase H-mediated cleavage, splicing modification, non-coding RNA inhibition, gene activation, and programmed gene editing, oligonucleotides can be used to modify the expression of certain genes. A polynucleotide is made up of several nucleotide monomers joined together by covalent bonds. A single polynucleotide molecule is made up of at least 14 nucleotide monomers arranged in a chain. Polynucleotides include ribonucleic acid (RNA) and deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA).
DNA is a polynucleotide chain with two strands.
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Glands that secrete hormones into spaces that the hormones eventually diffuse into the blood stream from are called:
Glands that secrete hormones into spaces that the hormones eventually diffuse into the blood stream from are called endocrine cells.
Endocrine cells launch hormones into the intercellular spaces, from which they diffuse unexpectedly into surrounding blood vessels and from there in the course of the body. Micrograph (b) of the anterior pituitary gland indicates the standard capabilities of endocrine glands. On the opposite hand, endocrine glands secrete their materials at once into your bloodstream. They're referred to as ductless glands. Endocrine glands are a part of your endocrine system, and that they secrete hormones. Examples of endocrine glands encompass your pituitary gland, thyroid gland and adrenal glands. Endocrine glands launch hormones into the bloodstream. This shall we the hormones tour to cells in different elements of the body. The endocrine hormones assist manipulate mood, boom and development, the manner our organs work, metabolism, and reproduction.
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The sequence of one strand of DNA is ACCTGC. What is the sequence of the complimentary strand of DNA
Recently, researchers from Stanford University have changed mouse skin cells into mouse nerve cells. This was accomplished by inserting genes that control the synthesis of certain proteins into the skin cells. This type of research is often successful in advancing knowledge regarding the functioning of human cells because:
In this examination, the compound courier would be the yeast-glucose arrangement. The yeast-glucose arrangement would have the option to change the pH of the fluid in the cup since it contains a substance that can do as such.
in the event that an end is legitimate, comparable examinations by different researchers ought to bring about a similar end. which proclamation best depicts a theory?
Homeostasis is a unique balance that is kept up within body tissues and organs. It is dynamic since it is continually acclimating to the progressions that the frameworks experience.
As the yeast benefits from sugar, it produces carbon dioxide. With no spot to go except for up, this gas gradually fills the inflatable. A very much-like cycle occurs as the bread rises. Carbon dioxide from yeast fills great many inflatable-like air pockets in the mixture.
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What assumption do we make about an isolated bacterial colony that formed on an agar plate?
When an isolated bacterial colony is discovered on an agar plate, there are a few assumptions that are typically made.
Firstly, it is assumed that the bacteria are a single species, which means that all of the bacteria in the colony are genetically related. This allows scientists to identify the bacteria by its unique characteristics, such as its color and size. Secondly, it is assumed that the bacteria are capable of reproducing, since it is only possible for the colony to form if the bacteria are able to divide and multiply. Lastly, it is assumed that the bacteria are not contaminated with any other microorganisms, since the bacteria need to be isolated in order to form a colony.
These assumptions allow scientists to accurately identify the bacteria and gain a better understanding of its characteristics. This knowledge can then be used to further research and study the bacteria, as well as develop treatments or vaccines if necessary. Therefore, these assumptions are essential in understanding the biology of the bacteria and its potential implications on human health.
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23. Disposable nonwoven drapes: a. Are impervious to fluid strikethrough b. May be a combination of fluid-resistant and absorbent layers c. Can be reprocessed
The correct option is B ; May be a combination of fluid-resistant and absorbent layers There are two kinds of surgical drapes: reusable and disposable.
Reusable drapes are comprised of a woven cloth that is washed and sterilized between treatments. Disposable drapes, on the other hand, are often constructed of non-woven material and are cremated after each operation.
McKesson Field Drape/Towel Non-Fenestrated is sterile and poly-lined, making it suitable for use in operating rooms. This critical medical supply item is used during surgical operations to drape over the body in order to separate the operating field. To prevent bacterial strike-through, the inner poly layer repels moisture.
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What type of mutation is insertion or deletion?
An insertion and deletion mutation is called as a frameshift mutation .
An insertion is a point mutation in which one or more base pairs is added to a DNA sequence. Point mutations is further divided into silent mutations, missense mutations, and nonsense mutations.
Frameshift mutation is considered as a genetic mutation caused by a deletion or insertion in a DNA sequence. This kind of mutation shifts the way the sequence is read. diseases like cystic fibrosis is a result of frameshift mutation that alters the CFTR gene. The harshness of frameshift mutation is reliant on the number of nucleotides and the position of insertion of nucleotides.
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What is the probability of the offspring being purple and white flowers answer in percentage?
These would have phenotypes (PP and Pp) of 75% purple and 25% white (pp). The colour of the pea plant's blooms was one of the important characteristics Mendel examined.
When two heterozygous tall pea plants with purple flowers are crossed, it is possible that one of the offspring may be short with white flowers. This is similar to the monohybrid cross and depends on the individual probabilities of the traits. This means that there is a 1/4 chance that one of their progeny will be short and a 1/4 chance that one will have white flowers (in case of monohybrid cross). The genotypes of the offspring born from the union of a heterozygous purple flower (Rr) and a recessive white flower (rr) are (Rr), (Rr), (rr), and (rr). Consequently, half of the progeny have purple flowers (Rr), while half have white blooms (rr).
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Mesosaurus was a freshwater reptile whose fossil was found in the northwest part of South America and __________. Alfred Wegener used the placement of this fossil as scientific proof of his continental drift theory.
Mesosaurus was a freshwater reptile whose fossil was found in the northwest part of South America and the southeast part of Africa Alfred Wegener used the placement of this fossil as scientific proof of his continental drift theory .
Alfred Wegener amassed a plethora of data to back up his idea, including geological "fit" and fossil evidence. It is crucial to note that Wegener did not present the following particular fossil data to support his claim.
Wegener did not gather the fossils, but he drew attention to the concept of utilizing scientific documents saying that there were remains of species extant on several continents to support his argument.
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The pump is dictating rather than facilitating your work. The pump could malfunction. There is no risk associated with the pump. A and B (The pump is dictating rather than facilitating your work AND The pump could malfunction)
The pump is essentially controlling the process instead of helping it. This means that the pump is not providing any assistance with the work, but is instead taking control of the process and not allowing any manual intervention.
This can be a problem because the pump could malfunction, which would mean that the process would be stopped in its tracks. If the pump malfunctions, it could be difficult or impossible to repair it and the process could be stalled until a new pump is brought in. This means that the process would be disrupted and could take a long time to get back on track.
In addition, the malfunction could cause other problems, such as leaking or failing to provide the necessary pressure. Thus, it is important to have a reliable pump that is up to the task in order to make sure that the process is smooth and efficient.
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Explain why the sickle-cell gene does not benefit anyone in the United States, but it may be very advantageous to someone living in rural Zambia, Africa.
The sickle-cell gene does not benefit anyone in the United States, but it may be very advantageous to someone living in rural Zambia, Africa because Malaria is rare in the United States
Sickle cell disease: A group of disorders in which
red blood cells deform and collapse. In sickle cell disease, a group of inherited disorders, red blood cells twist and sickle. Cells die prematurely, lacking healthy red blood cells (sickle cell anemia) and can block blood flow and cause pain (sickle cell disease).
In parts of Africa where malaria is common, the sickle cell disease mutation confers a health benefit to carriers (protection from malaria). HbS carriers were naturally selected in these regions because their traits confer some resistance to malaria. Red blood cells with abnormal hemoglobin tend to sickle when infected with the malaria parasite.
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What does the plant start with in light-independent reactions?
The plant begins with carbon dioxide and ends with glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate in the light-independent processes (G3P). Energy is obtained from the light-dependent processes in the form of ATP and NADPH.
The photochemical process of photosynthesis involves a number of light-independent biochemical events light-independent reactions that result in plant the formation of organic compounds from carbon dioxide. This metabolic pathway is propelled by the energy released from the ATP created during the light reactions. Photosystems I and II, which are both found in the thylakoid membranes of chloroplasts, are plant responsible for using light energy. The light-independent reactions ,chemical energy obtained during the light-dependent processes is used to construct carbohydrate molecules from plant carbon dioxide in light-independent reactions (the Calvin cycle).
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Which of the following types of data would be required in order to consider the hypothesis that acid precipitation caused the loss of the salamander
The type of data that would be necessary to consider the hypothesis that acid precipitation caused the loss of the salamander were, Acids that enter the atmosphere primarily affect ecosystems located less than 100 kilometers from the source of the pollution. Corrects answer: letter C.
Acid precipitation is known to affect ecosystems that are located near the source of the pollution. This is because acid precipitation can be carried through the atmosphere and deposited in the surrounding areas, affecting the habitats and species that are found there.
By determining the distances between the source of the pollution and the ecosystem where the salamander was lost, it can be determined if acid precipitation was likely to be a factor in its loss. Data would also be needed on the types and concentrations of acids that are found in the air near the source of the pollution and the salamander's ecosystem, as well as the pH levels in both areas.
Which of the following types of data would be required in order to consider the hypothesis that acid precipitation caused the loss of the salamander?
A) sulfuric acid and nitric acid from the burning of fossil fuels are the major causes of acid precipitation.
B) larger organisms lost from freshwater ecosystems because of acidification may not return even decades after ph values have returned to normal.
C)Acids that enter the atmosphere primarily affect ecosystems located less than 100 kilometers from the source of the pollution.
D) Though lakes are very sensitive to acidification, their ph can return rapidly to normal values.
E) regulation of emission sorces has raised the ph of precipitation in many parts of the eastern united staes in the last two decades.
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How many chromatids are there after meiosis 2?
Answer:
Try 2 sister chromatids.
Explanation:
rock fragments transported in a streambed
Rock fragments transported in a streambed are Sediment loads that are eroded by water(streams).
What sediments are carried by streams?Streams are among the most powerful surface agents for eroding rock and sediment. Waterborne rock fragments, gravel, and sediment have an impact. The total amount of sediment transported is referred to as the load. The river has three types of sediment load: dissolved, suspended, and bed load.
When rock fragments carried by the swift current collide with bedrock channel walls, they knock off rock chips. Bedload particles follow the flow of water by sliding or bouncing along the bottom. The portion of sediment transport that rolls, slides, or bounces along the bottom of a waterway is referred to as bedload.
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the leaf-like structure that protects a developing flower bud until it opens as a fully formed flower is called a what
Sepals is a leaf-like structure that protects a developing flower bud until it opens as a fully formed flower.
What is a Sepal?
A sepal is a part of the flower that is typically located at the base of the petals. Sepals form a protective layer around the bud and are usually green in color. They are typically small and leaf-like and provide support and protection for the flower. Sepals can also be used to identify different species of flowers.
They are usually found in pairs or in a whorl of four or five, and they help to protect the delicate petals and reproductive organs at the center of the flower. They also support the flower and keep it upright. Sepals open up as the flower blooms, allowing the petals to open and the reproductive organs to be exposed.
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which one of the following elements in the energy balance equation is under individual control?
ADH factors in the equation of energy balance are a person's personal control and do not count as an adverse effect of ephedra.
What connection exists between the amount of ADH and water reabsorption in the tubules?The kidneys are the target organ of ADH as it moves through the bloodstream. The renal tubules become more porous as a result. This implies that more water can exit the kidney tubule for selective reabsorption back into the circulation.
Does aldosterone make you more hypertensive?Your kidneys release (excrete) sodium through your urine as a result of aldosterone. Water retention results from an increase in salt in your bloodstream. The renin-angiotensin-aldosterone pathway is thus completed, increasing blood volume and blood pressure.
The whole query is:
Food-based energy intake.
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Which of the following is a feature that the stomach and the small intestine have in common?
Multiple Choice
a. Rugae
b. Circular folds
c. Three-layered muscularis
d. Mucus-secreting cells
e. Gastric pits
A feature that the stomach and the small intestine have in common is mucus secreting cells.
Which traits does the intestinal lumen possess?The three parts of the intestinal wall are the ileum, jejunum, and intestine. It aids with the further metabolism of foods that are stomach-born. In order for the body to use water, vitamins, minerals, carbohydrates, fats, and proteins, it absorbs them from meals. The tiny intestine is a part of the digestive system.
What is the function of the stomach?Digestion fluids are produced in our stomach to help in the breakdown of food. It stores food until it is ready to be discharged into our small intestine.
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Some bacteria form a capsule or slime layer around their cell wall in order to promote motility. Group of answer choices True or False
Some bacteria form a capsule or slime layer around their cell wall in order to promote motility is false ,
Biofilms are made up of many cells and their outer barriers. Both capsules and slime layers serve fundamental tasks of protection and adhesion.
Many bacterial cells produce extracellular material in the form of a slime layer or a capsule. A slime layer is loosely connected to the bacteria and readily washed away, but a capsule is securely linked to the bacterium and has defined limits.
High molecular weight compounds, glycoproteins and glycolipids, released in the cell and secreted outside the cell, produce capsules and slime layers. These two layers protect the cell from desiccation and provide resistance to macrophage phagocytosis.
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What can be known about Mendel's five part hypothesis it is an answer to a scientific question and is based mostly on H?
It is a response to a scientific query that is largely supported by research.
Gregor Mendel's scientific research on pea plants led him to the fundamental ideas of heredity. He came to the conclusion that genes were inherited as distinct, paired units from each parent. Mendel observed how parental genes separated and if they showed up in dominant or recessive qualities in the children.Mendel's theory of partial inheritance.The inherited phenotypes, according to his prediction, do not converge across generations. Instead, he proposed that the progeny get distinct "particles." The dominant phenotype would manifest itself if one of these particles has the upper hand.
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or each sequence of DNA is shown. Write the complementary RNA sequence underneath the letters, thenuse the codon chart to determine the amino acid sequence:DNA → A C A T T T C A G A C C G T C
Answer:
UGU-AAA-GUC-UGG-CAG
Cys, Lys, Val, Trp, Gln
Explaination:
Apples Under Trees
That sentence will make sense in a second,
A(Adenine) goes with T(Thymine)
G(Guanine) goes with C(Cytosine)
Ex: CAT
->GTA
That's DNA's complementary DNA sequence.
For DNA converting to RNA
(Where Apples Under Trees comes in)
T(Thymine) will be replaced with U(Uracil)
Ex: CAT
->GUA
Codon chart:
For the codon chart, I like to use the circle one.
Steps:
We will be finding the sequence GUA :)
1. Find the first FOUR boxes in the middle. (Color Coded tan)
We have G first, so go on to the next section.
(as you can see the codon chart is split into four sections)
2. Find the next letters (Color coded light green) and find U because that's the letter after G.
3. Find the next letters (Color coded white) and find the amino acid the letter matchs to.
If you got VAL you did it correctly :)
Meat tenderizer contain papain, a enzyme that digests proteins. How does this enzyme help in making meat tender?
Meat tenderizer, which is often used in the kitchen to soften tough cuts of meat, contains the enzyme papain. This enzyme is derived from the papaya plant and is able to break down proteins into smaller peptides and amino acids, which helps to make the meat more tender.
When meat is cooked, the proteins in the muscle fibers coagulate, or tighten up, which can make the meat tough and difficult to chew. Papain works by breaking down the proteins in the meat, which makes it easier to chew and swallow. It breaks down the bonds between the protein molecules, making them smaller and less resistant to chewing.
Papain works by cleaving peptide bonds in the meat proteins, particularly the tough, fibrous proteins such as myosin and actin. It works best at a pH of 6-7, and at moderate temperature around 40-50 Celsius. Papain can also work on breaking down connective tissues such as collagen and elastin, in the meat which are usually tough, making the meat more tender.
The amount of time that papain needs to break down the proteins depends on the pH and temperature, but also on the meat's own properties such as the age, the species and the cut. Papain is most effective when used for a period of time before cooking, allowing the enzyme to break down the proteins over a longer period of time. When papain is used for too short a time or at high temperature, it can cause the meat to become mushy.
In summary, papain is an enzyme that helps make meat more tender by breaking down the proteins in the meat, which makes it easier to chew and swallow. Papain also helps in breaking down the connective tissues in meat making it more tender. However, it is important to use meat tenderizer in the right way to get the desired result and not to overuse it which will cause the meat to become mushy.
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What was indicated in the Mendel's first hypothesis?
Mendel was greatly involved in the field of genetics, and provided first hypothesis or law named as law of segregation.
Mendel's First Law, also known as the Law of Segregation, states that the alleles for a trait separate during the formation of gametes and randomly unite at fertilization. This means that when two parents with different alleles for a trait produce offspring, each offspring will receive one allele from each parent. This law helps to explain why certain traits are inherited, as well as why the ratio of certain traits can be predicted.
The Mendel made all the observation for the hypothesis or law using Pea plant, that was the best model he selected by careful observation skill that he possessed. The Law of segregation was proven by the pea plant as plant producing violet flower having heterozygous condition could give rise to white flowers in next generation, confidently explaining the process of segregation.
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What type of expense are food clothing and medical expenses?
Answer:
These are variable expenses.
Explanation:
These are needs. They are necessary because one can't survive without them.