The Reconstruction Amendments, sometimes known as the 13th, 14th, and 15th Amendments to the Constitution, played a significant role in granting African Americans citizenship rights and protections.
Slavery was officially abolished by the 13th Amendment. African Americans were made equal citizens of the United States via the 14th Amendment.
The Dred Scott v. Sanford ruling, in which Chief Justice Roger B. Taney of the Supreme Court stated that black Americans were not citizens and as a result had "no rights which the white man was bound to respect," was reversed by this amendment.
Black American men now have the right to vote thanks to the 15th Amendment. Northern African Americans were steadfast supporters of these amendments, pushing for equality on behalf of both themselves and their recently freed colleagues.
Democrats in Pennsylvania's neighboring state of New Jersey resisted ratification, despite the fact that Pennsylvania was one of the first states to do so in February 1865.
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The law requiring buyers and sellers to be given an itemization of all costs and expenses of the buying and selling of a home is
a. the Equal Credit Opportunity Act
b. the Fair Credit Reporting Act
c. RESPA
d. the Truth in lending Act
The law requiring buyers and sellers to be given an itemization of all costs and expenses of the buying and selling of a home is RESPA, which stands for the Real Estate Settlement Procedures Act.
In this case, Option C is correct
RESPA is a federal law that was enacted in 1974 to protect homebuyers and sellers from unfair practices and to provide them with information about the costs associated with buying or selling a home. Among other things, RESPA requires that borrowers receive a Good Faith Estimate (GFE) of the costs associated with their loan, as well as a HUD-1 Settlement Statement that outlines all of the charges and fees associated with the transaction.
By requiring lenders and other settlement service providers to disclose their fees and charges to borrowers, RESPA helps to ensure that homebuyers and sellers are not taken advantage of and are able to make informed decisions about their real estate transactions.
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Subsidiary sources include writings and commentaries by legal-----------
a.
activists
b.
entities
c.
profession
d.
scholars
Subsidiary sources include writings and commentaries by legal Activists or by publicist, who have great exposure among people.
Therefore, answer is option a. Activists.
Do laws have definitions?Law is a discipline and profession that deals with a community's accepted norms, practices, and standards of conduct. A governing authority is responsible for enforcing the body of regulations.
What is it, and what does it serve?Every members of a community must do by the laws that are done. Laws safeguard our rights as citizens and safeguard our general safety against violations by individuals, groups, and even the government. We have laws to assist ensure our overall safety.
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why do you think the delegates focused on the right to vote?
The delegates focused on the right to vote because it was one of the essential aspects of establishing a representative government.
By conferring the power to vote on the people, they could select individuals who would represent their interests in the government. The right to vote allowed citizens to participate in the government, providing them with a sense of ownership in the government's decisions. It gave the people the power to elect representatives who would stand up for their interests and prevent the government from becoming too authoritarian, as the representatives would be accountable to the people who had elected them.
Apart from this, delegates also focused on the right to vote because they believed that all people, regardless of their social status, should have a say in how the government was run. In other words, the right to vote was a way of promoting equality in society. It gave a voice to the poor, the marginalized, and the disenfranchised and ensured that their interests were not ignored by the government.
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question which of the following accurately compares the formal and informal powers of the president?
Holding the position of chief military commander. The president's formal and informal powers are contrasted in a suitable way by signing executive agreements with foreign countries. So the right answer is: Formal Power: Serving as military commander in chief; Informal Power: Executing executive agreements with foreign governments.
The correct option is C.
What authority does the president have both formally and informally?The President has the following formal and unofficial powers:
Formal authority:
Being in charge of an army, navy, or air force of the US.the power to veto legislation to influence Congress.the capacity to coordinate political events and conduct negotiations with foreign nations.the authority to call and adjourn sessions of Congress.Informal power:
Having the authority to enact legislative goals and executive orders.Without declaring war, dispatch troops.In charge of foreign policy projects.The correct option is C.The question is incomplete, complete question "Which of the following accurately compares the formal and informal powers of the president?
A. Formal Power: Vetoing legislation to prevent a bill from becoming law
Informal Power: Using a pocket veto to prevent a bill from becoming law
B. Formal Power: Using the bully pulpit to influence public opinion
Informal Power: Appointing ambassadors and receiving diplomats from other nations
C. Formal Power: Acting as commander in chief of the military
Informal Power: Signing executive agreements with foreign nations
D. Formal Power: Using the power of the purse to support government programs
Informal Power: Using signing statements to shape legislation
C. Formal Power: Acting as commander in chief of the military
Informal Power: Signing executive agreements with foreign nations"
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T/F. In minority-dominated neighborhoods, residents are more likely to find it appropriate to call the police.
Residents are more likely to think it is proper to contact the police in areas where minority-dominated or predominate. True.
The percentage of whites (12%) and blacks (11%) who had police-initiated interaction did not differ statistically significantly. Whites (12%) were more likely than Latinos (10%) to be approached by the police. Accepting bribes from people who trade in the vices of gambling, prostitution, illegal drinking, and illicit drug usage is the most prevalent kind of police corruption.
The primary responsibility of law enforcement personnel is to assist and safeguard the public. Most law enforcement agencies are successful in doing this. Law enforcement officials, however, are seen negatively by many individuals. Citizens should know more about law enforcement and the reasons behind the measures that cops take under particular conditions.
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The government imposes a sales tax on hot dogs. The tax would be paid entirely by hot dog sellers if theA.supply is perfectly elastic.
The government imposes a sales tax on hot dogs. The tax would be paid entirely by hot dog sellers if the supply is perfectly elastic. This statement is correct, let us learn about the factors affecting the demand and supply.
Supply is defined as the total amount of a product or service that is available for a specific price, while demand is defined as the willingness and ability of consumers to purchase a product or service at a specific price. According to the law of demand, the quantity of a product or service demanded by consumers decreases as the price of the product or service rises. On the other hand, according to the law of supply, the quantity of a product or service supplied by producers increases as the price of the product or service increases. The demand and supply of a product or service can be influenced by various factors, including taxes, subsidies, input costs, technological advancements, and consumer preferences.
The imposition of a sales tax on hot dogs would raise the cost of production and supply for hot dog sellers, and the effect would be that sellers would shift the burden of the tax onto the consumers by raising the price of the hot dogs. As a result of the price increase, demand for hot dogs will decrease as consumers would look for substitute products. In case the supply of hot dogs is perfectly elastic, then the sellers will be forced to absorb the entire cost of the tax because any increase in the price would lead to a complete loss of sales. Thus, the tax would be paid entirely by the hot dog sellers in such a situation.
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Which federal law requires handicapped access to stadiums?American Liberty ActAmericans with Disabilities ActSafe Movement ActConstruction Modification Act
Answer:
The Americans with Disabilities Act (ADA) is the federal law that requires handicapped access to stadiums.
Explanation:
The Americans with Disabilities Act (ADA) is the federal law that requires handicapped access to stadiums. The Americans with Disabilities Act (ADA) is a civil rights law that prohibits discrimination against people with disabilities in all aspects of public life, including transportation, employment, and public accommodations such as stadiums. The Americans with Disabilities Act requires that public accommodations, including stadiums, be accessible to people with disabilities and provide equal access to all patrons. This includes, among other things, providing accessible seating areas, accessible routes of travel, and accessible restroom facilities.
Which of the following are true statements about the development of women's rights during the early republic? Check all that apply.1.Women were uninterested in participating in political life.2.Some women believed that fulfilling their domestic responsibilities was a kind of political participation.3.Massachusetts extended the vote to women on Abigail Adams's recommendation.4.Many believed that politics and government were inappropriate places for women.
2 and 4 are true statements about the development of women's rights during the early republic.
2. Some women believed that fulfilling their domestic responsibilities was a kind of political participation. During this time, women were generally excluded from formal political participation, such as voting and holding office. However, some women, like Abigail Adams, believed that their work in the home was a form of political participation because it contributed to the success of the nation and the well-being of its citizens.
4. Many believed that politics and government were inappropriate places for women. During the early republic, it was widely believed that women were too emotional and irrational to participate in politics and government. Many people, including some women, believed that women's proper role was in the home and that they should not be involved in public affairs.
1 and 3 are false statements.
1. Women were not uninterested in participating in political life. Many women were interested in participating in politics and government but were excluded from doing so because of their gender.
3. Massachusetts did not extend the vote to women on Abigail Adams's recommendation. Abigail Adams did advocate for women's rights, but she did not recommend that Massachusetts extend the vote to women. Women's suffrage did not become a reality in the United States until the 20th century.
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fill in the blank. the___perspective of the criminal justice system holds that criminals choose to commit crimes and must be punished harshly for their actions.
The Crime control perspective of the criminal justice system holds that criminals choose to commit crimes and must be punished harshly for their actions.
Criminal justice referred to all methods that individuals could use to exact retribution for the harm committed by a crime. The idea of criminal justice has since developed.
With a focus on the complexities and connections between crime and justice, Criminal Justice: The System in Perspective offers a novel perspective on the criminal justice system. Recent studies, current events, and the criminal court system are the main topics of criminal justice.
According to the due process model, every person should have access to a just and equitable criminal justice system that respects their constitutional rights.
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Describe the THREE (3) elements of possession that were established in Dato ARahman case.
Answer:
In the Dato' Menteri Othman bin Baginda & Anor v Dato' Seri Anwar Ibrahim case, which is commonly referred to as the "Dato' Seri Anwar Ibrahim Sodomy II" case, there were three elements of possession that were established by the Malaysian courts. These elements are:
Actual possession: This refers to physical control over an object or thing. In the case of Dato' Seri Anwar Ibrahim, he was found to have had actual possession of the semen-stained mattress on which the alleged sodomy occurred.
Exclusive possession: This means that the person in possession has the right to exclude others from using or accessing the object. In this case, the court found that Dato' Seri Anwar Ibrahim had exclusive possession of the mattress, as no one else had used or accessed it since the alleged incident.
Intention to possess: This element refers to the mental state of the person in possession, in that they must have the intention to possess the object. In this case, the court found that Dato' Seri Anwar Ibrahim had the intention to possess the mattress, as he had kept it in his possession for several years and had not disposed of it.
true/false. find, cite and summarize an article where corporate directors or corporate officers were punnished for their bad actions with jail time, fines, or both
True. In 2020, former Nissan Motor Co. Chairman Carlos Ghosn was sentenced to more than four years in prison and ordered to pay a $6.5 million fine for financial misconduct during his time leading the company.
Ghosn was accused of underreporting his compensation and misusing company funds for personal gain.
The case against Ghosn was a high-profile example of corporate leaders being held accountable for their actions, and it drew attention to the growing trend of increased enforcement of corporate governance laws around the world. The case also highlighted the importance of transparency and accountability in corporate leadership, and the need for companies to have strong systems in place to detect and prevent financial misconduct.
Overall, the case against Ghosn is a powerful reminder that corporate directors and officers can face serious consequences for their actions, including jail time, fines, and damage to their reputations. This underscores the importance of strong corporate governance practices and a culture of ethical behavior throughout organizations at all levels.
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Question 1
Blood type AB is the rarest blood type, occurring in only 4% of the population in the United States. In Australia, only 1.5% of the population has blood type AB. Suppose a random sample of 50 U.S. residents and 40 Australians is obtained. Consider the random variables described below:
X: the number of US residents (out of 50) with blood type AB.
Y: the number of Australians (out of 40) with blood type AB.
Z: the total number of individuals (out of 90) with blood type AB.
Which of the following is true about the random variables X, Y, and Z? Check all that apply.
X is a binomial random variable with n = 50 and p = 0.04
Y is a binomial random variable with n = 30 and p = 0.015
Z is a binomial random variable with n = 90 and p = 0.055
Question 2
In Texas, 30% of parolees from prison return to prison within 3 years. Suppose 15 prisoners are released from a Texas prison on parole. Assume that whether or not one prisoner returns to prison is independent of whether any of the others return to prison. Let the random variable X be the number of parolees out of 15 that return to prison within 3 years. What are the values of the parameters for the binomial random variable X?
n =
p =
X is a binomial random variable with n = 50 and p = 0.04, Y is a binomial random variable with n = 40 and p = 0.015.
The value of n is 15 and p is 0.30 of the parameters for the binomial random variable X
1. X is a binomial random variable with n = 50 and p = 0.04
Y is a binomial random variable with n = 40 and p = 0.015
Z is not a binomial random variable, as it represents the total number of individuals with blood type AB, which is not a fixed number of trials with a constant probability of success.
2. The binomial distribution models the number of successes in a fixed number of independent trials, where each trial has the same probability of success. In this case, X represents the number of parolees out of 15 that return to prison within 3 years, where each parolee is either a success (returns to prison) or a failure (does not return to prison). Since each prisoner's return to prison is independent of the other prisoners' returns, we can model X as a binomial random variable with n = 15 (the number of trials) and p = 0.3 (the probability of success, or the proportion of parolees who return to prison within 3 years).
Therefore, final answer for question 1 is n = 40 and p =0.015 and for question 2 is n = 15 and p = 0.30.
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Although every crime scene is unique, discuss the components of and things to be considered when conducting a scene assessment.
Please help!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!
Safety, boundaries, documentation, evidence gathering, interviews, reconstruction, cooperation, and coordination among all parties involved in the investigation are all important considerations while assessing a crime scene.
What fundamental elements make up a criminal scene?Physical evidence identification, documentation, appropriate collection, packaging, preservation, and scene reconstruction are the fundamental crime scene techniques.
What are the elements or duties involved in recording a crime scene?The three most popular ways to document a crime scene are taking notes, drawing, and taking pictures. A thorough record of the crime scene, including the acts conducted during the search there, aids the crime scene investigator in recalling events with accuracy and aids in the identification of evidence in a court of law.
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jerome and jana relinquish the legal right to exercise control of their 17 year old daughter meredith because
Jerome and jana relinquish the legal right to exercise control of their 17 year old daughter Meredith because of the act emancipation.
The Emancipation Proclamation was issued by President Abraham Lincoln on January 1, 1863, as the country was approaching its third year of a bloody civil war. In the rebellious states, the proclamation stated "that all persons held as slaves are, and henceforth shall be free."
Instead, it sought to abolish the extensive plantation slavery that existed in Britain's tropical colonies, where the population of slaves was frequently greater than that of the white colonists. In British North America, there were far fewer and more isolated enslaved Africans. In 1774, Rhode Island became the first state to outlaw slavery.
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which of the following committees of the house of representatives sets the conditions for debate and amendment of most legislation?
Rules committees of the house of representatives sets the conditions for debate and amendment of most legislation. The correct option is 3.
Before being debated on the floor in the House, most bills first go to the Rules committee. The committee decides on the rules that will control how the House will consider the bill. A "closed rule" prohibits the introduction of amendments and places strict time restrictions on debate.
The United States House of Representatives has a committee known as the Rules Committee, or simply the Rules Committee. In contrast to other committees, which frequently focus on a single area of policy, it is in charge of the procedures under which bills will be submitted to the House of Representatives. Due to its influence over the introduction and passage of legislation through the House, the committee is frequently regarded as one of the most powerful committees. As a result, it has earned the moniker "traffic cop of Congress." The correct option is 3.
The question is incomplete, complete question "Which of the following committees of the House of Representatives sets the conditions for debate and amendment of most legislation?
JudiciaryWays and MeansRulesAppropriationsGovernment Operations"Learn more about house of representatives at:
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which countries received weapons from the u.s. under the lend-lease act.
Under the Lend-Lease Act, the United States provided military aid, including weapons and equipment, to various countries during World War II.
Some of the countries that received weapons from the U.S. under the lend-lease act are as follows: United Kingdom: The United Kingdom was the largest beneficiary of U.S. military aid, receiving over $31 billion worth of lend-lease supplies, including aircraft, tanks, ammunition, and other equipment.
Soviet Union: The Soviet Union received over $11 billion in lend-lease aid, including trucks, jeeps, aircraft, and tanks. This aid was critical in helping the Soviet Union defeat the Germans on the Eastern Front. China: China received over $1.5 billion in lend-lease aid, including aircraft, trucks, and ammunition. This aid was crucial in the Chinese resistance against the Japanese during World War II.
France: France received lend-lease aid totaling over $3 billion, including aircraft, tanks, and trucks. The aid helped to support French forces fighting in North Africa and the Mediterranean, as well as the French resistance movement.
Norway: Norway received lend-lease aid totaling over $300 million, including aircraft, tanks, and other equipment. This aid was critical in the Norwegian resistance movement against the Germans during World War II.
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rights not given to the federal government are rights to the states, true or false?
The rights not given to the federal government are rights to the states is true.
The powers not given to the government by the Constitution, nor prohibited by it to the States, are reserved to the States respectively, or to the people.
Qualifies as the government?The U.S. Constitution gives Congress, the President, and the Federal courts, in that order, the legislative, executive, and judicial powers of the Federal Government.
Is governance in a nutshell?A government is an organization or a system made up of a number of individuals who look after a nation or a state. Every government has a constitution or set of guiding principles that it adheres to in order to provide efficient government.
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Is the Fed meant to be controlled or independent from the government?
The Fed is autonomous in the sense that it determines its own monetary policy and other related issues without requiring input from the federal government.
The term "central bank independence" relates to the issue of whether those in charge of monetary policy should be totally cut off from the executive branch.People who support independence are aware of how politics may encourage monetary policy, which can help candidates win re-election in the short term but have long-term negative effects on the economy.Independence opponents assert that the government and central bank's economic policies need to be closely linked.Some opponents contend that strict regulatory control of central banks is necessary.The Fed and other central banks are really given a fair deal of independence, but they still have some ties to the government.Learn more about federal government.
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discuss the differences between individualizing items of evidence and associative items of evidence?
Answer:
Individualizing evidence is evidence that can be linked to a specific person or thing, such as DNA or fingerprints. Associative evidence is evidence that does not have a direct link to a specific person or thing, but can be used to make connections or draw inferences, such as a witness testimony or surveillance footage. The main difference is that individualizing evidence can provide more direct and conclusive proof of a person's involvement, while associative evidence requires more interpretation and analysis to draw conclusions.
Explanation:
this is a document guaranteeing the appearance of a defendant in court as required. it is a pledge of money or property to be paid to the court.
The U.S. Constitution was a unique combination of political principles. Identify the features below that describe the principles embodied in the Constitution.
-federalism
-checks and balances
-public liberty
-private liberty
The U.S. Constitution embodies federalism, checks and balances, public and private liberty. Federalism divides power between national and state governments. Checks and balances prevent abuse of power.
The U.S. Constitution is the supreme law of the United States of America. It was drafted in 1787 at the Constitutional Convention in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, and was later ratified by the original thirteen states. The Constitution outlines the structure of the federal government and sets forth the powers and limitations of its three branches: the legislative, executive, and judicial branches. The Constitution also outlines the rights and freedoms of American citizens, including the Bill of Rights, which includes the first ten amendments to the Constitution. Since its adoption, the Constitution has been amended several times to address issues such as voting rights, slavery, and presidential succession. It is widely regarded as one of the most important documents in world history and has served as a model for many other constitutions around the world.
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which constitutional principle did the supreme court decision in marbury v. madison strengthen?
The Supreme Court's decision in the case of Marbury v. Madison (1803) strengthened the constitutional principle of judicial review.
In this landmark case of Marbury v. Madison (1803) , Chief Justice John Marshall and the Supreme Court held that the Court has the power to declare acts of Congress as unconstitutional. This decision established the principle of judicial review in this case , which is the power of the federal courts to determine the constitutionality of laws and executive actions.
By establishing the principle of judicial review, the Supreme Court upheld its authority as an equal branch of government and established an important control and check on the power of the other branches. This decision also helped to establish the role of the Supreme Court as the final arbiter of constitutional questions in the United States.
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which of the following us federal agencies investigate hacking cases that appear to involve espionage, nation-states, and counterintelligence?
Federal Bureau of Investigation investigate hacking cases that appear to involve espionage, nation-states, and counterintelligence.
Option (A) is correct.
The primary federal law enforcement organisation in the United States as well as its domestic intelligence and security service is the Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI). The Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) is responsible for upholding federal law and conducting investigations into a range of serious offences, involving terrorism, espionage, white collar crimes, financial fraud, and other serious crimes.
The FBI is primarily a domestic agency with field offices in significant American cities, unlike the Central Intelligence Agency (CIA), which lacks law enforcement jurisdiction and is primarily focused on gathering intelligence abroad.
Therefore, the correct answer is option (A)
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The question is incomplete, the complete question is:
which of the following us federal agencies investigate hacking cases that appear to involve espionage, nation-states, and counterintelligence?
a) FBI
b) CBI
C) both
D) None
What are the guiding principles for first responders' to take when arriving at a potential crime scene?
What are the guiding principles for first responders' to take when arriving at a potential crime scene?
what does the public law regulate
Public law sees on constitutional, administrative and criminal law. Public law is the part of law that governs relations between legal persons and a government.
Also between different institutions within a state, between different branches of government and relations between persons of direct interest to society.
An illustration of a public law?The entitlement to social benefits, which are only available to natural persons and are given by administrative action of the state budget, is a prime illustration of public law. Slippage laws could say to both public and private legislation.
Does it mean in the legal context?Not private; under the control of the government; or belongs to and accessible to the public. It could be referring to a thing, an organization, or something you do.
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Although white-collar crime does not involve physical violence, there are still significant ______ and ______ costs that result from such conduct.Multiple choice question.potential; socialfinancial; socialsocial; classificationclassification; financial
Although white-collar crime does not involve physical violence, there are still significant financial and social costs that result from such conduct. The correct answer is b financial; social.
White-collar crime is a term used to describe a range of non-violent crimes that are typically committed by professionals or people in powerful positions. It involves financially motivated illegal activities that are conducted by individuals who hold legitimate positions in society.White-collar crimes are generally perpetrated for the purpose of monetary gain, and they frequently rely on some form of deception. It is noteworthy that these crimes have both financial and social costs. White-collar criminals, on the other hand, can potentially pay high costs in terms of their social status, reputation, and livelihood. Some white-collar crimes include embezzlement, tax evasion, securities fraud, insider trading, and money laundering. The correct answer is b financial; social.Learn more about white-collar crime: https://brainly.com/question/1573032
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(p. 130) According to the chapter, the 2009 Credit Card Responsibility and Disclosure Act: A. requires credit cards companies to disclose specific reasons for increasing interest rates.
B. requires persons under 21 to show independent income or use a co-signer to acquire a credit card.
C. prohibits credit card companies from charging more than 18% interest.
D. requires students to disclose expected college loan debt when applying for a credit card.
According to the chapter, the 2009 Credit Card Responsibility and Disclosure Act: requires persons under 21 to show independent income or use a co-signer to acquire a credit card. (B)
The Credit Card Accountability Responsibility and Disclosure Act of 2009, also known as the Credit CARD Act of 2009, is a federal statute that was signed into law by President Barack Obama on May 22, 2009.
The act is intended to protect consumers from abusive credit card practices and to improve transparency in the credit card sector.The Credit CARD Act of 2009 is a comprehensive credit card reform law that includes a number of provisions aimed at safeguarding customers from unfair and deceptive practices.
Some of the Credit CARD Act of 2009's key provisions include the following:Credit card issuers must give customers a minimum of 21 days to pay their bills;Credit card issuers must notify customers of changes to their account terms at least 45 days ahead of time;Credit card issuers are prohibited from charging interest on fees and penalties;
Credit card issuers are required to apply payments to high-interest balances first;
Credit card issuers are required to mail monthly statements to customers 21 days prior to their payment due date;
Credit card issuers must provide customers with a notice before increasing their interest rate;
Credit card issuers must provide customers with a warning before assessing an over-limit fee on their account; and
Persons under the age of 21 are required to demonstrate independent income or use a co-signer to acquire a credit card.
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fill in the blank. the policy area in which a particular congressional committee is authorized to act is called the ___ of a congressional committee.
The policy area in which a particular congressional committee is authorized to act is called the jurisdiction of a congressional committee.
Each committee in Congress has a specific jurisdiction that defines the policy areas under its purview. These jurisdictions can vary widely depending on the committee, with some overseeing broad policy areas like the Ways and Means Committee, which has jurisdiction over taxes and revenue, while others are more narrowly focused on specific issues like the Energy and Commerce Committee, which has jurisdiction over healthcare, energy, and telecommunications. The jurisdiction of a committee is determined by the rules of the House or Senate and can be changed over time through the amendment of those rules or through the creation or dissolution of committees.
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true/false. in 2003, the united states supreme court considered two different admissions policies adopted at the university of michigan and
approved affirmative action plans that took race into consideration as part of a complete examination of the applicant's background
The given statement "In 2003, the united states supreme court considered two different admissions policies adopted at the university of Michigan and approved affirmative action plans that took race into consideration as part of a complete examination of the applicant's background" is true to give minority applicants a specific number of bonus points in the application scoring system.
The United States Supreme Court ruled in Grutter v. Bollinger that the student admissions procedure can constitutionally favor underrepresented minority groups provided that race is not the only factor taken into account. The Court upheld the use of race as an admissions factor to the Law School in two cases involving affirmative action policies at the University of Michigan, but it overturned an undergraduate admissions policy that gave minority applicants "points."
A points-based admissions policy that gave bonus points to minority applicants was declared unconstitutional in Gratz v. Bollinger because it violated the Equal Protection Clause of the 14th Amendment.
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