Adult stem cells are found in specialized organs and tissues and are limited to replenishing the particular cell type found in that organ on the other hand, stem cells can differentiate into any type of cell in the body.
Embryonic stem cells are set up in early stage embryos and are undifferentiated, meaning they're able of forming any type of cell. They're used for regenerative purposes, similar as repairing damaged towel and organs,
and can also be used to produce new organs , They're more important than adult stem cells, but also more controversial due to the ethical counteraccusations of using embryonic stem cells.
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Trinucleotide repeat disorders are hereditary diseases caused by mutant genes containing an increased number of repeats of a DNA trinucleotide sequence.
Which sequence(s) contain a trinucleotide repeat? Select all that apply.
...GGCAGGCAGGCAGGCAGGCAGGCTG...
...CACGGCGGCGGCGGCGGCATCGC...
...AGCGACAGCAGCAGCAGCAGCAAGT...
...CACGGAAGAAGAAGAAGAAATAGAC...
...TTCACTGTCACTGTCACTGTCACTGTCC...
Trinucleotide repeat disorders are a group of genetic diseases caused by mutations in genes that result in an expansion of trinucleotide DNA repeats beyond a certain threshold.
The mutated genes contain a sequence of three nucleotides that are repeated in tandem, resulting in an unstable and abnormal DNA structure. These mutations can occur in different genes and different trinucleotide sequences.
The sequences that contain a trinucleotide repeat in the options given are:
...GGCAGGCAGGCAGGCAGGCAGGCTG... (repeating GCA)
...AGCGACAGCAGCAGCAGCAGCAAGT... (repeating CAG)
Trinucleotide repeat disorders can cause a wide range of symptoms and can affect various body systems, including the nervous system, muscle, and heart. Examples of trinucleotide repeat disorders include Huntington's disease, Fragile X syndrome, and myotonic dystrophy. These disorders are inherited in an autosomal dominant pattern, which means that a person with the mutation has a 50% chance of passing it on to each of their children.
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How would you classify a prokaryote that lives in hot springs that have a low pH at Yellowstone National Park?A. Extreme HalophilesB. ChemoautotrophC. ThermoacidophileD. Methanogen
The prokaryote that lives in hot springs that have a low pH at Yellowstone National Park would be classified as a Thermoacidophile (option C).
Thermoacidophiles are microorganisms that thrive in environments with high temperatures and low pH (acidic conditions). They are adapted to live in extreme environments, such as hot springs, geysers, and hydrothermal vents, where temperatures can exceed 80°C and pH can be as low as 1.0.
In Yellowstone National Park, there are many hot springs that are acidic and have high temperatures, making it an ideal environment for thermoacidophilic microorganisms. These microorganisms are able to survive and carry out metabolic processes, such as energy production, in these extreme conditions. Extreme Halophiles (option A) are microorganisms that thrive in environments with high salt concentrations.
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during his pea plant studies mendel found that the f2 generation produced a nearly 3:1 ratio of purple to white flowers.which principle explains why the ratio is not exactly 3:1
During his pea plant studies, Mendel found that the F2 generation produced a nearly 3:1 ratio of purple to white flowers. The law of segregation is the principle that explains why the ratio is not exactly 3:1.
The law of segregation is the principle that describes how the alleles of a gene are separated during the formation of gametes. Every individual has two copies of each gene, which are called alleles. One allele comes from the mother, and the other comes from the father. During the formation of gametes, the alleles segregate from each other, so that each gamete contains only one allele from each gene.
This explains why the ratio of dominant to recessive traits in the F2 generation is not exactly 3:1. Instead, the ratio is a probabilistic outcome, based on the fact that each individual has two alleles for a particular gene, and each allele has an equal chance of being passed on to the offspring. When the F1 hybrids produce gametes, each allele has a 50% chance of being passed on to the offspring, and the resulting ratio of dominant to recessive traits is determined by probability.
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structures on the tongue that contain groupings of taste buds are called
Structures on the tongue that contain groupings of taste buds are called Fungiform papillae.
Fungiform papillae are small, mushroom-shaped structures found on the surface of the tongue in mammals, including humans. They are one of several types of papillae on the tongue and are most abundant on the front two-thirds of the tongue. Fungiform papillae contain taste buds, which are sensory organs that enable the detection of different flavors.
Taste buds are composed of specialized cells called taste receptor cells, which are responsible for detecting different types of taste, such as sweet, sour, salty, and bitter. These receptor cells are connected to nerve fibers that transmit signals to the brain, where they are interpreted as taste sensations. The number and distribution of fungiform papillae can vary between individuals and can affect a person's ability to taste different flavors.
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"Sticky ends" are produced as a result of the action of ________.
A) PCR
B) DNA ligase
C) restriction enzymes
D) bacterial plasmids
C) Restriction enzymes are responsible for producing "sticky ends".
Restriction enzymes, also known as restriction endonucleases, are enzymes that can cut DNA at specific recognition sequences, which are usually palindromic in nature. When restriction enzymes cut DNA, they create double-stranded breaks that can result in two types of DNA fragments: blunt ends or sticky ends.
Blunt ends are produced when the restriction enzyme cuts both strands of DNA at the same position, resulting in a straight cut with no overhanging ends. In contrast, sticky ends are produced when the restriction enzyme cuts the two strands of DNA at different positions, resulting in overhanging ends that can pair up with complementary sequences.
The overhanging ends of sticky ends can be used to create recombinant DNA molecules. For example, if two DNA fragments are cut with the same restriction enzyme, their complementary sticky ends can be annealed together and joined by DNA ligase to create a new, hybrid DNA molecule.
PCR (polymerase chain reaction) is a technique used to amplify DNA sequences and does not involve the use of restriction enzymes. DNA ligase is an enzyme used to join DNA fragments together. Bacterial plasmids are small, circular pieces of DNA that can replicate independently of the host genome and often contain genes that confer advantageous traits to the bacteria.
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Why is it unhealthy to be underweight?
Answer:
Underweight people:
often suffer from health problems, such as poor immune systemhave lack of energy, and are frequently tiredare likely to suffer from lack of vitamins and mineralsExplanation:
Some people don't eat enough food. In extreme cases, this is known as starvation. If the energy in the food is less than the energy you need, you will loose body mass. This becomes being underweight.
the yellow-billed oxpecker spends its days perched on the backs of antelopes and wildebeests, eating parasites off the backs of these large mammals. what kind of relationship exists between the oxpecker and antelopes?
The type of relationship that exists between the oxpecker and antelopes is a mutualistic relationship as they both benefit each other.
Once upon a time, some researchers hypothesized that oxpeckers were parasites because they preferred the animal blood that these insect pests collected over the pests themselves. Oxpeckers actually favor ungulates (a kind of animals, e.g.- antelopes) with high tick concentrations, suggesting a more mutualistic relationship. This kind of relationship is generally referred to as mutualism.
Oxpeckers consume animal dandruff and ear wax as well. The smallest ungulate with which oxpeckers coexist is the impala, a little antelope. Despite the presence of other animals, oxpeckers only focused on impala. This type of relationship is called a symbiotic relationship.
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A nurse is caring for a client who has terminal pancreatic cancer. is called
A nurse is caring for a client who has terminal pancreatic cancer. is called palliative care who focuses on providing comfort and relief from pain and other symptoms of the disease.
A nurse who works in the palliative care unit is responsible for providing comfort and pain relief to patients who are in their last phase of life. Patients who have a terminal illness require palliative care because they cannot be cured.
Palliative care is an approach that involves a combination of medications, therapies, and emotional support. Its primary aim is to provide comfort, maintain the patient's dignity and relieve their symptoms.
The primary objective of the palliative care nurse is to assist the patient in having the highest quality of life possible while coping with a life-limiting condition.
They are also responsible for helping patients and their families in developing an end-of-life care plan. Palliative care nurses frequently collaborate with social workers, chaplains, and other healthcare professionals to create a holistic approach to care.
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The ion channel illustrated below would most likely be found in the plasma membrane of the (A) dendrite (B) cell body (C) axon (D) A and B (E) B and C
The ion channel would most likely be found in the plasma membrane of the dendrite.
Thus, the correct option is A.
What is an ion channel?Аn ion chаnnel is а speciаlized pore in the cell membrаne thаt enаbles the rаpid diffusion of а specific ion or smаll molecule аcross the membrаne.
The ion chаnnel, which is shown in the given picture, would most likely be found in the plаsmа membrаne of the dendrite.The dendrite is а pаrt of а neuron thаt receives signаls from other neurons or sensory stimuli. The cell body contаins the nucleus аnd other orgаnelles thаt аre responsible for the metаbolic аnd regulаtory functions of the neuron.
Your question is incomplete, but most probably your full question can be seen in the Attachment.
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T/F: cell division in both bacterial and eukaryotic cells produces genetically cells.
True. Prokaryotes reproduce via binary fission, which is a rather simple process. Each copy of a single chromosome attaches to a different location on the cell membrane when it multiplies.
Following this, the cell membrane begins to invade, ultimately dividing into two genetically identical bacteria. Similar methods are used to replicate mitochondria in eukaryotic cells, although the process is more challenging overall.
Mitosis, which involves dividing into two genetically identical cells, is the process by which eukaryotic cells replicate themselves. Mitosis is the process by which new cells are produced during the embryonic development and after birth, as well as by which cells that have died or shed are replaced. In humans, some cells can keep dividing even after death. These "stem cells" multiply through mitosis to produce daughter cells.
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because primates are so diverse and show so much behavior flexibility, very few primate species are threatened of extinction. True or False
Few primate species are endangered due to the diversity and behavioral flexibility of primates. This statement is false.
While it is true that primates exhibit a wide range of behavioral and ecological adaptations, many primate species are currently threatened with extinction. Habitat loss, hunting, and the pet trade are among the main threats to primate populations.
As human populations continue to grow and expand into previously untouched areas, primate habitats are being destroyed at an alarming rate. In addition, many primates are hunted for their meat or captured for the pet trade, further exacerbating their decline.
According to the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) Red List, over 60% of primate species are currently considered threatened with extinction, ranging from vulnerable to critically endangered. Conservation efforts are crucial to preserving these important species and their ecosystems.
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Complete question:
Primates are so diverse and show so much behavioral flexibility, very few primate species are threatened with extinction. This statement is true or false.
Predict the type of relationship between the ant and the ant-lion.
A. Commensalistic
B. Parasitic
C. Mutalistic
D. Predator-Prey
The type of relationship between the ant and the ant-lion is predator-prey.
The correct answer is option D.
The predator-prey relationship is one in which one organism, known as the predator, kills and eats another organism, known as the prey. Predators and prey are two different kinds of organisms that live in close proximity to one another.
The predator is the stronger of the two and has an easier time catching the prey, which is the weaker of the two. Often, predators have specific methods for capturing prey, and prey species have certain defenses in place that make them more difficult to catch.
Some prey animals, for example, can run very quickly, swim very fast, or fly very quickly to avoid predators. Predators have sharp teeth, claws, or other tools that they use to capture prey.
An ant-lion is a predator, and ants are its prey. The ant lion sits in its pit, hidden from view, waiting for an ant to fall in. The ant tries to climb up the slope, but the antlion tosses sand and stones at the ant, which makes it slip back down to the bottom of the pit. The antlion emerges from the bottom of the pit and captures the ant, which becomes its prey.
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Most viewers of the sitcom, Blonde Dream, also watch Euphony, a music-based reality show, which is broadcast immediately after Blonde Dream. An ad for Savor chocolates placed during both these shows would most likely result in: duplicated reach.
Yeah, it would probably result in duplicated reach to run ads for Savor chocolates during Blonde Dream and Euphony.
As a result, the identical advertisements would be seen twice by the same people who watch Blonde Dream and Euphony, respectively.
Duplicated reachWhen the same audience is exposed to an advertisement more than once across several media or channels, this is known as duplicated reach. The same viewers who watch Blonde Dream are likely to continue watching Euphony, thus if the Savor chocolate advertisement is shown during both Blonde Dream and Euphony, the same viewers will see it twice. As a result, there may be a higher frequency of exposure, which can aid in improving brand recognition and brand awareness among viewers who are interested in the advertised goods or services.Yet, it might be more advantageous to place the advertisement during other programs that have a different viewership demographic or air at other times in order to optimize the reach of the advertising campaign.learn more about duplicated reach here
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Inside the chloroplast, where are organic molecules made?A. stromaB. thylakoid membraneC. between the outer and inner membranesD. inside the thylakoid
The plant's leaves hold sucrose and myriad other organic molecules as a result of the carbon-fixation retorts, which begin in the stroma of the chloroplast and resume in the cytosol. The correct answer is (A) stroma.
The sucrose is traded to different tissues as a wellspring of both natural particles and energy for development.
The energy-storing chemicals adenosine triphosphate (ATP) and nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADPH) are produced when chlorophyll molecules in chloroplasts absorb sunlight and distribute the additional energy to molecular partners.
While removing oxygen from the cell's water, the photosynthetic pigment chlorophyll converts and stores solar energy in the energy-storage molecules ATP and NADPH. The ATP and NADPH are then used to make natural particles from carbon dioxide in a cycle known as the Calvin cycle.
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Calculate the amount of protein in 200ml low fat milk. Show calculations
The amount of protein in 200ml low-fat milk would be 6.97 g., approximately 7 g.
According to the WHO, dairy is a substantial source of superior protein and has a high level of edibility. Protein is essential for constructing and maintaining muscle mass and protecting bone tissue. Milk includes measurements of the many essential amino acids significantly in excess of international criteria due to the high nature of milk proteins (casein and whey).
So, by increasing the Kjeldahl N fixation = 6.38 (1 /15.67),
the milk protein emphasis is established in this manner.
The Kjeldahl method may not accurately reflect actual protein content or the assembling value of milk since the NPN concentration of milk can vary dramatically between groups.
A 200 ml glass of milk is thought to contain 6.97 g, or about 7 g, of protein. 3.5 g of protein are present in 100 ml of milk, for example. Hence, the protein level would be computed =
3.52 * 2 = 7 g for 200ml of low-fat milk.
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what is the name of the tapering inferior end of the spinal cord
The conus medullaris, which wraps around the first or second lumbar vertebra and can sometimes be lower, is the spinal cord's most tapering extremity.
The official "end" of the spinal cord is the tapering inferior end of the cord, which is known as the conus medullaris and is typically located at the level of the first lumbar vertebra.
In an average adult, the spinal cord tapers and terminates between the first and second lumbar vertebrae. The conus medullaris, which is the most distal bulbous part of the spinal cord, continues as the filum terminals at its tapering end.
The conus medullaris is the tightening distal finish of the spinal string and comprises the sacral (S2-S5) and coccygeal spinal rope fragments. In adults, the conus medullaris is typically located around the L1 vertebra, but it can also be as low as the L3 vertebra or as high as the T12 vertebra.
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Which ligament prevents anterior translation of the tibia?
The anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) is responsible for preventing anterior translation of the tibia. The ACL is one of the two cruciate ligaments, along with the posterior cruciate ligament (PCL), that provides stability to the knee joint.
The ACL runs diagonally in the middle of the knee, attaching the tibia to the femur. It helps to prevent the tibia from sliding forward or anteriorly in relation to the femur, as well as providing rotational stability to the knee joint.The ACL can be injured through various mechanisms, such as sudden stops and changes in direction while running or jumping, direct blows to the knee, and hyperextension. When the ACL is damaged, it can lead to instability in the knee joint, making it difficult to perform certain activities that involve weight-bearing on the knee.
To prevent injury to the ACL, it is important to maintain strength and flexibility in the muscles surrounding the knee joint, such as the quadriceps, hamstrings, and glutes. Proper technique and form during physical activity can also reduce the risk of ACL injury. Additionally, wearing appropriate protective gear, such as knee pads or braces, can help prevent ACL injury in contact sports or activities with high risk of falls or impact.
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at any given net glomerular filtration pressure, the glomerular filtration rate is directly proportional to
At any given net glomerular filtration pressure, the glomerular filtration rate (GFR) is directly proportional to blood pressure in the glomerular capillaries.
Thus, the correct answer is blood pressure in the glomerular capillaries (B).
Glomerulаr filtrаtion is а pressure-driven process thаt аllows the movement of wаter аnd solutes from the glomerulаr cаpillаries into the Bowmаn's spаce. Becаuse this process is non-selective, аll smаll molecules thаt cаn fit within the fenestrаted wаll of the filtrаtion membrаne cаn pаss through аnd become pаrt of the glomerulаr filtrаte.
The blood pressure in the glomerulаr cаpillаries is the pressure thаt fаvors glomerulаr filtrаtion while the glomerulаr osmotic pressure аnd cаpsulаr hydrostаtic pressure аre the two forces thаt oppose filtrаtion. Glomerulаr filtrаtion is the first process involved in the formаtion of urine.
Your question is incomplete, but most probably your options were
a. none.
b. blood pressure in the glomerular capillaries.
c. hydrostatic pressure of the renal capsule.
d. osmotic pressure in the glomerular capillaries.
Thus, the correct option is B.
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when an ecosystem is disturbed by fire or toxic chemicals, what affects it will be?
When an ecosystem is disturbed by fire or toxic chemicals, the effects will be a disturbance that may affect the trophic chain by altering the balance of producer organisms.
What are the major effects of ecological disturbance?The major effects of ecological disturbance include the reduction of natural populations such as plants which represent the primary producers in terrestrial ecosystems, and it may lead to a unbalance in the whole ecosystem's homeostasis.
Therefore, with this data, we can see that the major effects of ecological disturbance include the dramatic reduction in producer organisms.
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The peritoneal fold situated as a "fatty apron" anterior to the small intestine is the _____.A) mesenteryB) falciform ligamentC) lesser omentumD) greater omentum
The peritoneal fold situated as a "fatty apron" anterior to the small intestine is the lesser omentum therefore the correct option is C.
The lesser omentum is a double- layered pack of peritoneum that extends from the stomach to the transverse colon. It's composed of a connective towel layer and an external adipose layer. The lesser omentum functions to store fat, give protection for the organs of the tummy, and act as an immunological barrier.
It's also involved in the immersion of certain substances from the bowel, and helps to maintain a constant temperature in the abdominal depression. It's innervated by the vagus whim-whams and contains the large vessels of the abdominal depression.
Hence the correct option is C.
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if a mother with type b negative blood and a father with type ab negative blood produce a child, which of the following is true regardless of the mother's genotype?
When a mother with type B negative blood and a father with type AB negative blood produce a child, the child's blood type will depend on the mother's genotype. Therefore, there is no definitive answer for this.
What are the alleles?The AB blood type is characterized by both the A and B alleles, while the B blood type is characterized by only the B allele. This is shown in the following table:
Phenotype of parents: BB or B0 (i.e., BO) and AB, AB, B or AB, BB, BO or AB, BB, BO or ABAB or BOAB, B or OAA or AB. The phenotypic ratios are AB: B: A: 1:1, which means that the probability of having a child with the AB blood type is less than that of having a child with the B or A blood types.
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What is the benefit of using a differential stain versus a simple or negative stain
Differential staining techniques, such as Gram staining or acid-fast staining, allow for the differentiation of different types of microorganisms based on differences in their cell wall composition or other characteristics.
What is differential stain?A differential stain is a type of staining technique used in microbiology to distinguish between different types of microorganisms or structures within a microorganism. It involves the use of specific dyes and multiple steps to differentiate between the cells or structures being studied. The most commonly used differential stain is the Gram stain, which differentiates between Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria based on the structure of their cell walls. Other examples of differential stains include acid-fast stains, which differentiate acid-fast bacteria from non-acid-fast bacteria, and spore stains, which differentiate bacterial spores from vegetative cells. Differential staining allows for more precise identification and classification of microorganisms, which can be useful in fields such as medical diagnosis and microbiology research.
Here,
This provides important information about the nature of the microorganisms present in a sample, such as their morphology, Gram stain reaction, and possible identification. In contrast, simple or negative stains do not provide this level of differentiation or identification. Therefore, the benefit of using a differential stain is that it allows for a more detailed and specific analysis of the microorganisms present in a sample, which can be crucial for accurate diagnosis and treatment in fields such as medicine and microbiology.
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Definition of ADAPTATION:
A. A How energy moves in a food web.
B. A feature or behavior that helps an animal survive in its environment.
C. A neutral trait that has no direct effect on survival in any environment.
Answer:
B. A feature or behavior that helps an animal survive in its environment.
what type of sensory memory is categorized as auditory memory?
The type of sensory memory that is categorized as auditory memory is called echoic memory.
Echoic memory refers to the brief retention of auditory information that is heard for a few seconds after the sound has ended. This memory system allows the brain to process and make sense of sounds, such as speech or music, and to remember them briefly even after they are no longer present.
The duration of echoic memory can be up to 10 seconds, depending on the complexity of the auditory information and the level of attention paid to it. Echoic memory is a crucial component of language processing and is important for communication and comprehension.
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what enzyme moves along the template strand of dna synthesizing the mrna strand?
The enzyme that moves along the template strand of dna synthesizing the mRNA strand is RNA polymerases.
In molecular biology, an enzyme called RNA Polymerase, often known as RNA Pol or RNAP, synthesises RNA from a DNA template. With the aid of the enzyme helicase, which breaks down damaged DNA strands, RNA polymerase replicates the DNA sequence into an RNA sequence during the transcription process.
The RNA Pol participates in the identification of terminator areas, aids in the attachment and elongation of nucleotides, and not only transcribes DNA but also proofreads the transcribed RNA.
RNAP creates non-coding functional RNAs like tRNA, rRNA, and miRNA as well as functional mRNAs that code for proteins (translation). Prokaryotes, eukaryotes, and viruses all include the crucial enzyme RNA polymerase. Depending on the kind of organism, the RNAP complex might have different sizes and numbers of subunits.
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Why are the pigments colors at different levels on the paper in the chromatography experiment?
In chromatography experiments, the different pigments in a substance will separate and move along the paper at different levels depending on their molecular weight, polarity, and the strength of their interaction with the paper.
Chromatography separates components from a mixture. Pigments are separated based on their solubility in the solvent used in chromatography. Different pigments dissolve at different rates and hence, they travel at different distances.
Chromatography separates pigments based on their ability to travel through the solvent or mobile phase as well as their attraction to the paper or stationary phase. Pigments that are more soluble in the solvent move more quickly and further than pigments that are less soluble.
This causes different pigments to end up in different places on the chromatography paper, resulting in a separation of pigments. Pigments that are less soluble in the solvent do not move as far up the chromatography paper and will be closer to the bottom.
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Biological evolution can occur through all of these excepta) competitionb)fossilizationc)variation d)adaptation
Biological evolution can occur through all of the given options except: (b) fossilization.
Evolution is the process of slow and gradual changes that occur in a population or species over a long course of time, nearly numerous generations. The evolution occurs for the organisms to survive better in their surroundings.
Fossilization is the process through which the dead and decaying parts of the living organisms (both plants and animals) bury deep down on the earth and forms casts, impressions or preserved remains. They are generally termed as fossils. The fossils cannot undergo evolution because it is the phenomenon that happens in living organisms.
Therefore the correct answer is option b.
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When the concentration of sodium in the blood plasma (the watery portion of blood) is higher than the concentration of sodium inside the blood cells, which of the following will occur?
Water will flow from the blood cells into the blood plasma
As the concentration of sodium in the blood plasma is higher than the concentration of sodium inside the blood cells, water will flow from the blood cells into the blood plasma. This phenomenon is known as osmosis.
What is osmosis?
Osmosis is a process of movement of water molecules from an area of higher water concentration to an area of lower water concentration through a semipermeable membrane. This movement of water molecules is dependent on the concentration of solutes present in the solution.
When the concentration of sodium in blood plasma is higher than the concentration of sodium inside the blood cells, it creates a concentration gradient.
Due to the higher concentration of solutes in the plasma, water molecules move from the blood cells, where the concentration of solutes is lower, to the plasma, where the concentration of solutes is higher.
This results in the shrinkage of blood cells and an increase in blood volume. This phenomenon is known as osmosis.
Water will flow from the blood cells into the blood plasma when the concentration of sodium in the blood plasma is higher than the concentration of sodium inside the blood cells.
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B12 2008 jun
******
capillaries
red blood
cells
A
(ii)
(1)
The diagrams show a section through a healthy long and a s
dhrough a diseased lung
G
on, drawn to the same scale,
5
Diseased lung
Healthy lung
Name the structures labelled A and B.
1. Capillaries
B. Alveoli
State the name of the disease shown in the diagram and explain your reasons for this
[3]
choice.
Name of disease
Explanation
SERE SE IN
3
[2]
Explain the effects that the disease will have on the process of gaseous exchange in
[2]
the diseased lung.
(b)
Answer:
from what I understood from the question
(a)
(i) A: Capillaries; B: Alveoli
(ii) Name of disease: Emphysema
Explanation: The diagram of the diseased lung shows a loss of elasticity in the walls of the alveoli, which results in the enlargement and destruction of the air sacs. This is a characteristic feature of emphysema.
(b) Effects of emphysema on the process of gaseous exchange in the diseased lung:
Emphysema results in a decrease in the surface area available for gaseous exchange in the lungs. The destruction of the walls of the alveoli reduces the number of available air sacs, and the loss of elasticity in the alveoli walls reduces the ability of the lungs to expand and contract efficiently during breathing. This makes it harder for oxygen to diffuse from the air in the lungs into the bloodstream and for carbon dioxide to diffuse from the bloodstream into the lungs to be exhaled. As a result, people with emphysema may experience shortness of breath and difficulty breathing, especially during physical activity.
What the definition of Endoskeletons?
Endoskeletons are internal structures that provide support and protection for an organism's body.
an animal's internal skeleton, or endoskeleton, differs from its external skeleton, or exoskeleton, which is found outside the body. Several species, including humans and other vertebrates as well as some invertebrates like echinoderms, have endoskeletons that can be formed of bone, cartilage, or a combination of the two (e.g. starfish and sea urchins). Endoskeletons give the body stability and support. They also act as places where muscles can attach, enabling motility. Furthermore, endoskeletons can shield vital internal organs like the heart and brain from harm.
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