what is your thought about exams? do you think exams should be banned? Why? do you have any traumatic experiences during exams?​

The active role children play in their gender-role development is to socialization as the passive role played by children in developing gender roles is to internalization.

Gender-role development involves the acquisition and internalization of societal expectations and norms associated with gender. Children actively engage in the process of socialization, which refers to the active learning and adoption of gender roles through interactions with family, peers, media, and other socializing agents. They actively observe, imitate, and internalize behaviors, attitudes, and expectations related to their gender identity.

On the other hand, children passively internalize gender roles through a process called internalization. Internalization refers to the passive acceptance and incorporation of societal expectations and norms without questioning or actively participating in their construction. It occurs when children adopt and conform to gender-role expectations without critical reflection or resistance.

Therefore, the active role children play in their gender-role development can be compared to socialization, as they actively engage in the process of learning and adopting gender roles. Conversely, the passive role played by children in developing gender roles can be likened to internalization, as they passively accept and internalize societal expectations and norms associated with their gender.

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Classroom arrangements should be adaptable and responsive to different teaching and learning needs, rather than being rigid and permanent.

a. Develop a proven, permanent classroom arrangement.

This statement is not true about classroom arrangement. Classroom arrangements are not necessarily permanent and should be flexible to accommodate different teaching strategies, activities, and student needs. It is important for teachers to be able to adapt and modify the classroom arrangement based on the specific lesson or activity they are conducting.

b. Draw up a floor plan.

Drawing up a floor plan is a recommended practice in classroom arrangement. It involves creating a visual representation of the classroom layout, including the placement of desks, tables, chairs, and other learning resources. A floor plan helps teachers visualize and plan the arrangement, ensuring that it promotes effective teaching and learning.

c. Make sure you can see all students.

This statement is true about classroom arrangement. It is essential for teachers to arrange the classroom in a way that allows them to have a clear line of sight to all students. This visibility enables effective monitoring, engagement, and classroom management. Ensuring that all students are visible also promotes an inclusive and equitable learning environment.

d. Consider what activities students will be engaging in.

This statement is true about classroom arrangement. When arranging the classroom, teachers should consider the activities that students will be engaging in. Different activities may require different seating arrangements, grouping structures, or access to specific materials. The arrangement should support the intended learning outcomes and facilitate student participation and collaboration.

In summary, the statement that is not true about classroom arrangement is "Develop a proven, permanent classroom arrangement." Classroom arrangements should be adaptable and responsive to different teaching and learning needs, rather than being rigid and permanent.

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If you become fatigued while driving, the best countermeasure is to pull over and take a break.

Driving while fatigued is extremely dangerous, as it can lead to slower reaction times, poor judgment, and even falling asleep behind the wheel. While there are several strategies you can use to try to stay awake while driving, such as turning up the radio, rolling down the windows, or drinking caffeine, these strategies are only temporary and will not address the underlying problem of fatigue. Instead, if you start to feel tired or fatigued while driving, it is important to pull over and take a break as soon as possible. This might involve finding a safe place to park, such as a rest stop or gas station, and taking a short nap or simply getting out of the car and stretching your legs. Even a short break can help you feel more alert and refreshed and can reduce the risk of an accident caused by driving while fatigued. Ultimately, the best way to prevent fatigue while driving is to make sure you are well-rested before you start your journey, and to plan your route so that you can take breaks every few hours. By prioritizing your safety and taking proactive steps to avoid fatigue, you can help ensure that you arrive at your destination safely and without incident.

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In Candomblé, orixás are lesser deities with individual personalities who serve the all-powerful god Olodumare. (Option B)

In Candomblé, a religion with African roots practiced in Brazil, orixás are worshipped as divine beings with unique personalities and traits. They are believed to be intermediaries between humans and the all-powerful god Olodumare.

Each orixá is associated with different elements of nature, such as water, fire, and wind, as well as different aspects of human life, such as love, war, and fertility. Orixás are believed to possess individual powers and are worshipped through music, dance, and ritual offerings.

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Answer: The answer is b

Explanation: I got it right on edge 2020-21

Bartick and colleagues' work tells us that, in the United States, "for every 597 women who breastfeed optimally, one maternal or child death is prevented."

According to Bartick and colleagues' research, optimal breastfeeding practices in the United States have significant health benefits for both mothers and children. Their findings suggest that for every 597 women who breastfeed optimally, one maternal or child death is prevented. Breastfeeding provides numerous advantages, including the transfer of essential nutrients and antibodies to infants, which can strengthen their immune systems and protect against infectious diseases.

Additionally, breastfeeding has been associated with a lower risk of certain maternal health conditions, such as breast and ovarian cancers, as well as a reduced likelihood of childhood obesity and chronic diseases. Bartick and colleagues' work underscores the importance of supporting and promoting optimal breastfeeding practices to improve health outcomes and reduce mortality rates among mothers and children in the United States.

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True, increasing leverage can potentially boost returns on equity for an organization. Leverage refers to the use of borrowed funds to finance the acquisition of assets or operations,

intending to generate a return that exceeds the interest expense. When an organization employs higher leverage, it means that it is using more debt relative to its equity. Using leverage can amplify both gains and losses. If the organization can invest the borrowed funds in profitable projects,

it may result in higher returns for shareholders, as the earnings generated can outweigh the interest expense. This, in turn, would lead to a higher return on equity (ROE), which measures the profitability of a company relative to the equity held by shareholders.

However, it is essential to note that increased leverage also comes with higher risks factors . Over-leveraging can lead to financial distress and possible bankruptcy if the organization cannot generate sufficient returns to cover the interest expense or repay the debt.

Therefore, it is crucial for management to find an optimal balance between leveraging opportunities and maintaining financial stability.

In conclusion, while increasing leverage can indeed boost returns on equity, it should be approached cautiously, taking into consideration the organization's ability to manage the associated risks.

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Concurrent validation differs from predictive validation in that concurrent validation involves assessing the relationship between a test score and a criterion measure at the same time.

Concurrent validation is conducted when both the test and the criterion measure are administered simultaneously or in close proximity. It aims to determine whether the test scores are related to the criterion scores at the same point in time. This type of validation is useful when there is an existing criterion measure available, and it provides an immediate evaluation of the test's validity.

In contrast, predictive validation involves assessing the relationship between a test score and a future criterion measure. It is conducted by administering the test to a group of individuals, followed by a delay, and then measuring the criterion variable of interest. The goal is to examine whether the test scores obtained at an earlier time can predict performance or outcomes on the criterion measure in the future.

Both concurrent and predictive validation are important methods in establishing the validity of a test, but they differ in terms of the timing of the assessment in relation to the criterion measure.

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The given statement any recursive definition must have a base case that causes the recursion to end is true.

In a recursive definition, the base case is a condition or set of conditions that allows the recursion to terminate. Without a base case, the recursive function or definition would continue indefinitely, resulting in infinite recursion. The base case provides a stopping point and allows the recursion to unwind, ensuring that the recursive process eventually reaches a conclusion

A recursive definition is a definition that defines a term or function in terms of itself. It breaks down a complex problem into smaller, more manageable subproblems. In this process, the problem is solved by solving smaller instances of the same problem until a base case is reached.

The base case is crucial because it provides a condition that allows the recursion to stop and prevents infinite recursion. When the base case is encountered, the recursive function or definition can return a specific value or perform a specific action that signifies the end of recursion.

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Trying to solve a problem based on similarity to other situations is considered analogical reasoning. Analogical reasoning involves drawing parallels between two situations, events, or objects and using the similarities to make a prediction, form a hypothesis, or solve the problem at hand.

In this process, you first identify the commonalities between the current problem and a similar, previously encountered situation. Next, you transfer the knowledge and understanding gained from the previous experience to the current problem. Finally, you apply this knowledge to develop a solution or make an informed decision.

Analogical reasoning can be a useful tool in various fields such as mathematics, science, and even everyday life, as it helps to simplify complex problems and generate creative solutions. However, it is essential to recognize the limitations of this approach, as it may not always yield accurate results, especially if the similarities between the situations are superficial or not relevant to the problem at hand.

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Research has shown that consuming alcohol is option a) positively related to engaging in violent behavior.

This is because alcohol impairs judgment and reduces inhibitions, leading individuals to act more impulsively and aggressively. It is important to note that the relationship between alcohol consumption and violent behavior may vary depending on individual factors such as age, gender, and cultural background. However, overall, there is a clear association between the two. It is not related to engaging in violent behavior in an unknown or unknowable fashion, nor is it negatively related to engaging in violent behavior. It is also not randomly related to engaging in violent behavior.

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influence behavior and guide individuals towards specific goals or outcomes. Motivational states can be understood as internal psychological states that drive and energize individuals to engage in certain behaviors or pursue particular objectives.

Here are some key characteristics of motivational states:

Goal-oriented: Motivational states are directed towards specific goals or outcomes. They provide individuals with a sense of purpose and direction, influencing their choices and actions. For example, a person experiencing a motivational state of achievement may be driven to work hard and strive for success in their chosen endeavors.

Energizing: Motivational states generate energy and enthusiasm within individuals, propelling them to take action. These states can increase individuals' levels of arousal and activation, boosting their engagement and effort towards goal pursuit. For instance, a person feeling motivated and enthusiastic about a project may exhibit high levels of energy and dedication in completing it.

Persistent: Motivational states often endure over time, providing ongoing guidance and support for individuals' behaviors. They help individuals maintain focus and commitment to their goals, even in the face of obstacles or setbacks. Persistence is a crucial characteristic of motivational states as it allows individuals to stay determined and resilient in their pursuit of desired outcomes.

Influence decision-making: Motivational states influence individuals' decision-making processes by shaping their priorities, values, and preferences. These states can impact the choices individuals make and the actions they take to align with their motivational orientation. For example, a person driven by a motivational state of social connection may prioritize building relationships and engaging in social activities.

Vary in intensity: Motivational states can vary in intensity, ranging from mild to strong. The strength of a motivational state can influence the degree of effort and engagement individuals put into pursuing their goals. Higher intensity motivational states often result in increased focus, determination, and perseverance.

Overall, motivational states play a vital role in directing individuals' behaviors and guiding them towards desired goals or outcomes. By understanding these states, individuals can harness and leverage their motivational resources to enhance their performance, satisfaction, and overall well-being.

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Samuel Houston received official permission from Mexico to settle a large number of Americans in Texas. The capital of Texas is named after him: TRUE

Samuel Houston, a prominent figure in Texas history, did indeed receive official permission from the Mexican government to settle American immigrants in Texas in the early 19th century.

This move was part of an effort by Mexico to bolster its population in the northern regions of the country, which were under threat from Native American raids and encroachments by foreign powers.

Houston's efforts were successful, and thousands of Americans migrated to Texas in the following years, eventually leading to the Texas Revolution and the establishment of the Republic of Texas.

After Texas gained statehood in 1845, the capital city was named Austin in honor of Stephen F. Austin, who is often called the "Father of Texas."

However, the city of Houston, Texas's largest city and a major economic and cultural center, is indeed named after Samuel Houston in recognition of his important role in the state's history.

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According to Paul in Romans, the story of Abraham demonstrates that salvation and God's righteousness are God's gift through faith.

In the book of Romans, specifically in chapter 4, the Apostle Paul uses the example of Abraham to illustrate the concept of salvation and righteousness being gifts from God, which are received through faith. Abraham, who is considered the father of the Jewish faith, is described as having believed in God, and it was this faith that was credited to him as righteousness (Romans 4:3). Paul emphasizes that Abraham's faith preceded the religious practices and laws that were later given to the Jewish people, showing that it is faith in God, rather than adherence to specific religious practices, that brings about righteousness.

Paul's intention in using the story of Abraham is to demonstrate that salvation and righteousness are not earned by works or by following religious rules, but are rather freely given by God as a gift to those who believe. This idea is central to the Christian understanding of salvation, as it emphasizes that it is through faith in Jesus Christ, rather than by human effort, that individuals can receive forgiveness and reconciliation with God. The story of Abraham, therefore, serves as a foundational example of the transformative power of faith and the graciousness of God's gift of salvation and righteousness.

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To determine the local sidereal time on the spring equinox at 2 p.m., we need to know the longitude of the observer's location. Assuming a longitude of 0 degrees (i.e. the prime meridian), the local sidereal time would be 2 hours.

However, if the observer's longitude is different, we would need to calculate the difference between their longitude and the prime meridian, and convert that difference into time using the formula of 1 hour of time for every 15 degrees of longitude. So, without knowing the observer's longitude, we cannot give a definitive answer. The spring equinox occurs around March 20th or 21st each year when the Sun crosses the celestial equator, and day and night are approximately equal in length.

On the spring equinox, the LST is close to 0 hours at Greenwich, London, which is often used as the reference point. To calculate the LST at 2 p.m.

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Reporting the growth of contaminants only can occur due to various factors, but proper sampling, handling, and growth conditions can prevent this issue. If it does occur, repeating the culturing process and modifying techniques can help identify the desired organism accurately.culturing microorganisms is a common technique used to isolate and identify specific bacteria or other microorganisms.

In microbiology, However, sometimes the desired organism may not grow, and instead, only contaminants are observed. This can happen for several reasons, including improper sample collection, contamination during handling or processing, or failure to provide optimal growth conditions for the desired organism.

To avoid the growth of contaminants only, it's important to follow proper sampling techniques and use appropriate handling and processing methods. This includes using sterile equipment, washing hands thoroughly before handling samples, and avoiding cross-contamination between samples. Additionally, it's crucial to provide optimal growth conditions for the desired organism, such as the right temperature, pH, and nutrient levels.

If growth of contaminants only is observed, it's important to repeat the culturing process, paying close attention to the sampling and handling methods and growth conditions. If the issue persists, it may be necessary to modify the culturing techniques or consider alternative methods for identifying the desired organism.

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This statement is FALSE. The term "G-men" actually emerged during the Prohibition era in the 1920s, referring to government agents. It was not a response to the criticism of pre depression portraits of crime.

Depression is a mental health disorder characterized by persistent feelings of sadness, loss of interest or pleasure, changes in appetite or sleep patterns, low energy, difficulty concentrating, and feelings of worthlessness or guilt. It can affect various aspects of a person's life and functioning. Depression is often caused by a combination of genetic, environmental, and psychological factors. Treatment options for depression include therapy, medication, lifestyle changes, and support from loved ones. Seeking professional help is important for managing and treating depression effectively.

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Existentialism is a philosophical and literary movement that emerged in the 20th century, primarily in Europe.

It emphasizes the individual's subjective experience, freedom, and responsibility in creating meaning and purpose in life.

Psychological torments are central to existentialist themes because existentialism delves into the inner struggles, anxieties, and dilemmas that individuals face in navigating existence. Existentialists often examine questions of identity, alienation, authenticity , and the search for meaning in the face of uncertainty and mortality. They explore the complexities of human emotions, existential angst, and the challenges of self-discovery and self-acceptance.

Religious torments also come into play within existentialism. Existentialist thinkers often engage with religious or metaphysical concerns, questioning traditional religious frameworks, beliefs, and the concept of God. They explore the tension between human existence and the possibility of transcendent meaning or the absence thereof. Existentialists may grapple with the existential crisis that arises when individuals confront the "absurd" or the apparent lack of inherent purpose or order in the universe.

Existentialist authors and philosophers who touch upon psychological and religious torments include Friedrich Nietzsche, Søren Kierkegaard, Jean-Paul Sartre, Albert Camus, Martin Heidegger, and Simone de Beauvoir, among others. Through their works, existentialism invites contemplation on the human condition, the complexities of existence, and the search for personal meaning and authenticity in a seemingly indifferent world.

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The sociological theory or theories that assume sport is dynamic and always changing include social conflict theory and symbolic interactionism.

Social conflict theory, developed by Karl Marx and further expanded upon by other sociologists, examines the role of power, inequality, and competition in society. According to this theory, sport is seen as a reflection of broader social conflicts and struggles for resources and dominance. It emphasizes the dynamic nature of sport as it is shaped by the ongoing conflicts and tensions within society. Changes in sport are influenced by the shifting power dynamics, economic forces, and social inequalities that exist in a given society. For example, the fight for gender equality in sports and the ongoing debates surrounding race, class, and access to opportunities reflect the dynamic nature of sport within the framework of social conflict theory.

Symbolic interactionism, developed by George Herbert Mead and others, focuses on the meanings and symbols that individuals attribute to their social interactions. This theory views sport as a symbolic activity that is constantly constructed and negotiated through interactions between individuals. It emphasizes the dynamic nature of sport as individuals interpret and give meaning to their experiences, roles, and identities within the sporting context. Symbolic interactionism recognizes that these interpretations and meanings can change over time, influenced by social interactions, cultural shifts, and individual experiences. For instance, changes in societal attitudes toward certain sports, the emergence of new sporting practices, or shifts in the symbolism attached to sports reflect the dynamic nature of sport within the framework of symbolic interactionism.

Both social conflict theory and symbolic interactionism highlight the dynamic nature of sport, albeit from different perspectives. They recognize that sport is not static but is shaped by social forces, power dynamics, and the meanings attributed to it by individuals and society. These theories emphasize that sport evolves and changes over time as society evolves, making it a dynamic and ever-changing social phenomenon.

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**Minuchin's term for psychological isolation that results from overly rigid boundaries around individuals and subsystems in a family is "enmeshment."**

Enmeshment refers to a dysfunctional family dynamic characterized by excessively blurred or rigid boundaries between family members and subsystems. In an enmeshed family, individuals may have limited autonomy and personal space, with their thoughts, feelings, and identities becoming intertwined and fused with one another. This lack of differentiation can lead to a sense of psychological isolation, as individuals may struggle to establish and maintain their own identities and boundaries. Enmeshment can hinder healthy communication, limit individual growth and autonomy, and create difficulties in forming healthy relationships outside of the family system. It is important to address and work through enmeshment to foster healthier boundaries and promote individual well-being within the family unit.

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In some states, newly licensed drivers may be prohibited from transporting minors unaccompanied for a certain amount of time after receiving their license.

A license is a legal permission or authorization granted by a governing body or authority that allows an individual, organization, or entity to engage in certain activities or use specific resources. Licenses are commonly used to regulate and control various fields, such as driving, practicing professions, operating businesses, or using intellectual property. They establish the terms, conditions, and restrictions under which the licensed activity or resource can be accessed or utilized, ensuring compliance with applicable laws, regulations, and standards. Failure to obtain a required license may result in legal consequences or penalties.

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Rational-legal authority is based upon written rules.

So, the correct answer is C.

This type of authority is characterized by a system of laws and regulations that are established and enforced by a central governing body, such as a government or a legal system.

The legitimacy of this authority is based on the belief that the rules and laws are fair, just, and apply equally to all members of society.

Rational-legal authority is often contrasted with traditional authority, which is based on custom and historical precedent, and charismatic authority, which is based on the personal charisma and leadership of an individual.

Rational-legal authority is essential to the functioning of modern democratic societies and is a key element of the rule of law.

Hence, the answer of the question is C.

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Daily pressures compounded by racism and prejudice can take a toll on many African-Americans in the form of various psychological and physiological effects. Some of the effects include:

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A bond that matures in installments at regular intervals is known as an amortizing bond or serial bond. This type of bond allows for partial principal repayments over the bond's lifetime instead of a lump sum at maturity.

Amortizing bonds are designed to reduce the issuer's risk of a large principal repayment at the bond's maturity. As the principal amount is paid off in installments, the interest payments will decrease over time, leading to a lower overall cost of borrowing for the issuer. This can be beneficial for both the issuer and the bondholder, as it provides a more predictable and manageable repayment schedule.

Serial bonds, on the other hand, consist of a series of smaller bonds with different maturity dates. These bonds are issued as a single offering, but they mature in installments over a specified period. The bondholders receive interest payments throughout the life of the bond, and principal repayments are made when each individual bond matures. This structure is often used by municipalities and other public entities to finance long-term projects, as it allows for a more even distribution of debt repayments over time.

Both amortizing and serial bonds provide a more manageable debt repayment schedule for the issuer, while still offering interest income and the potential for capital gains to bondholders. They can be a useful tool for investors looking for a more predictable and less risky investment option in the fixed income market.

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True. During the Progressive Era in the late 19th and early 20th centuries, reading books and magazines indeed became more popular.

This period witnessed a significant increase in literacy rates and access to printed materials due to advancements in printing technology, improved education systems, and increased urbanization.

The Progressive Era was characterized by social reform movements, political activism, and a push for social and economic improvements. As part of this movement, there was an increased emphasis on education and intellectual development. Reading books and magazines played a crucial role in disseminating information, ideas, and perspectives.

Public libraries, established during this era, provided greater access to reading materials for people across different socioeconomic backgrounds. The availability of inexpensive books and the rise of popular magazines contributed to the growing popularity of reading. Books and magazines served as sources of entertainment, information, and intellectual stimulation.

The Progressive Era also saw the emergence of influential literary figures and publications that captured the public's attention. Progressive writers, journalists, and intellectuals used their platforms to critique social and political issues, advocate for reforms, and shape public opinion. Their works contributed to the increased popularity and importance of reading during this period.

In summary, reading books and magazines did become more popular during the Progressive Era. The emphasis on education, advancements in printing technology, increased literacy rates, and the availability of reading materials through libraries and publications contributed to the growing popularity of reading as a form of entertainment, information, and intellectual engagement during this time.

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If you decide to use the problem-solving strategy of using subgoals to study four chapters of information for your next test, you must break down the task into smaller, manageable subtasks.

Here's how you can approach it:

Identify the chapters: Determine the specific chapters you need to study for the test.

Set subgoals for each chapter: Break down each chapter into subgoals or subtopics that you can study individually. For example, if Chapter 1 has multiple sections, you can set subgoals to study each section separately.

Allocate time for each subgoal: Estimate the time needed to study each subgoal. Consider the complexity and length of each chapter or section to create a study schedule that allows sufficient time for each subgoal.

Study each subgoal sequentially: Start with the first subgoal and study the corresponding chapter or section thoroughly. Take notes, highlight important points, and ensure you understand the material.

Review and assess understanding: Once you've completed a subgoal, review the material and test your understanding. Use study techniques such as summarizing, quizzing yourself, or discussing the content with peers to reinforce your learning.

Move on to the next subgoal: Once you feel confident about the first subgoal, move on to the next one and repeat the process.

By breaking down the task into subgoals, you make the studying process more manageable and less overwhelming. It allows you to focus on one specific area at a time, enabling better comprehension and retention of the material.

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The longest phase of communication history in terms of duration is oral communication. Oral communication refers to the use of spoken words or language to convey messages .

It has been the primary form of communication for humans for the majority of our history, predating the development of writing systems.

Oral communication can be traced back to prehistoric times when early humans relied on spoken language to share information, communicate ideas, and pass on knowledge from one generation to another. It was the primary mode of communication for ancient civilizations and remained dominant until the invention and widespread adoption of writing systems.

The development of writing systems, such as cuneiform, hieroglyphics, and later alphabets, marked the transition to written communication. While written communication expanded the possibilities of preserving and disseminating information, it coexisted with oral communication, as the majority of the population throughout history remained illiterate.

Print communication, which refers to the mass production and dissemination of written material through printing presses, emerged with Johannes Gutenberg's invention of the printing press in the 15th century. This marked a significant milestone in communication history, making written information more accessible to a larger audience.

Electronic communication, on the other hand, encompasses various forms of communication facilitated by electronic devices and technologies, such as telegraphs, telephones, radios, television, and the internet. It has rapidly evolved and transformed communication in the modern era, allowing for instant global connectivity and information exchange.

While electronic communication has revolutionized the speed and reach of communication, the phase of oral communication remains the longest in human history, spanning thousands of years.

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Attrition bias is a danger to inner validity. In experiments, differential prices of attrition among remedy and manipulate organizations can skew results.

This sort of studies bias can have an effect on the connection among your impartial and based variables. There are 8 threats to inner validity: history, maturation, instrumentation, testing, choice bias, regression to the mean, social interplay and attrition. One of these number one threats is choice or sampling effects. If a pattern changed into selected from the populace in a manner that changed into now no longer random, this will decrease the inner validity of the study. Given the solution choices, plainly b. failure to randomly assign participants, represents a number one danger to inner validity. Because there's no assessment group, it's far hard to mention whether or not the kids enhance because of the intervention or whether or not they genuinely come to be higher on the spatial reasoning challenge over time.

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A. Decrease reaction time and increase sensitivity to the stimulus.

B. The McGurk effect is a phenomenon that shows how one sensory system, such as hearing, can influence another sensory system, such as vision, to alter perception.

Reduce reaction time while increasing sensitivity to the input. Covert attention focused towards a faint stimulus with a good directional signal can increase sensitivity and decrease reaction time to the stimulus.

This is due to the brain's ability to process relevant information more efficiently when attention is directed on the stimuli.

The McGurk effect describes how one sense system, such as hearing, can impact another sensory system, such as vision, to change perception.

It happens when a person hears one sound but sees the mouth movements of someone uttering another, and the brain mixes the two inputs to generate a sense that is distinct from either input alone.

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Answer: Achievement

Explanation:

They usually think people should be treated equally, and they say power comes from knowledge.

The negative state relief model and the arousal: cost-reward model both suggest that people help for egoistic reasons.

According to the negative state relief model, individuals help others to alleviate their own negative emotions or distress. It posits that helping behavior is driven by a desire to reduce personal discomfort or negative feelings, ultimately benefiting the helper.

Similarly, the arousal: cost-reward model proposes that people engage in helping behavior when the rewards of helping outweigh the costs. This perspective suggests that individuals help others to reduce their own internal arousal or to gain personal rewards, such as social approval or a sense of satisfaction.

Both models emphasize the self-oriented motivations underlying helping behavior, suggesting that people help primarily for their own benefit. However, it is important to note that altruistic motives, driven by genuine concern for others' well-being, can also play a role in helping behavior, alongside egoistic motivations.

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